Emergency Managers Confront Climate Change

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John R. Labadie Partners in Emergency Preparedness April 26, 2011

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Speaker: John LabadieEmergency managers will have to deal with the impending, possibly extreme, and uncertain effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of possible climate change effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers‟ reluctance to get caught up in the rancorous – and politically-charged – debate about climate change, but it mostly is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events; acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75-100 years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This presentation explores the important intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we may face in the climate change world. Emergency managers must take a seat at the table and involve themselves in all aspects of planning for and dealing with effects of climate change.

Transcript of Emergency Managers Confront Climate Change

Page 1: Emergency Managers Confront Climate Change

John R. Labadie

Partners in Emergency PreparednessApril 26, 2011p

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O iOverview The Emergency Manager’s Worldviewe e ge cy a age s o d e

Some definitions

Mitigation and Adaptationg p

Where does climate change fit?

A seat at the table

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You and Your Premonition !!

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O C t Cli t P bl S tOur Current Climate Problem Set

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Wh t Will Cli t Ch L k Lik ?What Will Climate Change Look Like?

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h ’ ldThe Emergency Manager’s Worldview A focus on extreme events A focus on extreme events Acute  vs.  chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts) An “all‐hazards” approach to preparing for disastersAn  all hazards  approach to preparing for disasters A shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75‐100 years) A shorter planning and operational cycleA shorter planning and operational cycle

Mitigation – Preparedness – Response – Recovery 

“Will current plans, actions, mitigation make things better during the next flood (storm, earthquake, h ) ”hurricane, etc.)?”

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An Interesting Debate“Cli   h  i     h ll     h /h d  d  “Climate change is a wholly new threat/hazard and thereby requires a unique set of responses.” 

“Climate change only makes existing hazards worse (in terms of severity, duration, geographic spread, etc.) terms of severity, duration, geographic spread, etc.) and does not require special or novel adaptations.”

And, by extension… When does “emergency” become “business as usual?”

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Some Definitions

Mitigation (Emergency Management)

activities that reduce or eliminate the probability of a hazard occurrence, or li i     d   h  i  f   h  eliminate or reduce the impact from the hazard if it should occur. 

(ICDRM/GWU Emergency Management Glossary of Terms)

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E i t l iti tiEnvironmental mitigation steps taken to a oid or minimi e negati e steps taken to avoid or minimize negative environmental impacts. Mitigation can include: avoiding the impact by not taking a g p y gcertain action; minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action; rectifying the impact by repairing or restoringrectifying the impact by repairing or restoringthe affected environment; reducing the impact by protective steps required with the p y p p qaction; and compensating for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources.(Bi l  O li )(Biology Online.)

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Mitigation – Climate Change “An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases” (IPCC).

k b d d l I. e., actions taken by individuals, governments,  or corporations to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in order to minimize their effects on emissions in order to minimize their effects on global climate change.

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AdaptationAdaptation

Changes in an organism's physiological Changes in an organism s physiological structure or function or habits that allow it to survive in new surroundings. (USEPA. Terms of Environment:  Glossary  Abbreviations and of Environment:  Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms)

"adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic ti li   th i   ff t   hi h  d t  stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities." (IPCC)

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Members of the Maldives' Cabinet donned scuba gear and used hand signals Saturday atMembers of the Maldives  Cabinet donned scuba gear and used hand signals Saturday at an underwater meeting staged to highlight the threat of global warming to the lowest‐lying nation on earth.  (2009)

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Adaptive Capacity ‐‐ “...the ability or potential of a system to respond successfully to climate variability and successfully to climate variability and change, and includes adjustments in both behaviour and in resources and technologies.” (IPCC) 

Resilience ‐‐ The ability of a community to remain strong or unharmed, and/or to be g , /able to quickly and effectively recover from a disaster’s impact upon its infrastructure, economy  social and natural environment  economy, social and natural environment. 

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El t f Ad ti C itEl t f Ad ti C itElements of Adaptive CapacityElements of Adaptive Capacity

  i Income le els Excess capacity Economic surplusE i   /  l 

Income levels Good governance and transparency Experience w/ natural 

disasters Strong governmental 

transparency Natural resources Robust infrastructures Strong governmental 

or social institutions Robust 

Robust infrastructures Social protection & social transfer 

communications mechanisms

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E i I i Cli ChEquity Issues in Climate ChangePoverty and Access to ServicesPoverty and Access to ServicesGovernance and TransparencyHow do decisions get made?Who gets to make those Who gets to make those decisions?

Ethics – what is right?Socio‐economic DevelopmentSocio economic Development

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Dimensions of a decent lifeDimensions of a decent life

H lth &Health & Basic Education

Income & Material

Rights & Empowerment

Needspo e e t

SSocial, cultural affiliation & security

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P d Cli ChPoverty and Climate Change

“A realistic but proactive human development agenda

is needed that recognizes that poverty is not justis needed that recognizes that poverty is not just

about lack of income; it is about individuals and

households being powerless to act and influence their

futures.”

[The Human Dimension of Climate Adaptation: The Importance of

Local and Institutional Issues ]Local and Institutional Issues.]

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The Ethics of Climate ChangeThe Ethics of Climate Change The IPCC wrote in its 2007 report that determining what 7 p gconstitutes dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system “involves value judgments. Science can support informed decisions on this issue ” Thus  coping support informed decisions on this issue.  Thus, coping with climate change, both mitigation and adaptation, becomes primarily an ethical issue. 

