Algae 2020: Global Biofuels, Drop-In Fuels, Renewable Chemicals
Emerging Research and Opportunities in Chemicals and Fuels
Transcript of Emerging Research and Opportunities in Chemicals and Fuels
Emerging Research and Opportunities in Chemicals and Fuels
Andreas S. BommariusGeorgia Institute of Technology
ChBERenewable Bioproducts: Advances
in Lignocellulosic Processes and ProductsAtlanta, GA; Oct. 1-2, 2014
Engineered Biosystems Building (EBB, May 2015):Chemical Biology, Systems Biology, Developmental Biology
Non-Ideal Biocatalyst
Reaction Constraints
Compromised Process
Conventional Development
Reaction Constraints
Create the Ideal Biocatalyst
“Ideal” Process
Ideal Development
Paradigm shift in biotechnology process development
S.G. Burton, D.A. Cowan, and J.M. Woodley, "The Search for the Ideal Biocatalyst", Nature Biotechnol. 2002, 20, 37-45
Biocatalysis: Basics
Biocatalysis at commercial scale: myths and realities
1. Enzymes are too expensive < 10 c/lb2. Enzymes are too unstable t1/2 > 30 d3. Productivities of biocatalytic processes are too low4. Redox cofactors cannot be recycled cost-effectively5. Enzymes do not catalyze industrially interesting
reactions
Actual performance: 1 kg/(L·d), TTN > 100 000 > 107 cycles of cofactor
reference: Dave Rozzell, Chimica Oggi 1999 (6/7), 42-47
PerspectivePathway to developing a biocatalyst useful in synthesis has evolved
A.S. Bommarius, J.K. Blum, and M.J. Abrahamson, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2011, 15, 194-200
2,5-FDCA (2,5-furandicarboxylic acid): building block for biopolymers
2,5-FDCA is a building block for polyethylene furoate (PEF) or polypropylene furoate (PPF) polyesters from renewables
PET Plastic• Petroleum-based• Food packaging (e.g., soda
and water bottles)• Textiles (e.g., polyester)• 19.1 Megatons by 2017
Smithers Pira organization. 2012.
PEF Plastic• Bio-based
• From Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)
• Avantium (YXY), Bird Engineering (Netherlands)
• Material properties superior to those of PET
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) vs. poly(ethylene furoate)
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Burgess, et al. Macromolecules 2014. dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma5000199
Bio Process for Soronatm: an example of both Metabolic Engineering and Biocatalysis
OOH
OHHOHO
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HO OH
HO OHOH
HO OPO3=O
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O O
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n 3G
3GT
HO OPO3=OH
HO OGene 3
Gene 4
Gene 1
Gene 2Glucose
“T”
Biological route to indigo: dioxygenation of indol-type compounds
Chemical synthesis of indigo:
- practiced since 1907
- environmentally unfriendly (KOH melt)
- atom-uneconomical
Biological route to indigo: dioxygenation of indol-type compounds
Chotani, G., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1543 (2000) 434-455
MI Pretreatment on Lignocelluloses
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Solid loading (g/L)
SBL SEWSSEB SELP
MI Ctrl
Temp: 25°CTime: 5 min
MI: 100%
Mechanical mixture of Avicel and lignin (1:1 w/w)
• MI – efficient delignifier• Extract lignin without dissolving, degrading or altering cellulose crystal structure Bagasse (SEB) and Wheat straw (SEWS) provided by Dr. G. Zacchi
1-methylimidazole m.p. b.p.
MI - 6oC 198oC
Project 2: capturing CO2 from air: novel route to 2,5-FDCA (2,5-furandicarboxylic acid)
- collaborative NSF project with Matthew Realff, Chris Jones, David Sholl, and Krista Walton (all ChBE)
Development of a (de)carboxylase for the carboxylation reaction to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, a DOE platform chemical
Summary and Perspective
• Process opportunities exist for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
• To succeed, products from renewables have to feature superior properties w.r.t. products from non-renewables, not just feature “Greenness”
• Request: set the goal to RBI (i.e. the faculty) to develop process routes (incl. catalysts, solvents) – from defined raw materials to defined products, or– to products with defined properties.