Emerging UAS Technologies FAA Updates - · PDF file · 2015-04-13UAS image...
Transcript of Emerging UAS Technologies FAA Updates - · PDF file · 2015-04-13UAS image...
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Emerging UAS Technologies
FAA Updates
Chip Berniard
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An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known
as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on
board. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by
computers in the vehicle, or under the remote control
of a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle.
The term unmanned aircraft system (UAS)
emphasizes the importance of other elements beyond
an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:
– unmanned aircraft (UA)
– control system, such as Ground Control Station (GCS)
– control link, a specialized datalink
– other related support equipment.
What is UAS?
Credit: Wikipedia.org
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New emerging technology well
suited for geospatial professionals
Complementary to traditional
surveying technologies and to
traditional photogrammetry
Many UASs, but not many
targeting the geospatial industries
Why UAS Aerial Imaging?
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JPG images
4
A. Optimize GPS positions [m] [cm]
B. Optimize UAV angles [deg] [sec]
C. Camera calibration
KEY = high overlap
…How it works
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…How it works
Computer Vision Software:
A. Automatic Aerial triangulation (AAT) Hundreds of feature points per image
“Spider web” of connections
B. Robust Optimization Algorithm Bundle block adjustment (BBA)
External & internal calibration
C. Point Cloud densification Up to pixel size elevation data
5
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UAS image processing charachteristics
Imaging properties
Unstable camera geometry (initial calibration report not valid over time)
Small footprint
High and variable crab angle and constant pitch up around 5°
Only approximate position and orientation available
Image processing solutions
Computer vision (SFM) for fully automated feature point (tie point) detection and
matching (SIFT related) -> BBA and AT (georeferenced based on camera GPS
positions (WGS84) or optimized based on GCPs) -> sparse 3D point cloud
Densification based on multi-view stereo matching on pixel level (cluster,
extend, filter) yielding several M of 3D coordinates with normals
Images not individually rectified and then mosaiced (seamline editing) but
projected on DSM based on probability functions (novel view generation)
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3D Digital Surface Model
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History of Geospatial UAS Aerial
Imaging Solutions in Trimble
2013 • Trimble Business Center Photogrammetry Module released
• Trimble UX5 Aerial Imaging Solution released
2012 • Gatewing acquired by Trimble
2010 • Gatewing X100 released
2008 • Gatewing founded
• First idea for a surveying UAS within Gatewing
2009 • First Gatewing prototype for surveying
2011 • First desktop image processing software for UAS surveying from Gatewing
2007 • Inpho GmbH acquired by Trimble
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Applications & Benefits
UAS Aerial Imaging Solutions
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Economic solution – enables aerial mapping technology, once reserved for the largest surveying & engineering firms, to be used by the masses
Safety – enables surveying of rugged, hazardous, hard-to-reach or unhealthy areas without risking injury (or worse) to them or individuals in the area
Efficient process – ability to collect and process data faster than often achievable with terrestrial-based survey technology
Rapid workflow – system is designed to quickly plan a flight and collect data, allowing rapid response to your customer’s needs (traditional photogrammetry processes
Versatile – a technology that can be used to serve numerous professional markets and applications
Benefits of Aerial Imaging Solutions
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Engineering & Surveying
Mining
Civil & Heavy Earthworks
Construction
Oil & Gas
Environmental & Landfill
Public Agencies
Agriculture & Forestry
Target Markets
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Topographic Survey Example
Aerial Imaging vs. Traditional Surveying
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UAS GNSS Comments
Area 1.5 km2 1.5 km2
Ground control setup &
measurement
1 ¼ hr --- Ground control not required
for all applications
Setup time 15 min 15 min (per day)
Survey time 45 min 30 ½ hr (4 days)
Tear-down time 15 min 15 min (per day)
Data processing time 4 hrs
(2.80 GHz Intel Core i7,
16 GB RAM)
--- Data can be processed
overnight
Total time 6 hr 30 min 32 hr 30 min 5x faster than GNSS
Measurement sampling 3.8 cm (at 120 m flight
altitude)
15 m Minimum sampling size is
2.4 cm
Horizontal accuracy 2 cm 1 cm
Vertical accuracy 4 cm 2 cm
Topographic Survey Example
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Topographic Survey Example
Surface model generated from UAS
survey (300,000 measurements)
Surface model generated from GNSS