[From Closing the Gaps: Disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in developing countries  adaptation to climate change in developing countries. Commission on Climate Change and Development. 2009]

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Some Ethical IssuesSome Ethical Issues Is it ethical to tear down a low‐income housing project s t et ca to tea do a o co e ous g p ojectin order to build a wetland, if that wetland would help to reduce future flood damages in other parts of the 

i ?community?

I  it  thi l t  b ild   d      i i ti   t  t   Is it ethical to build a dam or an irrigation system to stabilize water supply, if doing so will disadvantage those who will lose access to important water resources pthat they use in coping with drought.

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E i I i Cli ChEquity Issues in Climate Change Poverty and Access to Serviceso e ty a d ccess to Se ces Governance and Transparency

How do decisions get made?g Who gets to make those decisions?

Ethics – what is right? Socio‐economic Development

Are emergency managers prepared (empowered?) to act/participate in these discussions?

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Continuum of adaptation activitiesContinuum of adaptation activitiesSource: R. J. T. Klein and Å. Persson, “Financing Adaptation to Climate Change: Issues and Priorities”

Vulnerability focus Impacts focus

Addressing the drivers of vulnerability

Building responsecapacityActivities seek to 

Managing climate risksActivities seek to

Confronting climatechangevulnerability

Activities seek toreduce poverty andother non‐climaticstressors that makepeople vulnerable

Activities seek to build robust systems forproblem solving

Activities seek toincorporate climateinformation intodecision‐making

changeActivities seek toaddress impactsassociated exclusivelywith climate changep p g

Primary focus

Not so muchPerhaps indirectly

Emergency Management

Perhaps indirectlyor 

case‐by‐case

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Emergency Managers would supportEmergency Managers would support... No‐regrets strategies Mainstreaming  Sustainable development

Mitigation

Resilience

h ll d ( ld) ’ b l These all do (or could) increase a community’s ability to recover from, or be less affected by an extreme event. 

While specific adaptive projects would not be ignored or While specific adaptive projects would not be ignored or rejected by EMs, those that contribute to a greater capacity or resilience would be favored. 

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Emergency Management & Environmental Management

Considerable overlap between environmental  Considerable overlap between environmental management and disaster management.

The overall objectives of these fields implicitly promote sustainable & resilient communities. 

Sustainability & resilience should be considered:  prospectively (in sustainable development planning and adaptation) 

retrospectively (in response and recovery)   retrospectively (in response and recovery). 

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Collaborative StrategiesCollaborative Strategies Identifying enhancements to environmental & y gother assets/resources that support long‐term recovery and reconstruction (e.g., enhancement of 

  l  h bi )ecosystem elements, habitats);

Identifying development options that may serve to mitigate future disaster damage (e.g., creation, enhancement  or preser ation of  etlands  enhancement, or preservation of wetlands, mangrove clusters, and coral reefs for flood mitigation);mitigation);

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Collaborative StrategiesCollaborative Strategies Identifying and reconciling the tradeoffs between Identifying and reconciling the tradeoffs between adaptation opportunities and disaster‐resistant construction and development practices (e.g., siting of dik /l  id tifi ti   d  l  f  t  dikes/levees; identification and preapproval of waste disposal methods/sites); 

Identifying development techniques and practices that contribute to both environmental quality and long‐term 

i bili  ( i i   f i d i l  i   i  survivability (siting of industrial sites; stricter environmental management requirements for environmentally‐risky facilities)y y

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How does it fit together?How does it fit together?

Environmental Management

E  Climate 

Resilience

Emergency Management

Change Adaptation

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Emergency Managers in their own wordsEmergency Managers in their own words

I asked 10‐12 emergency managers around the US (public d  i t   t )  “Wh t         EM  d i  and private sector), “What are you – as an EM – doing 

about climate change?” “Hmmm interesting question  I should think about  Hmmm…interesting question. I should think about it.”

“I haven’t got time – I’m worried about next flood gseason.”

“I haven’t got the budget (staff, resources, mandate, ) d l h l h ”etc.) to deal with climate change.”

“The Department of ________ is responsible for that.”

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A Seat at the TableA Seat at the Table Disaster Preparedness is an accepted adaptation 

( f )strategy (one of many)

For emergency managers, mitigation & adaptation are i ll   h     hiessentially the same thing

Emergency management should be part of the d t ti   ti   t  ff ti  i  th  adaptation conversation – most effective in the scoping phase

Identify synergies  no regrets actions  multiple  Identify synergies, no‐regrets actions, multiple positive outcomes

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I SIn Summary Reaction to climate change is largely in the purview eact o to c ate c a ge s a ge y t e pu eof the environmental (& political) community

Climate change is not a primary emergency g p y g ymanagement concern – effects, yes; causes, no

EMs deal with acute, not chronic, problemsp

EMs generally do not deal directly with underlying problems/issues related to climate change

EMs would support climate change adaptations, but would not generally take the lead.

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ConclusionsConclusions Funds and resources invested in adaptation to extreme events (floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, heat waves, etc.) will produce more adaptive benefits, more quickly, and for more people than investment in long‐term adaptation to more people than investment in long term adaptation to chronic problems (drought, sea‐level rise, etc.)

Mainstreaming of adaptive strategies into development efforts and pursuing “no‐regrets” projects may be the best and most cost‐effective path to success. Doing so could and most cost effective path to success. Doing so could lead to immediate benefits and could thereby lend credibility to longer‐term adaptive efforts. 

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Questions?Questions?