Emigrant

Tribes

By the 1830s, the world of the native Kanza and Osage tribes changed.

The US government had a large problem. Native tribes in the East and Midwest had been defeated and pushed from their land

by incoming European settlers. The question was what to do with these

displaced Indians.

One idea was to create a Permanent Indian Frontier in what is now eastern

Kansas and Oklahoma. It was hoped that Indians located here would be undisturbed

by white settlers and the alcohol trade.

Large and small bands of Indians from the Great Lakes to Florida were removed to this

“Permanent Indian Frontier.”

The Cherokees called their brutal removal journey “The Trail of Tears,” since almost a

quarter of that tribe died on the way.

The Pottawatomies called it “The Trail of Death.”

Map of PIF

The Chippewas

of Black River and Swan Creek (Michigan)

Ash-E-Taa-Na-Quet or Clear Sky

(Francis McCoonse)

Ka-pah-us-ke,

(Robert McCoonse)

Grandson of the Old Chippewa

Chief In his youth, he was sent to school in

Nazareth, PA by the Moravian missionaries.

He’s wearing his uniform above.

Mary Alice McCoonse, Chippewa, right, dressed to go to school at Haskell

Institute in Lawrence, KS.

Her little sister, Matilda Maria, is left.

The Sac and

Fox

of the Upper Mississippi

Sac Chief Keokuk, or the Watchful

Fox

Keokuk’s son,

Wa-som-e-saw

called the

Reverend Moses

Keokuk in later

life.

Op-po-noos or

Appanoose or

Appan-oze-o-ke-mar

(The Hereditary

Chief, or He Who Was a Chief When

a Child)

Another image of Appanoose

George Bird King

painting of him

Two unidentified Sac and Fox men photographed by

A.W. Barker.

Two Sac and Fox bark

houses—one in Franklin County and

one in Oklahoma.

The

Munsees

William Henry Kilbuck

Munsee John Henry Kilbuck, (left) Moravian missionary in

Alaska

In 1900, the Chippewas and Munsees were given their land individually, and the tribes were dissolved.The two groups posed for a final photograph.

The I l l inois

and Wabash

Bands

The Peoria,

Kaskaskia,

Piankeshaw and

Wea

Chief Baptiste Peoria

The Ottawas

of Blanchard’s Fork,

Roche de Boeuf,

and Ocquanoxcey’s

Village

Ottawa Chief Pah-Tee

(John Wilson)

1813-April 9, 1870

Died on the journey to Oklahoma

Che-quah, Ottawa

Medicine Woman

(Aunt Jane Phelps)

1766-1886

Ottawa Chief Ko-twah-wun

(Joseph Badger King)

1822-1915

Na-qua ke-zhick--Noonday

(William Hurr)

trustee of Ottawa University,

translator for Sac & Fox

The route of the Ottawa

from the Great Lakes

through Ohio to Kansas

and then Oklahoma

By 1900, all the Nations had been

relocated to Oklahoma except the Munsees

and Chippewas