survey (100,000 measurements)
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Height
(m)
GSD
(cm)
Flight
Lines
Coverage / Flight (km2)
70% 80% 90%
Coverage / Day (km2)
70% 80% 90%
75 2.4 40 1.14 0.76 0.38 6.82 4.55 2.27
100 3.2 30 1.80 1.20 0.60 10.79 7.19 3.60
120 3.8 25 2.32 1.55 0.78 18.72 12.48 6.24
150 4.8 20 3.12 2.08 1.04 18.72 12.48 6.24
200 6.4 15 4.44 2.96 1.48 26.65 17.77 8.88
250 8 12 5.76 3.84 1.92 34.58 23.05 11.53
300 9.6 10 7.09 4.72 2.36 42.51 28.34 14.17
400 12.8 7.5 9.73 6.49 3.24 58.37 38.92 19.46
500 16 6 12.37 8.25 4.12 74.24 49.49 24.75
750 24 4 18.98 12.65 6.33 113.89 75.93 37.96
Flight Calculator Table
* 80% overlap is the default in Trimble Access Aerial Imaging Module
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Legal Flight Operations
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned
Aircraft
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BACKGROUND & DEFINITIONS
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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June 30, 1956 – TWA Super
Constellation and United Air Lines
DC-7 collide over the Grand Canyon
– All 128 occupants killed
May 21, 1958 – Senator Mike
Monroney introduced a bill to create
FAA to provide safe and efficient
use of national airspace
August 23, 1958 – President
Eisenhower signs Federal Aviation
Act
Federal Aviation Administration
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First law to address unmanned aircraft (Sections 331-336)
Unmanned Aircraft (UA): Aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft.
Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA):Unmanned Aircraft Weighing less than 55 pounds.
Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS): unmanned aircraft and associated elements (including communication links and control components) required for pilot to operate safely in National Airspace System (NAS).
Definitions from Public Law 112-95 (2012)
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FAA focuses on three areas of interest: – Airspace
– Aircraft
– Operator
Airspace is categorized by expected air traffic
Aircraft are categorized by size and intent
Operators are categorized by demonstrated skill level, experience, and medical exam
The Aviation Environment
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AIRSPACE
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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Aviators do not see a map the same way we do
Terrain is a hazard unless it is a runway – Controlled Flight Into
Terrain (CFIT)
Map detail is a distraction unless it’s a landmark usable for navigation
Airspace
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Aviation maps show areas of air traffic – Represent cylinders/cones of controlled access
Areas near airports are more restrictive – The larger the airport, the more traffic and restrictions
Controlled airspace is where instrument procedures may take place and are priority – UAS operations would require additional equipment
– Operating illegally here is asking for serious trouble
Class G is the only uncontrolled airspace – Easiest airspace to obtain UAS flight approval
Populated areas are highlighted in yellow and may have an impact on flight approvals
Airspace
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Airspace Map (VFR Sectional)
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Airspace Classifications
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AIRCRAFT
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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Manned aviation aircraft have type certificates and type ratings
UAS aircraft classifications are not developed like manned aircraft
FAA defines “small unmanned aircraft” (SUA) as those less than 55 pounds
Not all aviation authorities agree on this definition – e.g. France = 2kg
Aircraft
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OPERATORS
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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7 Different Pilot Licenses (Defined in Code of
Federal Regulation, Title 14, Part 61)
– Student Pilot – “learner’s permit”
– Recreational & Sport Pilot – aircraft, passenger,
airspace and environmental restrictions
– Private Pilot (PPL) – personal aircraft operation
Instrument rating requires at least PPL
– Commercial Pilot (CPL) – “for-hire” aircraft
operation
– Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) – Delta, United,
FedEx…
– Flight Instructors (CFI & CFII) – “certified trainers”
Operators
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PPL can not operate for compensation or hire – Some exceptions, but primarily a recreational pilot
– Only requires 3rd Class Medical
CPL can operate for compensation or hire – Instrument rating not required
– Requires 2nd Class Medical
ATP requires 1500 hours of flight time – Airliner pilots
– Requires 1st Class Medical
Key Differences of Pilot Licenses
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LEGAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Administrator of the FAA
Legal Flight Operations
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Public Entities – Public universities, law enforcement, department of transportation, etc.
