Emergency Preparedness Research ! (1)

7/27/2019 Emergency Preparedness Research ! (1)

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Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

There is a rich multidisciplinary tradition that assesses and examines risk,

hazards and emergency situations. Progress towards a comprehensive, empirical

understanding of emergency situation vulnerability inputs and processes,

especially related to hazard events and outcomes has grown in breadth and depth

within the last decades. Add to this knowledge a growing understanding of the

drivers and dynamics of global environmental change - and more specifically of

climate change impacts and nature related hazard events.

Our country lies along the Western Pacific Basin which makes us

vulnerable in experiencing various kinds of natural disasters and calamities such

as monsoons, thunderstorms, inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZ), typhoons)

making it a path of an average of 20 tropical cyclones annually. Also we

experience major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and drought and numerous

landslides. Despite of the efforts of the government to increase public awareness

and involvement in measures to minimize the impact of disasters it seems that our

country is still suffering and not fully prepared yet and capable in disaster

response.



People make decisions every day, but decision-making in an emergency

situation is unique and has great implications for individuals, communities and

society at large. Various emergency situations that happened in our country

clearly demonstrated the need for sound planning, swift execution and efficient

accountability; but ultimately the negative consequences people experienced in

this (as in any) emergency situations were conditioned by their awareness,

perceptions of risk and their vulnerability, and how these factors influenced their

ability to make and carry out decisions, clearly reflecting that these decisions are

the products of complex interactions between individuals, their communities, their

surroundings and the natural environment itself.

By its location in the tropics, the Philippines are found to be naturally

vulnerable to environmental disasters. This situation plus other human and

developmental factors compound communities' incapacity to cope with such

disaster.

The vulnerability of communities to hazards refers to their susceptibility to

and capacity to cope with environmental stresses. Recent and major events as

well as their cumulative impacts highlight the importance of identifying the

vulnerability levels of certain areas and segments of the Philippine population to

collective hazards that form disasters.(Center for Environmental Geomatics,

2011).

This paper aimed to review the Saint Jude College emergency

preparedness and response. As academic institutions have long been



repositories of knowledge and sanctuaries for study, academic institutions are still

susceptible to the hazards from natural calamities. Assessing the current state of

planning and preparedness is the first step toward making improvements in order

to arrive at advanced planning and preparedness which are the keys to preventing

or at least reducing the impacts of these potential hazards.

Background of the Study

Due to catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world

recently, having emergency awareness and preparedness in schools and

institutions all the more becomes crucial and relevant. And in a country such as

the Philippines where typhoons, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and

other forms of catastrophes are very common, highly populated areas such as

schools and institutions are at a great risk.

Manila is considered as a city with high hazard and high vulnerability. The

proximity to the active fault line, increasing vulnerable constructions, rapid

urbanization, inadequate planning and population expansion, and increasing

informal settlements in the form of slums or squatter encroaching near the

hazardous areas pose a great threat to the community. The City of Manila

consists of 897 Barangays with estimated population is 1.8 million as of 2010

National Census. There were three major disastrous events that happened in the

City of Manila with significant effects to human lives and properties. These were

the earthquake on July 14, 1990, Tropical Storm “Ondoy” (Ketsana) on



September 26, 2009 that caused severe flooding, and a number fires in heavy

populated areas. In the occurrence of disasters in the City of Manila, the

community, especially the marginalized groups are the most affected.

The top-down management approach was commonly seen in the Local

Government Units in times of disasters specifically in response and relief

operation. It was a common observation that the barangay officials, the supposed

front-line responders in times of disasters are simply reactive. They do not

anticipate the coming of disasters and the threats to life and property that they

bring about. Republic Act No. 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Act of 2010, adopt the DRRM approach that is

holistic, comprehensive, integrated and proactive engaging the participation of all

sectors, especially the local community. The Local Government Code of 1991

contains provisions that significantly strengthen the objectives of disaster

management and encourage measures for disaster mitigation.

Awareness and preparedness is always the best tool one can have in

facing emergency situations. To be able to fully prepare both students and

teaching, and non-teaching personnel, education and training are essential. The

responsibility of preparing the school and institution lies on every member of the

specific population and determined by the level of awareness and preparedness

of such community. Each must make sure that in the event of a catastrophe, the

loss of life is at the very least minimal.



