EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS...agricultural production.14 Figure Satellite imagery...

EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS

NIONO DISTRICT SÉGOU REGION,

FEBRUARY 16-19, 2018

CatholicReliefServices(CRS)[email protected]

[email protected]

2

TableofContentsTableofContents........................................................................................................2

1 Context..................................................................................................................6

2 Methodology.........................................................................................................7

3 QuantitativeResults..............................................................................................83.1 Demographics..................................................................................................................................................83.1.1 Genderofrespondent...............................................................................................................................83.1.2 Householdpositionofrespondent......................................................................................................83.1.3 MaritalStatus..............................................................................................................................................83.1.4 Householdsize.............................................................................................................................................93.1.5 Ethnicity.........................................................................................................................................................93.1.6 Householdstatus........................................................................................................................................93.1.7 Distancetoweeklymarket...................................................................................................................103.1.8 Distancetolivestockmarket...............................................................................................................103.1.9 Primarylivelihoodactivity..................................................................................................................103.1.10 Secondarylivelihoodactivity...........................................................................................................11

3.2 Agriculture.....................................................................................................................................................113.2.1 Householdpracticesagriculture.......................................................................................................113.2.2 Areacultivatedin2016-2017.............................................................................................................113.2.3 Areacultivatedin2017-2018.............................................................................................................123.2.4 Changeinareacultivatedin2017-2018.......................................................................................123.2.5 Primarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneeds.......................................................................123.2.6 Foodneedscoveredbyharvestin2016-2017.............................................................................133.2.7 Harvestin2017-2018comparedtoharvestin2016-2017...................................................133.2.8 Foodsneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018...........................................................................133.2.9 Constraintsonagriculturalproduction.........................................................................................143.2.10 Off-seasonvegetablegardening......................................................................................................143.2.11 Principleoff-seasoncrop....................................................................................................................143.2.12 Secondaryoff-seasoncrop.................................................................................................................153.2.13 Constraintsonoff-seasonvegetablegardening.......................................................................153.2.14 Priceofagriculturalproductsatnearestmarket...................................................................15

3.3 AnimalHusbandry......................................................................................................................................163.3.1 Animalhusbandrypractice.................................................................................................................163.3.2 Typeofanimalhusbandrypracticed...............................................................................................163.3.3 Primarytypeoflivestockfodder........................................................................................................163.3.4 Secondarytypeoflivestockfodder...................................................................................................173.3.5 Priceofoilcake..........................................................................................................................................173.3.6 Householdstockoffodder....................................................................................................................173.3.7 Durationofsupplyoffodder...............................................................................................................183.3.8 Watersourceforlivestock...................................................................................................................183.3.9 Livestocksheltertype.............................................................................................................................183.3.10 Distancetolivestockshelter.............................................................................................................193.3.11 Statureoflivestock...............................................................................................................................193.3.12 Priceoflivestock....................................................................................................................................193.3.13 Planstoselllivestock...........................................................................................................................193.3.14 Timingoflivestocksale.......................................................................................................................203.3.15 Primaryconstraintonanimalhusbandry..................................................................................203.3.16 Arrivaloflivestock................................................................................................................................203.3.17 Typeoflivestockarriving...................................................................................................................21

3

3.3.18 Transhumance........................................................................................................................................213.3.19 Intendeddestinationofseasonallivestockmovement..........................................................213.3.20 Timingoftranshumance....................................................................................................................213.3.21 Constraintsontranshumance..........................................................................................................22

3.4 LaborMigration...........................................................................................................................................223.4.1 Householdmembersengageinlabormigration........................................................................223.4.2 Numberofhouseholdmembersengagedinlabormigration...............................................22

3.5 FoodSecurity................................................................................................................................................233.5.1 Numberofmealseatenperday.........................................................................................................233.5.2 HouseholdFoodConsumptionScore(FCS)...................................................................................233.5.3 HouseholdReducedCopingStrategyIndexScore(RCSI).......................................................233.5.4 Householdgrainreserve.......................................................................................................................243.5.5 Durationofgrainreserve.....................................................................................................................243.5.6 Householdassetsandresources........................................................................................................243.5.7 TypeofNGOsupportreceived............................................................................................................253.5.8 Abilitytomeethouseholdfoodneeds..............................................................................................25

3.6 Needs................................................................................................................................................................253.6.1 Household’sgreatestconcernatpresent.......................................................................................253.6.2 Preferredtypeofassistance................................................................................................................26

4 QualitativeResults...............................................................................................264.1.1 Animalpastureandtranshumance.................................................................................................264.1.2 Agriculturalproduction........................................................................................................................274.1.3 Securityandmarketfunction.............................................................................................................274.1.4 Copingstrategies......................................................................................................................................274.1.5 Assistance....................................................................................................................................................28

5 Conclusions..........................................................................................................28

6 Annexes...............................................................................................................296.1 Annex1:Listofcommunesandvillagescovered..........................................................................296.2 Annex2:Distributionofhectarescultivatedbytypeofagriculture.....................................306.3 Annex3:Calculationofnumberofhouseholdsinneedofassistance..................................31ReportDate:March7,2018Photo:CattlegrazinginnorthernNionoDistrict,SégouRegion

4

ExecutiveSummaryInOctoberandNovember2017,theGovernmentofMali(GOM)andavarietyofearlywarningsystemspredictedthatzonesacrosstheWesternSahelandnorthernregionsofMaliwouldseelower-than-averageagriculturalproduction,largelyduetoanetdeficitofrainfallandlowriverandsurfacewaterlevels.1NionoDistrict,locatedinnorthernSégouRegionadjacenttotheMalianborderwithMauritania,wasidentifiedasamongthezoneslikelytoexperiencepoorcerealandriceproductionin2017-2018.2Earlywarningsystemsalsopredictedreducedpastureinthedistrictresultingfromtherainfalldeficit,withimportanteffectsonhouseholdfoodsecurityandlivelihoodsinazonewherelivestockhusbandryconstitutesanimportanteconomicactivity,alongsidemilletandriceproduction.DuringtheperiodFebruary16-19,2018,CatholicReliefServices(CRS)andpartnerALPHALOGconductedanemergencyassessmentcoveringninecommunesofNionoDistricttoassesscurrentlevelsoffoodsecurity,identifyriskstoagro-pastorallivelihoodsandassesshouseholds’levelofpreparednessforashocktofoodproductionsystems.Theassessmentcomprised415householdinterviewsandeightkeyinformantinterviewswithvillage,communeanddistrictlevelleadersandgovernmenttechnicalserviceemployees.Conductedapproximatelyfourmonthsafterthestartofcerealandriceharvestperiod,3theassessmentfoundthat13.7percentofrespondenthouseholdshadelevatedscoresonindicesusedtomeasurefoodinsecurity,4withfoodsecurityacrossthedistrictlikelytodeterioratesubstantiallyinthecomingmonths.Morethan70percentofhouseholdssaidtheyhaveacerealreservethatwilllastforthreemonthsorfewer,with32percentreportingtheydonothaveacerealstockatpresent.ByMay15,just37percentofhouseholdsofhouseholdsexpecttobeabletomeettheirfoodneeds.Withfoodsuppliesdwindlingfollowingpoorharvestin2017-2018,7in10respondenthouseholdsthatpracticeanimalhusbandrysaidtheyareplanningtoselllivestockinthenextthreemonthstomeethouseholdfoodneeds.Tolimitthedeteriorationoffoodsecurityandprotectproductiveassetssuchasanimals,agriculturaltoolsandseedstocks,thisreportrecommendsprovidingcashassistancetoatleast4,100households(65,500individuals)5withelevatedfoodinsecurityindexscoresoverthecourseofanextendedleanseason,ensuringthathouseholdhaveaccesstoincreasedliquiditypriortoplantingseasonforcereals(June)andrice(June),basedonhouseholdagriculturalpatterns.6Furtherassessmentofthefunctionalityoflocalmarketsandofsecuritydynamicsintheregionisrecommendedtoconfirmthatcashisanappropriatemodalityfordeliveringassistance.