Aircraft – Must be owned by the proponent
– Airworthiness of aircraft is self-certified by proponent
Operator – PPL Ground school passing grade for Class G airspace
– PPL for controlled airspace (other than G)
– Observer and Pilot must each have a current 2nd Class Medical
Airspace – Controlled or uncontrolled airspace, but not class B
– Determined by agreement among Flight Standards and Air Traffic Control
Key Requirements for COAs
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Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Administrator of the FAA
Legal Flight Operations
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Manufacturers – Experimental category for non-type certified aircraft
Aircraft – Requires a FAA registration
– Airworthiness of aircraft is approved by FAA
Operator – PPL and 2nd Class Medical
– Observer and Pilot must have 2nd Class Medical
Airspace – Determined by agreement among Flight Standards, Air
Traffic Control, and Manufacturing Authority
Key Requirements for SACs
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Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Administrator of the FAA
Legal Flight Operations
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Civil Proponent – Interested in commercial operation
Aircraft – No clear requirement on aircraft ownership
– Ownership of aircraft airworthiness is currently unknown
Operator – May require CPL in order to perform “for-hire” work
– Exemption can be requested
Airspace – No clear restriction on airspace
– Expected to be limited to C,D,E and G, but not all might be an option for Trimble aircraft
Key Requirements for Section 333
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Public Law 112-95 is the FAA authorization
act of 2012. It addressed unmanned aircraft in
sections 331 to 336.
Goal posts for integration were set with dates
and time frames.
Section 333 was included to create a path for
circumventing the traditional means of
airworthiness should the administrator
choose to pursue such a path.
A 333 grant serves the purpose of granting
both airworthiness and operator approval.
Airworthiness & Operator Approval
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The 333 exemption is an airworthiness grant.
Trimble’s applies only to Trimble.
Each aircraft must be registered (N number).
The grant is specific to the UX5 aircraft.
Aircraft
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The 333 exemption is an operator approval.
Must be a Trimble employee and hold a
Private Pilot License (PPL).
May be a contractor for Trimble.
Only Trimble may fly under Trimble’s 333.
Operator
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Must be class G.
Must be non-populated area.
– Can not fly over yellow patches of sectional chart.
Must obtain civil COA from FAA.
– Is the means for notifying Air traffic Control.
– Contains its own set of restrictions.
Seem to be taking about a month or two.
– The more desolate, the better.
– The more simple the operating request, the better.
Airspace
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In process of defining follow on procedure.
Expect an expedited application process for customers who agree to Trimble’s limitations.
Will publish the procedure to customers at not cost once the process is well defined.
Trimble would like its customers and dealers to obtain their own 333 with our help.
Continuing to work with FAA on COA requirements with desire reduce restrictions.
Do not expect any relief on flying over people or flying beyond line of sight.
Next Steps
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COA: N 8900.227 – Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Operational Approval
SAC: 8130.34C – Airworthiness Certification of
Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Optionally Piloted
Aircraft
Section 333: Public Law 112-95 – FAA Modernization
and Reform Act of 2012
Busting Myths About the FAA and Unmanned Aircraft
– http://www.faa.gov/news/updates/?newsId=76240
How Do I Learn More?
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RULES FOR MODEL
AIRCRAFT
Pathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
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Specifically addresses model aircraft
Compliance is voluntary
Hobby or recreation only
Non-Commercial Intent http://www.modelaircraft.org/
Advisory Circular 91-57 (1981)
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Clearly defines civil aircraft vs. public aircraft vs. model aircraft
Model aircraft is an unmanned aircraft (UA) that is— – 1) Capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere;
– 2) Flown within visual line of sight of the person operating the aircraft; and
– 3) flown for hobby or recreational purposes.
This is law, not voluntary – Advisory Circular 91-57 no longer applies
Aerial surveying & mapping qualifies as neither hobby nor recreation – intent is commercial
Definitions from Public Law 112-95 (2012)
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FAA-2014-0396: Interpretation for the Special
Rule of Model Aircraft
– Restates authority to take enforcement action
– Published June 18, 2014
– 30-day comment period
What Can I Do With My Model Aircraft?
– http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/uas/model_air
craft_operators/
Guidance to Model Aircraft Operators
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THANK YOU