With advances in technology and communication, tracking emergency

situations have been easier than before. And supplemented with research studies

regarding awareness and emergency preparedness, the knowledge of what could

possibly happen around us makes it imperative for us that we strive for ourselves

to be aware, prepared, face and conquer emergency events.

Statement of the problem:

This study aimed to determine the emergency preparedness of students,

faculty, and non-teaching personnel of Saint Jude College Manila during different

emergency situations of fire, flood and earthquake.

This study seek to answer the following questions.

1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of their:

1.1. Gender;

1.2. Age; and

1.3. Year level?

2. What is the demographic profile of the teaching and non-teaching in terms of

their:

1.1. Gender;

1.2. Age;



1.3. Educational attainment; and

1.4. Length of stay in Saint Jude College?

3. What is the level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila

during emergency situation as to:

3.1. Flood;

3.2. Fire; and

3.3. Earthquake?

4. What is the level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel

of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to:

4.1. Fire;

4.2. Flood; and

4.3. Earthquake?

5. Is there any significant difference on the level of preparedness of the

respondents during different emergency situation with regards to:

5.1 Fire;

5.2. Flood; and

5.3. Earthquake?



Hypothesis

The researchers have postulated the hypothesis:

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference on the preparedness of Saint

Jude College during different emergency situations.

Significance of the study:

This study aimed to determine the emergency preparedness of Saint Jude

College Manila during different emergency situations of fire, flood and earthquake.

The result of this study would be significant to the following groups:

Students, teaching and non teaching Personnel of Saint Jude College.

To be aware of the risks, hazards, and vulnerabilities when it comes to possible

emergency events and as well be active in learning to adapt and function well

during situations that warrants emergency preparedness.

Saint Jude Community. To identify and evaluate the current Saint Jude

College Manila‟s emergency preparedness and disaster plan in order to further

strengthen early warning and preparedness system and reduce impact of natural

disaster and as well enable our institution to build a plan that is known to all,

comprehensive, collaborative, and effective.

.



Theoretical Framework

Risk Perception and Vulnerability

The theory of Risk Perception and Vulnerability by Smit and Wandel is one

which incorporates the community in identifying risk and vulnerability in current

and future situations. Stakeholder and community engagement is highlighted in

the theory as a point of emphasis and as a means of improving „„adaptive

capacity.‟‟ Adaptive capacity refers to the collective adaptability, coping capacity

and resilience of a population. Smit refers to this framework as a „„bottom -up‟‟

approach, involving key community stakeholders in a process to implement

changes that are relevant to the community.

In addition, the framework calls for identifying current exposures,

sensitivities and future adaptive capacity to understand issues a particular

community might be confronted with and then employing various methods to

operationalize the constructs in the theory. Such data collection has the

advantage of qualitatively illustrating the complex interaction between

communities and risk perception and decision-making.



In addition, implementation of any strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity

should involve key stakeholders, decision makers and community members, as

the adoption of increased adaptive capacity is determined by the cultural

appropriateness and relevancy to the community members of these changes.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Assessment of thePreparednessof Saint JudeCollege Maniladuring fire,flood andearthquake

Assessment of emergencysituation exposure betweenSJC students and personnel

Assessment of currentadaptive strategies of SJC

students and personnel

Risk for futureexposure of

SJC studentsand personnel

Futureadaptive

capacity of SJC studentsand personnel

Level of preparednessof Saint JudeCollege Manila

during fire,flood and

earthquake

conceptual paradigm of the study

Scope and Delimitation:



This research only focused on the preparedness of St. Jude College Manila

during emergency situation.

The research had covered the collection of SJC students and both teaching

and non-teaching personnel census. The researchers had surveyed the students

and the teaching and non-teaching personnel regarding their preparedness during

emergency situations and determined the differences on the level of their

preparedness during emergency situations such as fire, flooding and earthquake.

Aside from determining the differences on their preparedness, the researchers

had also involved its implications to current and future adaptive capacity of Saint

Jude College with regards to preparedness in emergency situations that are being

assessed.

The researchers conducted the study in Saint Jude College, corner Don

Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila. The study had covered students from different

courses and personnel from different departments, both teaching and non-

teaching, with varying age and both male and female had been included as

participants of the study.

This study was chiefly concerned on determining the differences on the

preparation of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situations of fire flood

and earthquake. The study was limited only to the students and personnel of St.

Jude College Manila, during 1st semester of school year 2013-2014.

Definition of Terms



Chapter 2

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

This chapter presents the local and international literatures that are used

by the researchers in the conduct of the study.