1SAP,NoteTechnique,EvaluationProvisioredelaSituationAlimentaireduPays,CampagneAgropastorale,2017-2018,Oct.20172Ibid3FEWSNet,LivelihoodZoningandProfileReport,January20104FoodConsumptionAnalysis,WFP,2008FoodConsumptionScore(FCS),ReducedCopingStrategyIndex(RCSI),WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual2008;WFPVAMTechnicalGuidanceSheet5SeeAnnex3forcalculation6FEWSNet,LivelihoodZoningandProfileReport,January2010

6

1 ContextInOctoberandNovember2017,theGovernmentofMaliandavarietyofearlywarningsystemspredictedthatzonesacrosstheWesternSahelandnorthernregionsofthecountrywouldseelower-than-averageagriculturalproduction,largelyduetoanetdeficitofrainfallandlowerthanaverageriverandsurfacewaterlevelsinareasofriceandoff-seasongardenvegetableproduction.78Basedonexpectedagriculturalproduction,reducedpastureduetopoorrainfall,andcontinuinginsecurityinnorthernandcentralMali,theregionalearly-warningsystemCadreHarmonisepredictedthatthenumberofMalianhouseholdsinPhase3(Crisis)foodinsecuritywouldincreasefrom1.5percentofthepopulation(290,740individuals)inOctober-December2017to4.2percent(795,000)inJune-August2018,attheheightoftheagriculturalleanseason.9NionoDistrictinnorthernSégouregion,adjacenttotheMalianborderwithMauritaniaontheedgeoftheSahelregion,wasamongthezonesidentifiedashavingreceivedinadequaterainfall,withimplicationsforfoodsecurityinthedistrict,whichdependslargelyoncerealcultivationandanimalhusbandryinthenorth,andonriceandvegetablegardeninginthesouth.101112NotingpocketsofmoisturedeficitsasaresultofirregularrainfallbetweenMayandJuly2017,followedbyasignificantdeficitofrainfallduringthekeygrowingperiodoflateSeptemberandearlyOctober,theCommissariatàlaSécuritéAlimentairepredictedpocketsofpoortoverypooragriculturalproductionindistrictsacrossthewesternSahelregion,includinginNionoDistrict.13Inparticular,theCommissariatàlaSécuritéAlimentaireidentifiedthecommuneofNampalari,inthenorthernpartofthedistrict,aslikelytoseeverypooragriculturalproduction.14SatelliteimageryalsoshowedpocketsofpronouncedsurfacewaterandbiomassdeficitsthroughoutthewesternSahelregion,includinginthenorthernpartofNionoDistrict,raisingconcernsofreducedpastureduetopoorvegetationgrowthinazone

7USAIDFoodAssistanceFactSheet,Mali,Dec.19,20178FEWSNet,Mali:Lasaisonselonlesimages,Oct.30,2017 9BulletinduClusterSécuriteAlimentairé,Dec.201710SAP,NoteTechnique,EvaluationProvisioredelaSituationAlimentaireduPays,CampagneAgropastorale,2017-2018,Oct.201711USAID,FEWSNet,MaliLivelihoodZones,201412FEWSNet,Mali:Lasaisonselonlesimages,Oct.30,201713SAP,NoteTechnique,EvaluationProvisioredelaSituationAlimentaireduPays,CampagneAgropastorale,2017-2018,Oct.201714Ibid

Figure1:InOctober2017,theGOMCommissariatàlaSécuritéAlimentairepredictedpoorharvestsinthenorthernportionofNionoDistrictinnorthernSégouRegion(whitebox).

7

wherelivestockplayakeyroleinthelocaleconomy.Inadditiontosufferingfrompoorconditionsforagricultureandlivestockhusbandry,NionoDistricthasalsobeenaffectedbydeterioratingsecurityconditions,whichhaslimitedtheabilityofhouseholdstomovetheirlivestocktoareasofmoreabundantpasture.15InFebruary2018,CatholicReliefServices(CRS),whichimplementsaUSAID-fundedrapidevaluationandresponsemechanismincentralandnorthernMaliandprovidedemergencyassistancefollowingalargedisplacementofhouseholdsintoNionoDistrictin2017,conductedarapidassessmentofagro-pastoralconditionscoveringnineofthedistrict’s12communes,inpartnershipwiththeMalianNGOALPHALOG(AssociationLibrePourlaPromotiondel’HabitatetLogement).Theobjectiveoftherapidassessmentwastoverifycurrentlevelsoffoodsecurity,identifyriskstoagro-pastorallivelihoodsandevaluatehouseholds’preparednessforashocktofoodproductionsystems.

2 MethodologyConductedduringtheperiodFebruary16-19,2018,theassessmentcomprised415householdinterviews,andeightkeyinformantinterviews.Theninecommunescoveredbytheassessmentwereselectedbasedonanapproximategeographicbreakdownofthedistrictintothreeregions(north,center,south)toensureareasonablegeographicdistributiongiventhemajorlivelihoodzonespresentintheregion,whilealsotakingintoaccountsecurityconditions.16TheinstitutionofabaninearlyFebruaryontravelbymotorcycleandpick-uptruckinthezoneanduncertaintyabouttheapplicationofthebanledtothedelayofdatacollectionactivitiesbymorethanaweek.Villagesincludedinthesample,likewise,wereselectedtoensureadegreeofgeographicrepresentation(SeeAnnex1foralistofvillagescoveredbytheassessment)whiletakingintoaccounttheiraccessibilitygiventhesecuritycontext.Astheassessmentteamwasnotabletosecurelistsofhouseholdsineachvillagetoallowforrandomselectionofrespondents,assessmentteamsdividedeachvillageintoquarters,basedonacentralreferencepoint,andproceededtoselectrespondentsusinganevery-third-householdapproach,movingoutwardfromthereferencepointinonequarter,thenreturningtothereferencepointtobeginhouseholdselectioninthenextquarter,untilallfourquartershadbeencovered.Keyinformants,selectedbasedonavailabilityandtheirabilitytoprovideaglobalviewofkeyissuesintherespectivezone,includedvillageheads,communalmayor’sofficerepresentatives,district-leveladministrators,andstatetechniciansforagricultureandlivestock.Threeassessmentteams,eachconsistingofthreeenumeratorsandoneteamleader(responsibleforcoordination,keyinformantinterviewsandensuringdataquality),engagedindatacollection,underthesupervisionofaCRSassessmentcoordinator.Enumeratorscollecteddatausingtabletsandtheelectronicdata-collectionsystemiFormbuilderinthesouthernandcentralpartofthedistrict,andusingpapersurveysinthenorthoutofsecurityconcerns,withdatasubsequentlyenteredintoiFormbuilder.ThesurveyquestionnairewasdevelopedinFrenchbyCRSstaffmemberswithexperienceinagriculture,humanitarianassistanceandMonitoring-Evaluation-Accountability-and-Learning(MEAL),whotrainedassessmentstaffonthequestionnairepriortothestartofdatacollection.Datacollectionwasconductedinrelevantlocallanguages,withenumeratorsselectedbasedontheirfamiliaritywiththetargetzoneandprimarylanguagesspokenbyrespondents.

15SAP,NoteTechnique,EvaluationProvisioredelaSituationAlimentaireduPays,CampagneAgropastorale,2017-2018,Oct.201716USAID,FEWSNet,MaliLivelihoodZones,2014

8

Themajorlimitationsoftheassessmentwerethelackofrandomsamplinginselectingvillagesandthelackofrandomsamplingatthelevelofhouseholdselectionwithinvillages.Additionally,women’sviewswerepoorlyrepresented,withwomenrepresentingjusttwopercentoftheassessmentsampleframe.Theoverallsamplesize,nonetheless,exceedsthesamplesizeof385individualsneededtoensurea95-percentlevelofaccuracywithamarginoferrorof5percentforNionoDistrictasawhole.17

3 QuantitativeResultsThefollowingsectionpresentsresultsofquantitativedatacollection,dividedintofivesections—demographics,agriculture,animalhusbandry,foodsecurity,andneeds—withstatisticspresentedatthecommunelevel,andinaggregatefortheassessmentarea(columnentitled“total”).18

3.1 DemographicsThesectionbelowpresentskeydemographicstatisticsforthesampleframeof415households.

3.1.1 GenderofrespondentNinety-eightpercentofassessmentparticipantsweremen,withjust9totalfemaleparticipants.Genderofrespondent(N=415)

Gender Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo

YeredonSaniona Total

Female 0% 0% 2% 4% 0% 3% 6% 0% 2% 2%Male 100% 100% 98% 96% 100% 98% 94% 100% 98% 98%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.2 HouseholdpositionofrespondentHouseholdheadsaccountedfor96percentofthesampleframe.Householdpositionofrespondent(N=415)

Position Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


HHhead 100% 100% 86% 93% 100% 98% 95% 100% 96% 96%NonHHhead 0% 0% 14% 7% 0% 3% 5% 0% 4% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.3 MaritalStatusNinety-ninepercentofrespondentsidentifiedasmarried,with50percentpartofmonogamousfamilyunitsand49percentpartofpolygamousfamilyunits.Maritalstatusofrespondent(N=415)

Status Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Married(monogamous) 74% 56% 53% 42% 58% 55% 40% 52% 35% 50%Married(polygamous) 26% 44% 47% 58% 39% 45% 58% 44% 63% 49%Widow(er) 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 4% 2% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

17Calculatedatwww.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm18Percentagesareroundedinalltables,andconsequentlynotallcolumnssumto100percentaspresented

9

3.1.4 HouseholdsizeAveragehouseholdsizewas15.9forthesample,slightlyhigherthanthemeanhouseholdsizereportedintheMalinationalfoodsecurityandnutritionsurvey(ENSAN)inSeptember2017of15.5forSégouRegion.19Meanhouseholdsizeandstandarddeviation(N=415)

Statistic Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Mean 11.1 15.1 15.7 16.4 16.9 17.8 17.0 14.5 17.2 15.9SD 8.7 13.7 9.3 7.2 8.0 11.8 11.6 10.4 10.7 10.6Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.5 EthnicityIndividualsbelongingtotheBambaraethnicgroupaccountedforjustoverhalfofallrespondents,andconstitutedthelargestgroupethnicgroupamongrespondentsinallninecommunes.IndividualsidentifyingasbelongingtothePeulhethnicgroupaccountedfor12percentofthesample.Ethnicityofhouseholdhead(N=415)

