Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for...
-
Upload
celine-wager -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for...
![Page 1: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Emerging Policy Issues
Jeffrey G. ReitzEthnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
Centre for International Studies
University of Toronto
November 13, 2006
Gaps Between Skilled Immigration and Canadian Labour Markets
![Page 2: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
1. Evolution of Canadian Immigration• Evolution in relation to economic development
• Evolution in relation to educational investments
• Balance between general education and specific occupational skills
2. Current Challenges and Controversies• Under-utilization of immigrant skills, and ‘brain waste’
• Demand for temporary or less-skilled immigrants
• Illegal immigration
3. Policy Options• Toward more flexible immigration policy?
![Page 3: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Permanent Immigrants to Canada, 1971-2005
1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Immigration to Canada by Year of Landing
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada
![Page 4: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Immigration Nations:Percent Foreign-born, 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006
![Page 5: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Canadian and U.S. immigration: 1906-91
Source: Green (1995, p. 48)
Annually
as
% of pop.
![Page 6: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Immigration Cities: Migrants as Percentage of Urban Populations, 2001
Source: Fellegi, 2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Toronto Miami Vancouver Sydney LosAngeles
New York Montreal
![Page 7: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Shifts in immigrant origins, Canada
Source: Fellegi, 2004
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Before1961
1960-1970
1971-1980
1981-1990
1991-2001
U.S.A.
Europe
Asia & Middle East
Africa
Caribbean, South andCentral America
Oceania & Other
![Page 8: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Three Phases of Canadian Immigration History
• Agricultural Economy: – Immigration for Settlement of the West, 1850 – 1920
• Industrial Economy: – Immigration for Urban Construction and Manufacturing, 1900 – 1960
• Post-Industrial Economy: – Immigration for the Knowledge Economy, 1960 – present
![Page 9: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Canada: Why so much immigration?
• Nation-building, need for larger population– Satellite status in North America
– Multicultural destiny?
• Economic development– New ‘consensus’ that immigration stimulates growth
• Low birth rate– Falling population after 2025 without immigration
![Page 10: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Immigration and population growth, Canada
Source: Fellegi, 2004
![Page 11: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Canada: why so much immigration?
• Nation-building, need for larger population– Satellite status in North America
• Economic development– New ‘consensus’ that immigration stimulates growth
• Low birth rate– Falling population after 2025 without immigration
![Page 12: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Canada: why so much immigration?
• Nation-building, need for larger population– Satellite status in North America
• Economic development– New ‘consensus’ that immigration stimulates growth
• Low birth rate– Falling population after 2025 without immigration
• Potential to manage– Due to geographic isolation
![Page 13: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Elements of Immigration Management
• Emphasis on skill selectivity after 1960 reforms– Points system, continuous upgrades
– High proportions of ‘economic migrants’
![Page 14: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Immigrants to Canada, 1980-2005by admission category
(green is skill-selected)
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
Other or not classified Economic
Refugees Family Class
Immigration to Canada by Year of Landing
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada
![Page 15: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Points system – as of September 22, 2003
1. Education 5-25 H.S. PhD
2. Official language knowledge 0-24 English, French
3. Work experience 15-21 1-4 years
4. Age 10 21-49 years
5. Arranged Employment 0-10 HRSDC confirmed
6. ‘Adaptability’ 0-10 ** Spouse education, Canadian education or experience, family contacts
Pass Mark: 67 out of maximum 100
Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/skilled/qual-5.html
![Page 16: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example
1. Education 20 BA
2. Official language knowledge 16 Fluent in English
3. Work experience 17 2 years
4. Age 10 21-49 years
5. Arranged Employment 0 No job
6. ‘Adaptability’ 5 Spouse with BA
68
Pass (by one point)
![Page 17: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Elements of Immigration Management
• Emphasis on skill selectivity after 1960 reforms– Points system, continuous upgrades
– High proportions of ‘economic migrants’
![Page 18: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Elements of Immigration Management
• Emphasis on skill selectivity after 1960 reforms– Points system, continuous upgrades
– High proportions of ‘economic migrants’
– Increased potential for integration
• Integration policy– Settlement services, language training
– Fees
– Separate Quebec selection system
– Multiculturalism
![Page 19: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Canadian opinion on immigration levels
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Increase Current Decrease Don't know
Source: Gallup Canada, Inc.
“If it were your job to plan an immigration policy for Canada at this time, would you be inclined to increase immigration, decrease immigration, or keep the number of immigrants at about the current level?”
![Page 20: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Current Challenges
1. Labour market problems of skilled immigrants• Declining employment and earnings• Skill under-utilization, ‘brain waste’
2. Demand for temporary or less skilled immigrants• E.g. Alberta oil industry
3. Illegal immigrants• Construction industry• 200,000?
4. Other problems:1. Racial tensions
2. Border security, terrorism
3. Urban concentration of immigrants, desire for immigration elsewhere
![Page 21: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Earnings trends for immigrant men
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Rel
ativ
e ea
rnin
gs, l
ogge
d
0-5 years
6-10 years
11-15 years
16-20 years
Source: Frenette and Morissette, Statistics Canada, 2003
![Page 22: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Some reasons offered for decline
• Reasons specific to time periods– Business cycle effects (recessions of early 1980s, early 1990s)
– Origins shift (1960 – 1980)
• Reasons related to broader labour market changes– Adverse conditions for all new labor market entrants
– Increased emphasis on credentials
– Less value of foreign experience
![Page 23: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Promoting Immigrant Skill Utilization
1. professional licensing access
2. bridge training programs
3. credential assessment services
4. workplace internships and mentoring
5. diversity training
6. information websites
7. public awareness
8. recognition of employer best practices
![Page 24: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
More Temporary Migration?
• Employer-driven, less skilled: short-term v. long-term potential for integration
• Enforcement: ensuring temporary status
![Page 25: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Illegal Migration
• Growing problem, unknown size
• Pressure to create temporary migration
• U.S. experience
• Threat to immigration program
![Page 26: Emerging Policy Issues Jeffrey G. Reitz Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies Centre for International Studies University of Toronto November 13, 2006.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c925503460f9494d134/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Directions to Fill Gaps
• Employer-driven immigration
• Government-private partnerships
• Community involvement