Synthesis

Emergency situations happen not only because of occurrences in nature

but can also be human-induced. Different occurrences such as fire and

earthquakes are reported every year. It hits both affluent and poverty-stricken

countries. Most schools and institutions are of box-type architecture and built

before the development of earthquake-proof technology thus posing higher risks

of destruction during an earthquake. The rapid change in climate as well results in

stronger and more frequent storms, which often cause floods, landslides, and

mudslides killing thousands of people not just in the Philippines but all over the

world.

Emergencies occur suddenly and disastrously and leave us feelings of

overwhelmed and powerlessness. Being prepared can lessen some of these

feelings by allowing everyone to better protect ourselves, families, properties, and

to help others who may be affected. By preparing for emergency situations, we



This chapter describes the methods that were used to seek the answers to

the specific problems presented in the first chapter. This included the research

method employed, population, and the sampling technique used, and as well as

the research instrument, data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment

that was applied in treating the data. The discussions in this chapter had been

based on the assumption that the validity of findings is dependent upon the

accuracy and appropriateness of the methods of the research employed.

Research Design

The research design that was used is non-experimental quantitative

research utilizing the comparative-descriptive design. It is a type of non-

experimental design which aimed to describe variables and to examine

differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting.

This type of design had helped the researchers associate the differences between

Saint Jude College Manila‟s preparedness during emergency situations of fire,

flood and earthquake.

This design had allowed the researchers to obtain a concrete basis for

comparison as it don‟t infer causation but merely focus on examining the

differences between the variables, the determination of the differences between

Saint Jude College Manila‟s preparedness during emergency situations of fire,

flood and earthquake.



Instrumentation

Quantitative Self-Report Technique- Likert scale

The researchers had utilized quantitative self-report technique as this

approach aims to collect appropriate self-report data through giving appropriatequestions to obtain the needed information, especially in comparing two or more

sets of variables. The instrument had included the likert scale questionnaire tool in

which the specific questions regarding emergency preparedness about fire, flood

and earthquake had been stated and was completed by the study participants

through tickling the scale which corresponds their answers in each of the three (3)

stated categories ( fire, flood, and earthquake ).

The participants had ticked the number four (4) in the scale if such

emergency preparedness specifics being asked in each categories was always

present or they had known, had seen, or had been aware of, hence, the number

four (4) in the likert scale questionnaire tool means “highly agree”, which in turn

reflected that the Saint Jude College were highly prepared in the given emergency

preparedness specifics. The participants had ticked the number three (3) in the

scale if such emergency preparedness specifics being asked in each categories

was not always present or they don‟t had been consistently known, seen, or had



were adequately represented through each stratum. The population of the study

participants was been subdivided into homogenous subsets from which an

appropriate number of elements had been selected at random.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers had submitted a letter of communication to the Human

Resources Department and to the Dean of the College of Nursing that requested

the permission to conduct the research study about the emergency preparedness

in St. Jude College Manila.

Upon the approval of the study, the researchers asked the permission of the

Dean of other professional courses in Saint Jude College Manila through personal

appearance and communication letter which encompasses the researche rs‟ study

and prospective participants for the research study. The researchers had

instituted a courtesy call to each department Dean before conducting the research

proper. The letter of approval from the Dean from each department about the

research that was conducted together with a communication letter about the

research study were presented to the prospective study participants. After proper

channeling of the research study through Saint Jude College Human Resource

Department and Deans, the researchers then started to conduct the study about

the preparedness of Saint Jude College Manila during different emergency

situations of fire, flood, and earthquake. Primary approach of the researchers

were the initial grouping together of the elements belonging to a stratum and

random selection of the desired number of elements based on the computed five



Where,

x = Values given

x ¯ = Mean

n = Total number of values.



CHAPTER 4

Presentation and Analysis of Data

This chapter presents the data gathered from students, faculty and non-

teaching staff of Saint Jude College, Manila. The data are presented in the tabular

form, analyzed and interpreted.

Table 1.1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Students According to

Gender.

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 75 28.52

Female 188 71.48

Total 263 100.00

Interpretation:

Based on our observation in this research work the number of female

which consists of 188 respondents (71.48%) is greater than the number of male

respondent which consists of 75 respondents (28.52%), because the number of

female enrolled in our school are greater than in our male student. Most female

students are willing to answer in our research paper.