Ethnicity Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Bambara 71% 75% 81% 29% 37% 50% 42% 38% 57% 53%Peulh 18% 4% 2% 13% 24% 5% 9% 13% 22% 12%Minianka 0% 0% 7% 7% 0% 0% 22% 27% 7% 9%Sarakole 6% 2% 5% 4% 0% 3% 15% 2% 2% 5%Sonrai 0% 8% 2% 4% 0% 13% 0% 4% 0% 3%Touareg 0% 0% 0% 18% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 3%Soninkes 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 8% 5% 0% 0% 3%Bozo 0% 2% 2% 4% 3% 10% 2% 0% 2% 2%Dogon 0% 0% 0% 2% 11% 3% 0% 4% 4% 2%Tamachek 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 3% 0% 2% 0% 2%Bella 3% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 0% 0% 0% 1%Somono 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 3% 4% 0% 4% 8% 5% 6% 2% 6% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.6 HouseholdstatusLocalresidentsconstituted95percentoftheassessmentsample,with5percentofallrespondentsidentifyingasinternallydisplaced,including13percentofrespondentsinSiribala,9percentinSirifilaBoundy,7percentinYeredonSaniona,and7percentinMariko.Householdstatus(N=415)

Status Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Resident 97% 98% 98% 91% 100% 88% 91% 100% 93% 95%Displaced 3% 0% 2% 7% 0% 13% 9% 0% 7% 5%Returnee 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%19RapportdeSynthese,EnqueteNationalSurlaSecuriteAlimentaireetNutritionelle,Septembre2017

10

3.1.7 DistancetoweeklymarketTwo-thirdsofrespondentssaidtheylivewithin10kmofaweeklymarket,withanother29percentlivingwith11-20kmofaweeklymarket.Eighty-fourpercentofrespondentsinKalaSiguidaand82percentofrespondentsinDiabalyfacedatripof11kmormoretoreachaweeklymarket.Distancetoweeklymarket(N=415)

Distance Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


0-5km 0% 67% 5% 33% 100% 78% 83% 0% 26% 45%5-10km 18% 0% 12% 31% 0% 23% 14% 38% 54% 22%11-20km 56% 31% 84% 22% 0% 0% 2% 63% 20% 29%21-40km 26% 2% 0% 9% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 4%40+km 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.8 DistancetolivestockmarketRespondenthouseholdsfacedsimilardistancestoreachalivestockmarket,with3in5livingwithin10kmofalivestock,andmorethan90percentlivingwithin20kmofalivestockmarket.HouseholdsinDiabalyfacedthelongesttriptoreachalivestockmarket,with26percentneedingtotravel21-40kmandanother26percentneedingtotravelmorethan40km.Distancetolivestockmarket(N=415)



0-5km 0% 67% 16% 22% 100% 78% 75% 0% 17% 42%5-10km 15% 2% 12% 40% 0% 23% 3% 38% 63% 22%11-20km 32% 29% 70% 20% 0% 0% 20% 63% 20% 28%21-40km 26% 2% 2% 13% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 4%40+km 26% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.1.9 PrimarylivelihoodactivityAcrosstheninecommunesassessed,agricultureistheprimarylivelihoodactivityfor94percentofallrespondenthouseholds.Smallcommerce(2percent)andherding(1percent)werethenextmostcommonprimarylivelihoodsactivities.Primarylivelihoodsactivity(N=415)

Activity Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Agriculture20 94% 90% 98% 96% 100% 88% 97% 98% 89% 94%Smallcommerce 0% 2% 2% 4% 0% 3% 3% 0% 4% 2%Herding 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 4% 1%Skilledlabor 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 2% 1%Seasonallabor 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0%Animalsales 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%None 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20Definedascultivationoflandownedorrentedbytherespondent,asopposedtoworkingthelandofanotherpersoninreturnforpayment

11

3.1.10 SecondarylivelihoodactivityJustoverhalfofrespondenthouseholdsreportedhavingasecondarylivelihoodactivity,withsmallcommercebeingthemostcommon(17percent).SmallcommercewasmostcommoninKalaSiguida(28percentofrespondenthouseholds)andDogofry(23percent).Herdingispracticedby1in4respondenthouseholdsinNampalariandYeredonSaniona.Forty-twopercentofhouseholdsinNampalarisaidhouseholdmembersengageinagriculturallabor,workingthelandofothersinreturnforcompensation.Secondarylivelihoodsactivity(N=415)

Activity Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Smallcommerce 12% 23% 28% 11% 11% 13% 18% 13% 19% 17%Herding 3% 0% 0% 16% 26% 0% 14% 6% 24% 10%Seasonallabor 0% 2% 21% 13% 11% 0% 11% 2% 11% 8%Dailyagric.labor 0% 0% 2% 7% 42% 8% 5% 0% 4% 7%Animalsales 24% 0% 2% 9% 0% 18% 2% 2% 4% 6%Skilledlabor 6% 0% 0% 7% 3% 10% 2% 6% 4% 4%Salariedwork 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 2% 1%None 56% 75% 47% 38% 8% 53% 46% 71% 33% 48%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2 AgricultureThissectiondescribestheagriculturalcharacteristicsofhouseholdsparticipatingintheassessment,andagriculturaloutcomesin2016-2017and2017-2018.

3.2.1 HouseholdpracticesagricultureOverall,96percentofrespondenthouseholdspracticeagriculture.Householdpracticesagriculture(N=415)

Practices Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 97% 92% 100% 98% 100% 95% 98% 98% 91% 96%No 3% 8% 0% 2% 0% 5% 2% 2% 9% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.2 Areacultivatedin2016-2017In2016-2017,98percentofrespondenthouseholdscultivated1hectareormoreofland,with33percentcultivating5hectaresormore.Atthecommunelevel,thelargestpercentageofhouseholdscultivating5hectaresormorewasinNampalari(50percent)andYeredonSaniona(43percent),withthesmallestpercentagesinDogofry(16percent)andSiribala(19percent).Totalareacultivatedin2016-2017(N=400)

HA Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


0 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 3% 2% 4% 2% 2%1-2 9% 59% 35% 32% 18% 58% 53% 40% 43% 40%3-4 48% 25% 30% 25% 29% 21% 23% 26% 12% 26%5-6 18% 11% 16% 16% 32% 11% 11% 9% 4% 14%7ormore 24% 5% 19% 27% 18% 8% 11% 21% 39% 19%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

12

3.2.3 Areacultivatedin2017-2018In2017-2018,thepercentageofhouseholdscultivating5ormorehectaresfellby5percentagepointsto28percent,from33percentin2016-2017,whilethenumberofhouseholdscultivating2hectaresorlessrosefrom42percentto48percent.Totalareacultivatedin2017-2018(N=400)

HA Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


0 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 3% 3% 4% 2% 2%1-2 12% 66% 35% 36% 39% 58% 58% 47% 45% 46%3-4 48% 20% 28% 25% 34% 21% 17% 26% 12% 25%5-6 18% 7% 19% 11% 21% 8% 11% 13% 4% 12%7ormore 21% 5% 19% 27% 3% 11% 11% 11% 37% 16%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.4 Changeinareacultivatedin2017-2018Relativeto2016-2017,three-quartersofhouseholdscultivatedthesamenumberofhectaresin2017-2018,with6percentcultivatingmorelandthantheyhadthepreviousyear,and21percentcultivatingless.Formoreinformationregardingthedistributionoflandcultivatedbetweensemi-inundated,inundatedanddryfields,pleaseseeAnnex2.Changeinhectarescultivated,2017-2018vs.2016-2017(N=400)

Change Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


-5HAormore 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 3% 2% 11% 2% 3%-2-4HA 9% 5% 2% 2% 29% 3% 3% 2% 4% 6%-1HA 6% 23% 5% 7% 29% 21% 3% 11% 10% 12%Same 85% 73% 81% 86% 32% 68% 92% 66% 78% 75%+1HA 0% 0% 9% 5% 3% 5% 0% 9% 2% 4%+2-4HA 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 1%+5ormore 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.5 PrimarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneedsAcrossthenonecommunes,72percentofrespondenthouseholdssaidriceisthemostimportantcroptheycultivateintermsofmeetingtheirhouseholdfoodneeds,withmilletbeingthemostimportantcropfor25percentofhouseholds.Morethan85percentofhouseholdsinfivecommunes(Diabaly,Dogofry,Siribala,SirifilaBoundy,Sokolo)primarilyrelyonricecultivationinmeetingtheirhouseholdfoodneeds,while95percentofhouseholdsinNampalarirelyonmilletcultivation.Inthreecommunes(Mariko,KalaSiguidaandYeredonSaniona),householdswereroughlysplitbetweenriceandmilletintermsoftheirprimarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneeds.Primarycropformeetinghouseholdfoodneeds(N=400)

Crop Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Rice 97% 100% 60% 55% 5% 97% 92% 87% 45% 72%Millet 3% 0% 40% 41% 95% 3% 5% 6% 45% 25%Beans 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 6% 10% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

13

3.2.6 Foodneedscoveredbyharvestin2016-2017In2016-2017,just27percentofrespondenthouseholdsproducedaharvestthatmettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforsevenmonthsormore,and58percentofhouseholdsproducedenoughtomeettheirfoodneedsforfourmonthsormore.ThecommuneswiththelowestpercentageofhouseholdswithaharvestmeetingtheirfoodneedsforfourmonthsormorewereNampalari(18percent),Dogofry(37percent),andSokolo(51percent).Monthsofhouseholdfoodneedscoveredbyharvestin2016-2017(N=400)

