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Emiru Birhane ICRAF Sustainable intensification in Ethiopia 28-29 Januray 2014 ,
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Transcript of Emiru Birhane ICRAF Sustainable intensification in Ethiopia 28-29 Januray 2014 ,
Agroforestry intensification for climate reselince and climate change adpatation in
Ethiopian farming systems
Emiru BirhaneICRAF
Sustainable intensification in Ethiopia
28-29 Januray 2014,Addis Ababa, ILRI Campus
Outline
Introduction Why intensfing Agroforestry? Agroforestry reselince role How to intensify agroforestry? Research needs
Introduction Subsistence farming practices
characterized with degraded soils, small farm sizes, and low agriculture outputs
In these areas where conditions for mono-crop agriculture are often harsh and unpredictable, trees and shrubs integrated into the agricultural system are vital assets of different products for farmers
Increase the yield and productivity of food crops
Regenerate soil fertility which is declining in many parts
Make farming systems more resilient to stress Enhance Food and feed production on farms Increase Energy supply on farm Diversify farm enterprises Increase the farm asset base Carbon sequestration
Why Intensifying agroforestry on Farmlands: What role do/can trees play in enhancing resilience in the face of climate change?
Agroforestry Reselince: Microclimate buffering
Garrity, ICRAF 2013
Resilience: hunger gap
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ZambiaMalawiPercentag
e (%) of household
s facing food
shortage Harvest season
Cropping season= ‘hunger gap‘
Tree species Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Avocado (exotic)
Citrus (exotic)
Parinari curatellifolia
Mango (exotic)
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona senegalensis
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
year-round supply
Kehlenbeck , 2013
Agroforestry Reselince: productivity Faidherbia Trial Results in Zambia
Maize yield - zero fertiliser 2008 2009 2010
----- Tons/ha -------
With Faidherbia 4.1 5.1 5.6
Without Faidherbia 1.3 2.6 2.6
________________________________________________________________Number of trials 15 40 40
Long-term maize yield without fertilizer in a Gliricidia system Gariity
2013
Agroforestry Reselince: productivityImpact of fertilizer trees on maize yield
under farmer management _______________________________________Plot management Yield (t/ha)
Maize only 1.30
Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05 ____________________________________________________________
2011 Survey of farms in six districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
SpeciesVit C (mg/100 g)
Vit A (mg/100 g)
Iron (mg/100 g)
Calcium (mg/100 g)
Adansonia digitata 150-500 0.03-0.06 1.7 360
Grewia tenax N.A. N.A. 7.4 610
Tamarindus indica 3-9 0.01-0.06 0.7 260
Ziziphus mauritiana 70-165 0.07 1.0 40
Mango 28 0.04 0.1 10
Orange 51 0.07 0.2 54Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), etc.
Nutrient contents of selected fruits.
• Deficiency of iron and vitamins A and C in SSAfrica Fruits have a high nutritional value
Agroforestry: food
Kehlenbeck , 2013
Agroforestry: feed
Species Nutritive ParametersDM CP ADF CF %Fat P Mg
A. mellifera 52.255 11.564 17.199 16.808 5.765 0.138 0.467
A. nubica 30.392 23.123 21.222 17.440 13.154 0.307 0.417
Nutritive Value of two of the most dominant browse species (A. melifera and A. nubica) around Aba’ala, Northern Ethiopia (Birhane et al., 2013)
Agroforestry reselince: enhanced fertility
C (%) OM (%) K (Cmol/Kg)0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Control Maize CA Maize CA Maize-Faidherbia
Control Maize CA Maize CA Maize-Faidherbia
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.029 0.03
0.057
% Soil N is almost double with Faidherbia
Soil C, OM and K are much higher with Faidherbia
Agroforestry reselince: Income generation
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rashad
Gubeiha
Talodi
Dilling
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rashad
Gubeiha
Talodi
Dilling
Portion of NTFP income of the total household income (%)
Female + childrenMale
• High potential for income generation from IFTs:
Example from the Nuba Mountains, Kordofan, Sudan: up to 90% of total cash income of women in the Nuba Mountains generated from collecting and selling wild fruits (often the women‘s only income source)
Contribution of NTFPs, mostly wild fruits, to household income in different areas of the Nuba Mountains (El Tahir & Gebauer 2004), Kehlenbeck , 2013
How to intensify Agroforestry in the Farming system1. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration of flag species 2. Introducing new systems with
planting
Two basic pathways
Faidherbia
Gliricidia
Maize
Faidherbia
GliricidiaMaize
DRY SEASON
WET SEASON
Combine Fast growing and slow growing
.75m
3m
Research needs
Production data for useful trees Data on the contribution of food tree products to
• family nutrition (seasonality?)• family income generation (use of cash?)
Data on nutrient content of products from lesser known food tree speciesSocio-economic/environmental factors influencing cultivation of food trees and consumption of their products (e.g. commercialization)Data on service functions of treeValue chain for tree productsModelling tree crop interactionModelling the resilience role of trees on agricultural systemsRole of agroforestry in climate adaptation and carbon sequestrationMethods of intensification
Thank you