Table 1.2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondents According to

Age.

Age Frequency Percent

15-16 39 14.83

17-18 90 34.22

19-20 82 31.18

21 AND ABOVE 52 19.77

Total 263 100.00

Interpretation:

In this table, there are more respondent in ages 17-18 which consist of 90

respondents (34.22%) and with the ages of 15-16 has the lowest number consists

of 39 respondents (14.83%). They are more interested and willing to response in

this research work.



Table 1.3: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Students According to Year

Level.

Year level Frequency Percent

1st year 71 27.00

2nd year 68 25.86

3rd year 64 24.33

4th year 60 22.81

263 100.00

Interpretation:

This table shows that most of the respondents are 1st year students which

consist of 71(27%) respondents followed by 2nd year 68 (25.86%); 3rd year 64

(25.86%) and 4

th

year 60 (22.81%). This means that 1

st

year students have themost number of respondent to give information in emergency preparedness, due

to their availability and number of students enrolled.



Table 2.1: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Teaching and Non-teaching

According to Gender.

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 17 42.5

Female 23 57.5

Total 40 100

Interpretation:

This result interprets that the number of respondent are the female which

consists of 23 (57.5%) is greater than male which consists of 17 (42.5%) in faculty

and non-teaching staff. Because most of the faculty members are female.



Table 2.2: Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Teaching and Non-teaching

According to Age.

Age Frequency Percent

19 – 28 11 27.50

29 – 38 12 30.00

39 – 48 12 30.00

49 – 58 3 7.50

59 – 68 2 5

Total 40 100.00

Interpretation:

Ages 29-48 are the most number of respondent having which consists of

12 (30%) and ages 59-68 is the least number of respondent which consist of 2

(5%), because that age is the stage for retiring.



Table 3.1: The level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila

during emergency situation as to fire.

Items Mean SD Verbal

Interpretation

Rank

1. Presence of easily to locate of fire exit signage. 3.29 0.68 Moderately

prepared

13

2. Presence of floor plan for evacuation or escape route. 3.35 0.69 Moderately

prepared

15

3. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.00 0.86 Moderately

prepared

5

4. Emergency telephone numbers are posted at strategic

places.

2.89 0.84 Moderately

prepared

3

5. The school conduct fire drills annually. 2.86 0.84 Moderately

prepared

2

6. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly

point in case of fire.


prepared

8

7. Fire alarms are located at strategic places where can be

easily used.


prepared

14

8. Know how to use fire extinguisher in case of fire. 3.14 0.82 Moderately

prepared

10

9. Fire extinguishers are located at strategic places for

easy accessibility.


prepared

16.5

10. Availability of smoke detectors. 2.95 0.86 Moderately

prepared

4

11. Automatic fire sprinklers are located throughout the

building.


prepared

9

12. Has personal basic first aid kit. 3.01 0.81 Moderately

prepared

6

13. The school clinic has available resources to manage

emergency in case of fire.


prepared

11.5

14. The school have available trained first aider to manage

the injuries.


prepared

11.5

15. The school have Emergency Management Committee. 3.08 0.82 Moderately

prepared

7

16. Use of elevator in case of fire. 2.64 1.58 Moderately

prepared

1

17. When your clothes catch on fire, stop-drop-and-roll to

put out the fire.


prepared

16.5

18. If there is smoke, crawl under the smoke to the

nearest exit and use cloth, if possible, to cover nose and

3.50 0.65 well prepared 18



Table3.2. The level of preparedness of the students of Saint Jude College Manila

during emergency situation as to flood.

ITEMS MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

Rank

1. Access in giving early suspension of classes in case of

flooding.


prepared

9


prepared

4

3. Availability of transport vehicles in evacuating the

students and personnel.


prepared

3

4. Has personal first aid and hygiene kit. 3.05 0.82 Moderately

prepared

6.5

5. The school have available emergency blanket and

foods that can be used by stranded students and

personnel.


prepared

1

6. Adequate training on must-haves during rainy season

(such as rain gear, extra clothing, extra money, extra

cellphone batteries, etc.)


prepared

2


emergency in case of flooding.


prepared

8

8. The school have available trained first aider to 3.05 0.84 Moderately 6.5



12. Availability of safe places to cover. (a safe place could be

under a piece of furniture or against an interior wall away

from windows, bookcases or furniture’s that could fall on

you).