Period Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


<1month 3% 2% 9% 11% 0% 3% 9% 19% 10% 8%1-3months 33% 61% 21% 18% 82% 21% 28% 30% 24% 35%4-6months 30% 18% 21% 27% 18% 37% 42% 43% 31% 31%7-9months 27% 9% 33% 20% 0% 26% 9% 2% 20% 16%10-12months 6% 7% 16% 20% 0% 13% 6% 4% 0% 8%12+months 0% 2% 0% 2% 0% 0% 5% 2% 14% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.7 Harvestin2017-2018comparedtoharvestin2016-2017Relativetoin2016-2017,39percentofallhouseholdssaidtheirharvestwas“muchworse”in2017-2018,withmorehalfofrespondentsinSirifilaBoundy,Dogofry,DiabalyandYeredonSanionasayingtheirharvestwas“muchworse.”Overall,73percentofrespondenthouseholdssaidtheirharvestwaseither“muchworse”or“slightlyworse”in2017-2018ascomparedto2016-2017.Householdassessmentofharvestin2017-2018relativetoharvestin2016-2017(N=400)

Harvest Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Muchworse 52% 57% 7% 34% 11% 29% 61% 38% 51% 39%Slightlyworse 21% 23% 44% 41% 55% 45% 27% 30% 27% 34%Same 9% 14% 16% 5% 13% 3% 5% 4% 4% 8%Slightlybetter 18% 2% 30% 14% 21% 18% 6% 26% 16% 16%Muchbetter 0% 5% 2% 7% 0% 5% 2% 2% 2% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.8 Foodsneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018Intermsofmeetinghouseholdfoodneeds,14percentofrespondentssaidtheir2017-2018harvestwouldmeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforsevenmonthsormore,with44percentsayingtheirharvestwouldmeetfoodneedsforfourmonthsormore.Atthecommunelevel,11percentofhouseholdsinNampalarihadaharvestthatwouldcovertheirfoodneedsforfourmonthsormore.Monthsofhouseholdfoodneedscoveredbyharvestin2017-2018(N=400)

Production Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo



14

3.2.9 ConstraintsonagriculturalproductionIntermsofthegreatestconstraintonagriculturalproductionin2017-2018,33percentofrespondentsidentifiedlackofrain,withanother28percentsayinglackofsurfacewaterwasthemajorconstraint.Lackofinputswasidentifiedasthemajorconstraintby10percentofhouseholds,including32percentofthoseinSiribala.BirdattacksoncropswasamajorprobleminNampalari,with61percentofrespondentsidentifyingitasthemajorconstraint.Primaryconstraintonagricultureinin2017-2018(N=400)

Constraint Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Lackofrain 6% 0% 67% 43% 21% 58% 27% 11% 59% 33%Insufficientsurfacewater 82% 93% 9% 9% 0% 0% 3% 68% 0% 28%Plantdiseases 0% 0% 0% 7% 3% 0% 36% 2% 20% 10%Lackofinputs 6% 2% 16% 5% 13% 32% 13% 2% 4% 10%Birds 3% 0% 0% 0% 61% 0% 0% 2% 0% 6%Lackofland 0% 2% 2% 20% 0% 3% 5% 0% 8% 5%Toomuchrain 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 4% 6% 3%Pests 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 5% 0% 6% 2% 2%Inputquality 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 1%Soilfertility 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 2% 0% 1%Other 0% 0% 5% 11% 3% 3% 2% 2% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.10 Off-seasonvegetablegardeningFifty-fourpercentofrespondentsindicatethattheirhouseholdpracticesoff-seasonvegetablegardening,withgardencropstraditionallyharvestedbetweenJanuaryandmid-May,butinzonesofmoreabundantwatergrownthroughouttheyear.2122ThehighestratesofgardeningwerereportedinSiribala(84percent),SirifilaBoundy(80percent)andKalaSiguida(79percent),withthelowestratesinNampalari(none)andDiabaly(24percent).Householdpracticesoff-seasonvegetablegardening(N=415)



Yes 24% 43% 79% 55% 0% 84% 80% 45% 53% 54%No 76% 57% 21% 45% 100% 16% 20% 55% 47% 46%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.11 Principleoff-seasoncropOnionsandtomatoesaretheprimaryoff-seasoncropsgrownbyrespondenthouseholds.Principleoff-seasoncropgrownbythehousehold(N=224)



Onions 88% 84% 88% 75% - 84% 80% 86% 67% 81%Tomatoes 0% 16% 9% 25% - 13% 14% 14% 30% 16%Cereals 0% 0% 3% 0% - 3% 2% 0% 4% 2%Other 13% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 4% 0% 0% 1%

21FEWSNet,MaliPerspectivesurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai2018,22FEWSNet,LivelihoodZoningandProfileReport,January2010

15

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.12 Secondaryoff-seasoncropNinety-fivepercentofhouseholdsengagedinoff-seasonvegetablegardeningplantatleastoneotheradditionalcrop.Tomatoeswerethemostcommonsecondarycrop(34percent),followedbyonions(32percent),cabbage(9percent),andgombo(9percent).Principleoff-seasoncropgrownbythehousehold(N=224)



Tomatoes 63% 42% 26% 29% - 34% 39% 29% 30% 34%Onions 13% 21% 24% 46% - 31% 35% 19% 48% 32%Cabbage 13% 26% 9% 8% - 0% 4% 24% 4% 9%Gombo 0% 0% 15% 8% - 9% 10% 5% 11% 9%Cereals 0% 5% 3% 4% - 13% 4% 0% 4% 5%Eggplant 0% 0% 6% 0% - 3% 0% 0% 0% 1%Other 13% 5% 6% 4% - 6% 2% 14% 0% 5%None 0% 0% 12% 0% - 3% 6% 10% 4% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.13 Constraintsonoff-seasonvegetablegardeningOverall,69percentofrespondentsidentifiedlackofwaterasthemajorconstraintwithregardtooff-seasonvegetablegardening,includingmorethan80percentinDiabaly,Dogofry,KalaSiguida,SiribalaandSokolo.Lackoffinancestopurchaseinputswasidentifiedasthemajorconstraintby25percentofhouseholds,includingmorethanhalfinYeredonSaniona.Principleconstraintonoff-seasonvegetablegardening(N=224)



Lackofwater 88% 89% 85% 42% - 91% 55% 81% 48% 69%Lackoffinances 13% 11% 12% 38% - 6% 37% 14% 52% 25%Seedquality 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 4% 5% 0% 3%Insecurity 0% 0% 0% 8% - 3% 2% 0% 0% 2%Lackofland 0% 0% 3% 0% - 0% 2% 0% 0% 1%None 0% 0% 12% 0% - 3% 6% 10% 4% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.2.14 PriceofagriculturalproductsatnearestmarketAcrosstheninecommunes,88percentofrespondentsreportedthatagriculturalproductpricesarehigherthanatthesametimein2016-2017.Priceofagriculturalproductsatthenearestmarket(N=415)

Pricelevel Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Higher 94% 94% 86% 80% 100% 90% 75% 98% 85% 88%Same 6% 4% 12% 18% 0% 10% 22% 2% 11% 10%Lower 0% 2% 2% 2% 0% 0% 3% 0% 4% 2%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

16

3.3 AnimalHusbandryThesectionbelowpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtoanimalhusbandryandherdingpractices.Forthepurposesoftheassessment,cattle,oxen,camels,horses,donkeys,sheep,goatsandpigsareconsideredlargeanimals,whilefowlarenotconsideredindiscussinganimalhusbandry.

3.3.1 AnimalhusbandrypracticeAcrossthe415respondenthouseholds,57percentpracticeanimalhusbandry,with80percentormoreofhouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandryinNampalari(97percent),Mariko(80percent),andSiribala(80percent).Fewerthan35percentofhouseholdspracticeanimalhusbandryinDogofry,KalaSiguidaandSirifilaBoundy.Householdpracticesanimalhusbandry(N=415)



Yes 71% 33% 33% 82% 97% 80% 35% 42% 63% 57%No 29% 67% 67% 18% 3% 20% 65% 58% 37% 43%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.2 TypeofanimalhusbandrypracticedAcrosstheninecommunes,semi-intensivewasthemostcommonformofanimalhusbandry(39percent),followedbyfattening(28percent)andintensive(19percent).RatesofintensivepracticewerehighestinSiribala(44percent)andMariko(32percent).TranshumancewasmostcommoninSokolo(15percent),Diabaly(13percent)andSiribala(13percent).Typeofanimalhusbandrypracticedbythehousehold(N=224)

Type Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Semi-intensive 54% 44% 14% 27% 86% 16% 43% 55% 9% 39%Fattening 13% 31% 79% 27% 3% 28% 30% 15% 50% 28%Intensive 8% 25% 0% 32% 0% 44% 13% 15% 18% 19%Transhumance 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 13% 4% 5% 15% 6%Other 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 10% 0% 3%Noanimalsatpresent 0% 0% 7% 14% 11% 0% 0% 0% 9% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.3 PrimarytypeoflivestockfodderRespondenthouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandryuseawidevarietyoffoddertypes.Oilcakewasthemostcommonprimaryfoddertype,utilizedby31percentofhouseholds,followedbycerealstalks(18percent),andricebran(14percent).Primarytypeoflivestockfodder(N=224)



Oilcake 25% 19% 31% 34% 73% 6% 22% 25% 29% 31%Cerealstalks 0% 13% 31% 28% 15% 16% 22% 15% 23% 18%Ricebran 25% 31% 8% 9% 0% 25% 17% 10% 6% 14%Beanleaves 8% 6% 15% 9% 0% 16% 9% 25% 6% 10%Straw 33% 6% 0% 3% 3% 3% 13% 15% 13% 10%Milletbran 0% 0% 15% 9% 9% 13% 9% 5% 0% 7%Wildforage 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 9% 0% 13% 5%Peanutleaves 4% 25% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 3% 3%

17

Rocksalt 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 6% 1%Ricegrain 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.4 SecondarytypeoflivestockfodderRicebrainwasthemostcommonsecondaryfoddertype(28percent),followedbycerealstalks(21percent),whichwereparticularlycommonsecondaryfoddertypeinNampalari(67percent).Secondarytypeoflivestockfodder(N=224)



Ricebran 25% 25% 46% 34% 0% 53% 22% 30% 23% 28%Cerealstalks 17% 25% 31% 19% 67% 3% 4% 0% 16% 21%Milletbran 8% 0% 0% 13% 18% 6% 17% 10% 10% 10%Hay 21% 6% 8% 9% 3% 0% 9% 15% 10% 8%Beanleaves 4% 13% 0% 6% 0% 6% 4% 10% 16% 7%Wildforage 0% 6% 8% 0% 0% 22% 17% 0% 6% 7%Oilcake 13% 13% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 5% 6% 5%Rocksalt 0% 6% 0% 0% 3% 3% 13% 10% 6% 4%Peanutleaves 8% 6% 8% 3% 6% 0% 0% 10% 0% 4%Ricegrain 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 3% 4% 0% 0% 1%Cerealgrain 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0%Other 4% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0% 10% 6% 4%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.5 PriceofoilcakeThirty-fivepercentofrespondenthouseholdsengagedinanimalhusbandrysaidthatthepriceofoilcakeishigherthanitwasatthesametimein2016-2017,with51percentreportingthepricetoberoughlythesame.Priceofoilcakecomparedtolastyearatthistime(N=224)



Higher 38% 44% 46% 38% 30% 22% 52% 35% 26% 35%Stable 25% 38% 38% 63% 70% 72% 35% 20% 65% 51%Lower 38% 19% 15% 0% 0% 6% 13% 45% 10% 14%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.6 HouseholdstockoffodderOfhouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandry,49percentsaidtheyhaveastockoffodder,rangingfrom69percentinMarikoto3percentofhouseholdsinNampalari.Householdhasastockoffodderforlivestock(N=224)

Stock Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 58% 50% 54% 69% 3% 63% 57% 60% 39% 49%No 42% 50% 46% 31% 97% 38% 43% 40% 61% 51%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

18

3.3.7 DurationofsupplyoffodderOverall,24percentofrespondhouseholdssaidtheyhaveafodderstockthatwilllastone-to-threemonths,and15percentsaidtheyhaveastockthatwilllastbetweenfourand12months.Fourpercentsaidtheyhaveastockthatwilllastmorethanayear.Expecteddurationofhouseholdstockoffodderforlivestock(N=224)



<1month 13% 6% 8% 13% 0% 3% 4% 0% 6% 6%1-3months 38% 31% 23% 41% 0% 22% 30% 20% 19% 24%4-6months 4% 0% 15% 9% 3% 13% 13% 30% 10% 10%7-9months 0% 6% 8% 6% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 2%10-12months 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 16% 4% 0% 0% 3%12+months 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 6% 4% 10% 6% 4%Nosupply 42% 50% 46% 31% 97% 38% 43% 40% 61% 51%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.8 WatersourceforlivestockHouseholdsmostfrequentlyusepastoralwells(44percent)toprovidewaterforlivestock,withanother27percentusingriverorcanalwater.Primarywatersourcesvariedconsiderably,bycommune,however.PastoralwellusewasmostcommoninNampalari(100percent),SirifilaBoundy(57percent),andSokolo(55percent),whilecanalwateruseismostcommoninDiabaly(42percent)andDogofry(38percent).HouseholdwellsarethemostcommonsourceofwaterforlivestockinSiribila(52percent),andboreholesarethemostcommonsourceinKalaSiguida(46percent).Typeofwatersourceutilizedforlivestock(N=224)

Source Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Pastoralwell 29% 13% 15% 44% 100% 22% 57% 55% 32% 44%River 21% 13% 8% 28% 0% 3% 4% 5% 35% 14%Canal 42% 38% 8% 6% 0% 16% 13% 0% 6% 13%HHwell 0% 0% 8% 6% 0% 53% 0% 15% 3% 11%Marsh 0% 31% 15% 16% 0% 3% 4% 15% 6% 8%Borehole 0% 0% 46% 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 16% 7%Other 8% 6% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 10% 0% 3%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.9 LivestocksheltertypeAmongrespondenthouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandry,90percentutilizepermanentstructuresforkeepinganimals.Dogofrywasthemajorexception,with44percentofrespondentssayingtheuseatemporaryshelterstructure.Typeoflivestockshelterutilized(N=224)



Permanent 100% 56% 92% 81% 100% 88% 100% 85% 97% 90%Temporary 0% 44% 8% 19% 0% 13% 0% 15% 3% 10%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

19

3.3.10 DistancetolivestockshelterNinety-fivepercentofrespondenthouseholdsengagedinanimalhusbandryutilizeastructurewithin5kmoftheirresidence.Distancetolivestockshelter(N=224)



0-5km 92% 88% 100% 94% 100% 97% 100% 90% 94% 95%5-10km 0% 0% 0% 6% 0% 3% 0% 10% 6% 3%11-20km 8% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1%21-40km 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.11 StatureoflivestockOverall,30percentofrespondenthouseholdsengagedinlivestockhusbandryreportedthattheiranimalsareofgoodstatureatthispointintheseasonandanother63percentsaidtheiranimalsareofmediumstature.ThehighestpercentagesofhouseholdsreportingtheiranimalsareofpoorstaturewereinSokolo(15percent)andDogofry(13percent).Statureoflivestock(N=224)

Stature Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Good 25% 31% 46% 31% 3% 53% 22% 45% 29% 30%Medium 75% 56% 54% 66% 91% 44% 70% 40% 61% 63%Poor 0% 13% 0% 3% 6% 3% 9% 15% 10% 6%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.12 PriceoflivestockHouseholdswererelativelydividedintheirassessmentofthepriceoflivestockthisyearrelativetolastyearduringthesameperiod,with31percentofhouseholdssayingpricesarehigher,34percentsayingpricesarethesameand30percentsayingtheyarelower.Priceoflivestockatpresentrelativeto2016-2017duringthesameperiod(N=224)



Higher 13% 44% 23% 19% 48% 19% 43% 30% 39% 31%Same 38% 38% 69% 47% 52% 28% 22% 25% 39% 34%Lower 50% 19% 8% 34% 0% 53% 35% 45% 23% 30%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.13 PlanstoselllivestockAmongthe224householdswhopracticeanimalhusbandry,65percentsaidtheyplantosellanimalsinthecomingmonthstomeettheirhouseholdfoodneeds.KalaSiguida(92percent)hadthehighestpercentageofhouseholdswithplanstosellanimalsinthecomingmonths,whilethelowestpercentageofhouseholdsplanningtosellanimalswasinMariko(44percent).Householdplanstoselllivestockinthecomingmonthstohelpmeethouseholdneeds(N=224)

Planstosell Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 67% 69% 92% 44% 61% 69% 78% 60% 68% 65%No 33% 31% 8% 56% 39% 31% 22% 40% 32% 35%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

20

3.3.14 TimingoflivestocksaleTwenty-twopercentofhouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandryplantosellanimalstomeettheirhouseholdfoodneedswithinthenexttwomonths,withanother20percentplanningtosellanimalsinthreemonths.Notably,69percentofhouseholdsinKalaSiguidaand39percentofhouseholdsinDogofrysaidtheyplantosellanimalsinthenexttwomonths.Lengthoftimeafterwhichhouseholdplanstoselllivestock(N=224)



1month 0% 25% 46% 9% 6% 9% 9% 0% 6% 10%2months 8% 13% 23% 19% 9% 9% 4% 20% 6% 12%3months 38% 13% 15% 13% 18% 16% 13% 20% 29% 20%4months 8% 13% 8% 0% 15% 9% 22% 15% 13% 11%5monthsormore 13% 6% 0% 3% 12% 25% 30% 5% 13% 13%Noplanstosell 33% 31% 8% 56% 39% 31% 22% 40% 32% 35%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.15 PrimaryconstraintonanimalhusbandryThirty-sixpercentofrespondentswhosehouseholdsengageinanimalhusbandry,includingmorethanhalfofrespondentsinYeredonSaniona,SiribalaandSirifilaBoundy,saidthatlackofpastureisthemajorconstraintonkeepinglivestockatpresent.ThemajorityofhouseholdsinKalaSiguida(69percent)andMariko(39percent)saiddiseasewasthemajorconstraint,whilelackofwaterwasthemostcommonresponseinDogofry(50percent)andNampalari(48percent).Primaryconstraintonanimalhusbandryduringthisperiod(N=224)