3.19 0.73 Moderately prepared

13. Practice a “duck, cover and hold position” in each safe place

(sitting on the floor next to an interior wall and covering your

head and neck with your arms.


OVERALL MEAN 3.10 0.79 Moderately prepared

Interpretation:

This table shows that they are moderately prepared in earthquake. The

overall mean is 3.10. They ranked the 9th item the lowest which is the school

conduct earthquake drills annually. And the 1st item got the highest in ranking

which is the aware of earthquake safety plans.



Table: 4.1. The level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel

of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to fire.

ITEM MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

1. Presence of easily to locate of fire exit signage. 3.6 0.71 Moderately prepared

2. Presence of floor plan for evacuation or escape route. 3.45 0.81 Moderately prepared

3. Has personal emergency telephone numbers. 3.13 0.99 Moderately prepared

4. Emergency telephone numbers are posted at strategic places. 3.08 0.94 Moderately prepared

5. The school conduct fire drills annually. 3.50 0.88 Moderately prepared

6. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly point in

case of fire.


7. Fire alarms are located at strategic places where can be easily

used.


8. Know how to use fire extinguisher in case of fire. 3.38 0.87 Moderately prepared

9. Fire extinguishers are located at strategic places for easy

accessibility.


10. Availability of smoke detectors. 3.48 0.75 Moderately prepared

11. Automatic fire sprinklers are located throughout the building. 3.43 0.84 Moderately prepared

12. Has personal basic first aid kit. 2.93 1.02 Moderately prepared


emergency in case of fire.




9. Able to identify high streets for possible rerouting during

flood.


prepared

OVERALL MEAN 2.99 0.87 Moderately

prepared

Interpretation:

The table show that the faculty and non-teaching staff are moderately

prepared. The overall mean they got is 2.99. They also ranked the 5

th

and 9

th

item

lowest which is the school have available emergency blanket and foods that can

be used by stranded students and personnel and able to identify high streets for

possible rerouting during flood. And the 1st item is the highest which is access in

giving early suspension of classes in case flooding.

Table: 4.3. The level of preparedness of the teaching and non-teaching personnel

of Saint Jude College Manila during emergency situation as to earthquake.

ITEMS MEAN SD VERBAL

INTERPRETATION

Ra

1. Aware of earthquake safety plans 3.18 0.84 Moderately

prepared




prepared

3. Availability of emergency lights. 3.05 0.88 Moderately

prepared

4. Has information dissemination about dangers of aftershocks. 3.10 0.84 Moderately

prepared

5. There is designated emergency evacuation assembly point

during earthquakes.

2.95 0.9 Moderately

prepared

6. There is an active participation of students and administrative

staff in evacuation, directing or leading occupants out of the

building to a safe area.


prepared

7. Need to evacuate the room immediately when earthquake

alarm sounds


prepared

8. Has personal first aid kit. 2.98 0.89 Moderately

prepared

9. The school conduct earthquake drills annually. 3.28 0.93 Moderately

prepared

10. The school clinic has available resources to manage emergency

in case of earthquake.


prepared

11. The school have available trained first aider to manage injuries. 3.32 0.86 Moderately

prepared

12. Availability of safe places to cover. (a safe place could be under 3.33 0.73 Moderately



Table: 5. Significant difference on the level of preparedness of the respondents

during different emergency situation with regards to Fire; Flood; and Earthquake.

Emergency Group Mean T-test P-value Interpretatio

Fire Students

Faculty and Non-teaching Staff

3.16

3.31

1.79 0.07 No Significa

Difference

Flood Student


3.01

2.98


Difference

Earthquake Students


3.10

3.19


Difference

Interpretation:

In this table it shows that in case of fire emergency the students got 3.16

overall mean and the faculty and non-teaching staff got 3.31. They got 1.79 in T-

Test and 0.07 P-Value. In line with this there is no significant difference between



students, faculty and non-teaching staff. In case of flood, the student got 3.01

overall mean and 2.98 for the faculty and non-teaching staff. They got 0.27 in T-

Test and 0.79 P-Value. It shows that they are no significant difference between

students, faculty and non-teaching staff. In earthquake the students got 3.10

overall mean and the faculty got 3.19 overall mean. In earthquake they got 0.86 T-

Test and 0.39 P-Value. It shows students, faculty and non-teaching staff have no

significant difference between them. It shows that in terms of fire, flood,

earthquake emergency they have no significant difference.

Emergency Preparedness Research ! (1)

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