Lackofpasture 38% 19% 15% 25% 21% 50% 52% 25% 58% 36%Disease 21% 19% 69% 38% 30% 9% 17% 25% 6% 24%Lackofwater 33% 50% 0% 19% 48% 3% 9% 30% 10% 22%Lackoffodder 0% 6% 8% 3% 0% 3% 9% 10% 19% 6%Theft 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 1%Other 4% 6% 8% 16% 0% 34% 13% 5% 6% 11%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.16 ArrivaloflivestockAmongrespondenthouseholdspracticinganimalhusbandry,39percentsaidtheyhadseenorheardofanimalscrossingtheborderfromMauritaniaintoMali,including100percentofhouseholdsinNampalariand85percentinSirifilaBoundy.RespondenthasheardthatanimalsarecrossingtheborderfromMauritaniaintoMali(N=224)

Aware Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 17% 44% 0% 16% 100% 41% 22% 85% 13% 39%No 83% 56% 100% 84% 0% 59% 78% 15% 87% 61%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

21

3.3.17 TypeoflivestockarrivingRespondentswhoreportedseeingorhearingaboutanimalsarrivingfromMauritanialargelyreportedthepresenceofcattle(73percent)andsheep(15percent).TypeofanimalsreportedtobearrivingfromMauritania(N=88)



Cattle 50% 57% - 100% 100% 54% 60% 59% 0% 73%Sheep 0% 14% - 0% 0% 38% 0% 41% 0% 15%Horses 0% 0% - 0% 0% 0% 40% 0% 100% 7%Camels 50% 29% - 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 6%Total 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.18 TranshumanceAcrossrespondenthouseholdsengaginginanimalhusbandry,14percentsaidtheypracticetranshumance,withthelargestpercentagesofthosepracticingbeinginSiribala(22percent),Dogofry(19percent)andMariko(19percent).Householdpracticesthetranshumance(N=224)



Yes 17% 19% 8% 19% 0% 22% 13% 10% 13% 13%No 83% 81% 92% 81% 100% 78% 87% 90% 87% 87%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.19 IntendeddestinationofseasonallivestockmovementAmongthe30respondentswhopracticethetranshumance,77percentplantomigratewithanimalswithinSégouregionwhile23percentplantoleavetheregion.Destinationofseasonalmigrationwithlivestock(N=30)

Destination Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Local 50% 33% 0% 50% - 43% 0% 50% 25% 37%Commune 50% 67% 0% 0% - 14% 0% 50% 25% 23%District 0% 0% 100% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 25% 10%Region 0% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 67% 0% 0% 7%Outofregion 0% 0% 0% 33% - 43% 33% 0% 25% 23%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.3.20 TimingoftranshumanceOfthe30respondentsplanningtoengageinthetranshumancethisyear,33percentsaidtheyexpectthemovementofanimalstobeginearly(30percent)orveryearly(3percent)in2018.Timingoftranshumance(N=30)

Timing Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Veryearly 0% 0% 0% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 0% 3%Early 0% 33% 0% 0% - 86% 0% 0% 50% 30%Normal 100% 67% 100% 83% - 14% 100% 100% 50% 67%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

22

3.3.21 ConstraintsontranshumanceThosewhodoplantoengageinseasonalmigrationwithanimalsreportedthatthemajorconstraintsaffectingtheactivitythisyearareinsecurity(47percent)andlackofforage(27percent).Primaryconstraintontranshumancethisyear(N=224)



Insecurity 50% 67% 0% 67% - 57% 33% 0% 25% 47%Lackofforage 50% 0% 100% 17% - 0% 67% 100% 0% 27%Lackofwater 0% 33% 0% 17% - 0% 0% 0% 50% 13%Disease 0% 0% 0% 0% - 14% 0% 0% 0% 3%Other 0% 0% 0% 0% - 0% 0% 0% 25% 3%None 0% 0% 0% 0% - 29% 0% 0% 0% 7%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% - 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.4 LaborMigrationThissectionpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtolabormigration,whichismostcommonduringtheperiodinMaliduringtheperiodSeptember-January,inconnectionwiththeprimarycerealandriceharvestseason,whenthedemandforagriculturallaborishigh.23

3.4.1 HouseholdmembersengageinlabormigrationOverall,nearlyhalfofrespondenthouseholdsreportedthatatleastonememberworkedandlivedoutsidetheirvillageinthelast12months.ThecommuneofNampalarihadthehighestrateofhouseholdswithahouseholdmemberworkingandlivingoutsidethevillage(76percent),whileDiabaly(6percent)hadthelowestpercentage.Ahouseholdmemberworkedandlivedoutsidethevillageinthelast12months(N=415)

Labormigrant Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 6% 25% 60% 69% 76% 65% 28% 40% 69% 48%No 94% 75% 40% 31% 24% 35% 72% 60% 31% 52%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.4.2 NumberofhouseholdmembersengagedinlabormigrationWithregardtothenumberofhouseholdmembersengaginginlabormigrationduringtheprevious12months,18percentofhouseholdshadasinglememberworkingandlivingoutsidethevillage,and31percenthadtwoormorememberslivingandworkingoutsidethevillage.Numberofhouseholdmembersthatworkedandlivedoutsidethevillageinthelast12months(N=415)

Labormigrants Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


0 94% 75% 40% 31% 24% 35% 72% 60% 31% 52%1 3% 4% 23% 29% 5% 48% 11% 21% 22% 18%2 0% 10% 28% 27% 8% 13% 8% 10% 31% 15%3 3% 2% 7% 7% 3% 0% 6% 4% 7% 5%4 0% 2% 2% 7% 8% 5% 2% 2% 5% 4%5 0% 4% 0% 0% 8% 0% 2% 0% 2% 2%6ormore 0% 2% 0% 0% 45% 0% 0% 2% 2% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

23FEWSNet,MaliPerspectivesurlasécuritéalimentaire,Octobre2017àMai2018

23

3.5 FoodSecurityThissectionpresentskeystatisticsrelatedtothecurrentleveloffoodsecurityamongthehouseholdsassessed,andassetsthatplayanimportantroleinensuringfoodsecurity.

3.5.1 NumberofmealseatenperdayAtpresent,72percentofrespondenthouseholdsareconsumingthreemealsperday,with27percentconsumingtwomealsperday.Notably,100percentofhouseholdsinNampalarireportedconsumingtwomealsorfewerperday.ThenexthighestpercentageofhouseholdconsumingtwomealsorfewerperdaywasinYeredonSaniona(59percent).Numberofmealseatenperday(N=415)

Meals Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


3meals/day 100% 96% 95% 76% 0% 95% 57% 96% 41% 72%2meals/day 0% 4% 5% 20% 97% 5% 43% 4% 57% 27%1meal/day 0% 0% 0% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 2% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.2 HouseholdFoodConsumptionScore(FCS)Withregardtofoodconsumption,62percentofhouseholdsconsumedadietwithanacceptablecombinationofquantityanddiversityduringthesevendayspriortotheassessment,basedontheFoodConsumptionScore(FCS)methodologywithstandardweighting.24Twenty-threepercentofhouseholdshadFCSscoresdenoting“borderline”consumption,and14percenthad“poor”consumption.YeredonSanionahadthehighestpercentageof“poor”consumptionintheprevioussevendays,at28percent,followedbyDogofry(27percent).Sixty-twopercentofhouseholdsinDogofryand50percentofhouseholdsinYeredonSanionahadeither“borderline”or“poor”consumption.HouseholdFoodConsumptionScore(N=415)

Score Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Acceptable 68% 38% 74% 84% 100% 55% 52% 56% 50% 62%Borderline 26% 35% 23% 11% 0% 25% 28% 31% 22% 23%Poor 6% 27% 2% 4% 0% 20% 20% 13% 28% 14%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.3 HouseholdReducedCopingStrategyIndexScore(RCSI)BasedontheReducedCopingStrategyIndex(RCSI),25whichmeasuresfood-relatedcopingduringtheprevioussevendaysbasedonthefrequencyoffivebehaviorsassociatedwithfoodinsecurity,2624percentofrespondenthouseholdsareutilizingahighdegreeoffood-relatedcopingstrategies,and14percentareusingamoderatedegreeofcopingstrategies.ThehighestratesofelevatedcopingstrategyusewerefoundinNampalari(91percent),YeredonSaniona(50percent)andSirifilaBoundy(46percent).

24WFPVAMTechnicalGuidanceSheet;FoodConsumptionAnalysis,WFP,2008;Poor(0-21points),Borderline(21.5-35),Acceptable(35+)25WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual(2008)26WFPCopingStrategiesIndex,FieldMethodsManual(2008);Lowlevelofcoping(0-3points),Moderatelevelofcoping(4-9),Highlevelofcoping(10+).

24

HouseholdReducedCopingStrategyIndexscore(N=396)27

Score Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


High 3% 2% 0% 3% 91% 5% 46% 8% 50% 24%Moderate 12% 10% 11% 31% 6% 15% 9% 8% 22% 14%Low 85% 88% 89% 67% 3% 80% 45% 83% 28% 62%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.4 HouseholdgrainreserveSixty-eightpercentofrespondenthouseholdssaidtheycurrentlyhaveagrainreserve.ThelargestpercentageofhouseholdssayingtheyhaveagrainreservewasinKalaSiguida(93percent)andMariko(89percent)andthelowestpercentageswereinNampalari(45percent)andYeredonSiguida(52percent).Householdhasagrainreserve(N=415)

Reserve Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Yes 62% 60% 93% 89% 45% 80% 62% 75% 52% 68%No 38% 40% 7% 11% 55% 20% 38% 25% 48% 32%Yes 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.5 DurationofgrainreserveAcrossthe415respondenthouseholds,70percentsaidtheyhadagrainreservethatwouldlastthreemonthsorfewer,with35percenthavingnoreserveorareservethatwilllastlessthanamonth.ThecommuneswiththehighestpercentageofrespondenthouseholdswithareserveofgrainthatwilllastfourmonthsormorewereKalaSiguida(63percent)andMariko(36percent).Expecteddurationofgrainreserve(N=415)

Duration Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


<1month 0% 2% 0% 13% 0% 0% 5% 2% 4% 3%1-3months 38% 33% 30% 40% 45% 48% 28% 31% 33% 35%4-6months 9% 20% 37% 20% 0% 18% 26% 38% 11% 21%7-9months 9% 4% 19% 7% 0% 8% 2% 2% 4% 6%10-12months 6% 0% 7% 9% 0% 8% 2% 2% 0% 3%12+months 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Noreserve 38% 39% 7% 11% 55% 20% 38% 25% 48% 32%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.5.6 HouseholdassetsandresourcesWithregardtootherhouseholdassetsorresourcestowhichhouseholdshaveaccessthatcouldbeutilizedtomeetfoodneeds,100percentofhouseholdssaytheyhaveagriculturalassetsand54percenthavelargeanimalsthatcouldbesold.Oneinfourhouseholdsreceivesremittances,and48percentsaidtheyaregenerallyabletoborrowmoneywhenneeded.Lessthan10percentofhouseholdssaidtheyhavesavingstheycanrelyoninthecaseofashockand4percentsaidtheyreceiveNGOsupport.

27Inconsistencieswerenotedfor18households(5KalaSiguida,9Mariko,4Nampalari),withregardtoelevatedRCSIscoresthatdidnotlogicallycorrespondwithotherfoodsecurityindicators;theHHweresubsequentlyexcludedfromthecalculation

25

Assetsavailabletothehouseholdsthatcouldbesoldorotherwiseutilizedtomeethouseholdneeds(N=415)

Assettype Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Agric.assets 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 100% 100%Largeanimals 71% 33% 30% 71% 95% 75% 34% 42% 57% 54%Savings 12% 15% 0% 9% 0% 13% 11% 10% 9% 9%HHitems 3% 17% 26% 40% 8% 18% 29% 6% 43% 22%Remittances 6% 15% 33% 40% 5% 38% 26% 38% 33% 27%Abletoborrow 44% 17% 35% 56% 74% 58% 72% 35% 37% 48%NGOassistance 3% 0% 5% 11% 0% 10% 2% 0% 4% 4%

3.5.7 TypeofNGOsupportreceivedAcrossthe415respondenthouseholds,3percentreportedreceivingfoodassistancefromanNGO,withthehighestpercentagesinMariko(11percent)andKalaSiguida(5percent).TypeofNGOsupportreceived(N=415)



Food 3% 0% 5% 11% 0% 3% 2% 0% 4% 3%Cash 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0%Animalsupport 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%NFI 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0%

3.5.8 AbilitytomeethouseholdfoodneedsGiventhefoodandnon-foodassetscurrentlyattheirdisposal,15percentofhouseholdsaidtheywillbeabletomeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforlessthanamonth,and62percentsaidtheywillbeabletomeetfoodneedsforone-to-threemonths.InNampalari,100percentofrespondentssaidtheirhouseholdswouldbeabletomeettheirhouseholdfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewer.ThenexthighestpercentageofrespondentssayingtheirhouseholdcouldmeetitsfoodneedsforthreemonthsorfewerwasinYeredonSaniona(80percent).Householdexpectstobeabletomeetfoodneeds(N=415)




3.6 NeedsThissectionpresentstheexpressedneedsofrespondenthouseholds,andthetypeofassistancethathouseholdswouldfindmostrelevant.

3.6.1 Household’sgreatestconcernatpresentAcrossrespondents,75percentsaidmeetingtheirhouseholdfoodneedsistheirgreatestconcernatthemoment,including100percentofthoseinNampalari.Lackofaccesstowaterwasthenextmostcommonprimaryconcern(5percent).

26

Householdgreatestconcernatpresent(N=415)

Concern Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


FoodforHH 68% 85% 60% 82% 100% 63% 72% 65% 81% 75%Lackofwater 12% 4% 0% 13% 0% 10% 0% 13% 0% 5%HealthofHH 0% 2% 2% 0% 0% 8% 9% 0% 2% 3%Lackofland 0% 0% 16% 0% 0% 3% 5% 2% 0% 3%Lackofagric.inputs 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 8% 5% 4% 2% 2%Insecurity 0% 0% 2% 2% 0% 5% 3% 4% 2% 2%Lackofmoney/debt 3% 0% 2% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 0% 2%Animalfeed 3% 2% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1%Priceoffood 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1%Insecurity(animals) 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Animalhealth 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Other 9% 6% 7% 0% 0% 3% 3% 4% 9% 5%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

3.6.2 PreferredtypeofassistanceEighty-twopercentofrespondenthouseholdssaidfoodassistancewouldbethemostrelevanttypeofsupportinthecomingmonthstoensuretheyareabletomeethouseholdneeds,with9percentofhouseholdssayingcashtransferswouldbethemostrelevanttypeofassistance.Theassistancethatwouldhelpthehouseholdbestmeetitsneedsinthecomingmonths(N=415)

Assistancetype Diabaly Dogofry KalaSiguida Mariko Nampalari SiribalaSirifilaBoundy Sokolo


Food 74% 90% 72% 78% 100% 85% 82% 73% 87% 82%Cash 12% 4% 12% 9% 0% 13% 9% 15% 9% 9%Seeds 0% 4% 14% 4% 0% 3% 9% 2% 0% 4%Waterpoint 9% 2% 0% 9% 0% 0% 0% 8% 2% 3%Animalfeed 6% 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

4 QualitativeResultsThissectionpresentskeyqualitativeresults,providingadditionalinsightwithregardtoquantitativeresultspresentedintheprevioussection.Theeightkeyinformantsincludedvillageheads,communalmayor’sofficerepresentatives,district-leveladministrators,andstatetechniciansforagricultureandlivestock.

4.1.1 AnimalpastureandtranshumanceAccordingtokeyinformants,animalshabituallyarrivefromneighboringzonesinMoptiRegionandfromthedistrictsofSanandMacinainSégouregion,althoughtherewasasignificantincreaseincasesofanimaltheftlastyear.Theincreaseintheftshasleadtoadecreaseinthenumberofanimalsarrivingthisyear.AnimalstypicallypastureinthecommunesofNampalari,YeredonSaniona,Mariko,KaliSiguida,Sokolo,Pogo,andSiribala.Nampalari,inparticular,istraditionallyamajordestinationforseasonalanimalmigrationduetoparticularaspectsofforageinthezone,attributedtohighersaltcontentinthelocalsoil.AnimalsgenerallybegintoarrivefromMauritaniainDecember,butin2017animalsbegantoarriveasearlyasSeptember.LocalanimalsgenerallymovefromthedistricttoMauritaniainJuneandJulyandreturninAugust.

27

KeyinformantsexpressedconcernthatinsecurityhaslimitedmovementofanimalsfromotherzoneswithinNionoDistricttoNampalari,andpoorharvestsandbiomassgrowthrelatedorainfalldeficitsandlowsurfacewaterlevelshavelimitedavailabilityofagriculturalproducts(e.g.cerealgrains)andbi-products(e.g.bran,cerealstocks,hay,leaves),onwhichmanyhouseholdsdependasaprimaryorsecondarysourceofanimalfodder.

4.1.2 AgriculturalproductionDuetolowwaterlevels,householdsincertainzonesofthedistricthaveoptedtopracticeoff-seasonvegetablegardeningratherthanricecultivation,butinsomeareasvegetablegardeninghasnotbeenapracticalalternativegivenlowwaterlevelsinthelocalcanalsystem.AccordingtoastateagriculturaltechnicianbasedinNionodistrict,overallagriculturalproductioninNionowasgoodinareaswhereinundationagriculturewaspossible,andpoorinareaswheredryagriculturewaspracticed,withanoveralldecreaseinproductionrelativeto2016-2017.ThecommunesmostaffectedbypooragriculturalproductionweresaidtobeNampalari,Sokolo,Mariko,Diabaly,Dogofry,andKalaSiguida.ThekeyinformantreportedmajorbirdattacksoncropsinPogoandSiribalcommunes.Keyinformantsalsonotedthatpoorriceproductionhasamajorimpactonthedemandforagriculturalwagelabor,onwhichmanyhouseholdsdependasasourceofincometorepaydebtsandtopayawateraccessfeebyMarch31ofeachyear.Onekeyinformantsaidmanyhouseholdswouldbeforcedtosendhouseholdmemberstosearchforwagelaboroutsidethezoneandtoselltheirseedstockstopaytheaccessfee.Akeyinformantalsoreportedthatmanagementofirrigationcanalsisalsoaproblem,sayingthat“the(primary)canalisbecomingdegradedandsecondaryandtertiarychannelsarefullofweedsandbeginningtosiltup.”

4.1.3 SecurityandmarketfunctionDistrict-levelkeyinformantsdescribedmarketsassatisfactorilyprovisionedbutwithpricelevelsbeinghigh,whilekeyinformantsatthecommuneandvillagelevelinSokolonotedthatinsecurityhadreducedthenumberoftraderscomingintothedistrictfromneighboringNaraDistrict(KoulikoroRegion).AkeyinformantinDiabalysaidthatlocalmarketactivitiesinthecommuneandinneighboringDogofryhavedecreasedsignificantlyduetoinsecurity.Overall,growinginsecurityislimitingtheabilityofstateextensionofficerstoaccessparticularzonesofthedistrict,and,consequentlyisleadingtoareductioninthecollectionofdatabythestateregardingagricultureandanimalhusbandry.Similarly,non-paymentoftaxesanddifficultyincollectingtaxpaymentshasmeantthatcommunitylevelgovernmentworkershavenotreceivedtheirsalariesinpartsofthedistrictforseveralmonths.AkeyinformantinDiabalymentionedtheclosureofroadsduringnon-daylighthoursakeyinformantinSokolonotedthatcommunityhealthcentersarenotfunctioningnormallyduetoinsecurity.

4.1.4 CopingstrategiesTocopewithpooragriculturalandlivestockproduction,keyinformantssaythathouseholdsinthedistrictgenerallysendyoungerhouseholdmembersoutsidethezonetosearchforwagelabor,sellanimals,andrentland.

28

4.1.5 AssistanceAccordingtokeyinformants,theGOMiscurrentlyprovidingfoodassistancethroughthelocalNGOASDAFtovulnerablelayersofthepopulation,andwillsellanimalfeedatsubsidizedpricestolivestockcooperativesandothergroupsofhouseholdsengagedinlivestock-relatedactivities.AkeyinformantfromthecommunementionedthatNGOsareactiveinDiabaly.

5 ConclusionsInOctoberandNovember2017,earlywarningsystemsinMalipredictedpocketsofpooragriculturalproductionandpoorbiomassgrowthduetodeficitsofrainfallinNionoDistrictofnorthernSégouRegion.28Anemergencyassessmentofagro-pastoralconditionsinNionoDistrictcarriedoutbyCRSinearlyFebruary2018,approximatelyfourmonthsafterthestartofthetraditionalcerealandriceharvestperiod,foundthat13.8percentofhouseholdshadelevatedfoodinsecurityscores,basedonFoodConsumptionScoreandReducedCopingStrategyIndexmethodology.Foodsecurityindistrictislikelytodeteriorateinthecomingmonths,withmorethan70percentofhouseholdssayingtheyhaveacerealreservethatwilllastforthreemonthsorfewer,and32percentsayingtheydonothaveacerealstockatpresent.ByMay15,just37percentofhouseholdsofhouseholdsexpecttobeabletomeettheirfoodneeds.Withfoodsuppliesdwindling,7in10respondenthouseholdsthatpracticeanimalhusbandrysaidtheyareplanningtoselllivestockinthenextthreemonthstomeethouseholdfoodneeds.Tominimizethedeteriorationoffoodsecurityintheregioninthecomingmonths,andprotectaffectedhousehold’sproductiveassets,suchaslivestock,seedstocksandagriculturaltools,thisreportrecommendsthefollowingintervention:

§ Provisionofcashassistancetohouseholdswithelevatedfoodinsecurityindexscorestargetingaminimumof13.8percentofthepopulationofthedistrict,orapproximately4,100householdscomprising65,500individuals(seeAnnex3forcalculations);

§ Assistanceshouldcoveranextendedleanseason,andbetimedtoensurethathouseholdshaveaccesstosufficientliquidityduringthecrucialperiodpriortotheplantingseasonsforcereals(June)andrice(June),dependingonhousehold’sagriculturalpatterns.

Assessmentresultssuggestthatlocalmarketsarelikelyabletosupporttheuseofcashasamodalityforprovidingassistance,withcashallowinghouseholdsengagedinagriculture,animalhusbandryorotherlivelihoodactivitiestoprioritizetheirmosturgentsubsistenceandlivelihoodsneeds,whilealsosupportinglocalmarkets.Useofamobilemoneyplatformasthemechanismofsupportmaybesuitable,asameansoflimitingrisksassociatedwithphysicalcashdistributionsinazonewherebanditryconstitutesathreatforcashdistributorsandforbeneficiaries.Additionalresearchisrecommendedbothtoconfirmthatlocalmarketsaresufficientlyprovisionedinzonestargetedforassistance,andthattargetedbeneficiariesareabletoreliablyaccessamobilemoneyplatform.

28SAP,NoteTechnique,EvaluationProvisioredelaSituationAlimentaireduPays,CampagneAgropastorale,2017-2018,Oct.2017,FEWSNet,Mali,Perspectivessurlasecuritealimentaire,Octobre2017-Mai2018

29

6 Annexes

6.1 Annex1:ListofcommunesandvillagescoveredCommune/Village NDiabaly 34Diambe 13Songo 21

Dogofry 48Barkerou 6Djedah 4Farabougou 11Kouroumakoubé 27

KalaSiguida 43Mamale 30Niafassi-Bambara 13

Mariko 45Cocody 27Konokassy 18

Nampalari 38Nampala 38

Siribala 40Lamine-Bougou 23Minimana 15N'Debougou 1SiribalaCoro 1

SirifilaBoundy 65Bamada 1Banissirala 15Heremakono 31Medina-Coura 18

Sokolo 48Dougouba 23Fanabougou 23Nemabougou 1Sokolo 1

YeredonSaniona 54Bamada 16N'Djela 14Welintiguila 20Werekela 4

Total 415

30

6.2 Annex2:DistributionofhectarescultivatedbytypeofagricultureDistributionofhectarescultivatedin2016-2017

CommuneSemi-inundated Inundated Dry AllHA

%HAsemi-inundated

%HAinundated %HAdry

Diabaly 0 37 133 170 0% 22% 78%Dogofry 158 159 240 557 28% 29% 43%KalaSiguida 2 100 95 197 1% 51% 48%Mariko 0 202 70 272 0% 74% 26%Nampalari 0 183 0 183 0% 100% 0%Siribala 1 29 84 114 1% 25% 74%SirifilaBoundy 55 14 153 221 25% 6% 69%Sokolo 154 16 127 297 52% 5% 43%YeredonSaniona 94 281 85 460 20% 61% 18%Total 464 1,021 986 2,471 19% 41% 40%Distributionofhectarescultivatedin2017-2018

CommuneSemi-inundated Inundated Dry AllHA

%HAsemi-inundated

%HAinundated %HAdry

Diabaly 0 34 126 160 0% 21% 79%Dogofry 152 155 236 543 28% 29% 43%KalaSiguida 5 99 96 200 3% 50% 48%Mariko 40 158 72 269 15% 59% 27%Nampalari 27 96 0 123 22% 78% 0%Siribala 4 23 77 103 3% 22% 74%SirifilaBoundy 50 13 145 207 24% 6% 70%Sokolo 10 15 126 151 7% 10% 83%YeredonSaniona 108 281 69 458 24% 61% 15%Total 396 874 945 2,214 18% 39% 43%

31

6.3 Annex3:CalculationofnumberofhouseholdsinneedofassistanceThescatterplotpresentedbelowshowshouseholdFoodConsumptionScores(x-axis)andReducedCopingStrategyIndexscores(y-axis).IncreasingFCSscoresdenotegreaterquantityanddiversityoffoodconsumed,whileincreasingRCSIscoresdenotegreaterrelianceonfood-relatedcopingstrategies,suchasreducingthenumberofmealsconsumedbythehouseholdperday,borrowingfood,andrestrictingportionsizeatmeals.ThecalculationofhouseholdsinneedofassistancedrawsonthecombinationofFCSandRCSI.

Indicator PoorFCS BorderlineFCS AcceptableFCS Total

Highcoping 10 22 84 116Moderatecoping 16 9 29 54Lowcoping 34 65 146 245Total 60 96 259 415Indicator N Percentofsample(N=415)Highcoping+PoorFCS 10 2.41%Highcoping+BorderlineFCS 22 5.41%Moderatecoping+PoorFCS 16 3.86%Moderatecoping+BorderlineFCS 9 2.17%Total 57 13.85%Indicator N AssumptionsEstimated%samplecurrentlyfoodinsecure 13.85% FCS/RCSIscoresEstimatedpopulationNionoDistrict 474,043 Source:ClusterFSMaliPopulationinneed(individuals) 65,564 HHsinneed 4,129 MeanHHsize:15.9,est.29,814HHindistrict

EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS...agricultural production.14 Figure Satellite imagery...

Documents

Transcript of EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AGRO-PASTORAL CONDITIONS...agricultural production.14 Figure Satellite imagery...