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UNI'.I.EMBEDOED COMPUTWG

TWO MAR$

,46r ci6.dd.d syrtsn . fAp*rli MAv ror)^- - -i lTo:o "0 *". o

""e-ihdrha, omputer hardwaE $ sftkr. erkdedon r a oB ot ns mon inpona cohponenr an embedd€d system k a @mputingddia thar dcs a specific and rcpetniE iob.

9}rdtne.pptiatbns or

Embedd.d svsr€tu./ Sma.t6rdMi$ es & sarelnesCohputer Nettu4ing

3, u/iat are tn. d.$lfi.adons of Emb€dd.d ,wrcm?smal s6t€ Embedded svstemMedium @te Efrbedded synemsoDhkicat€d Emb€dded systeh.

a. GiE emDhs for Smlt, Medtum& sophtsfl..red s..te emb€rrded , rem.smal s.ate Embedded system

automatic [email protected] vendtng machinesrepp.r moror conrreler for a roboiiB ed.mWashtng or cooklng sysremMu,iit:skt.g roys

Medtuh Sate Eobedded SystemComputer Networkina SvsrensEntertainhent sysiemsEm5edded fiee[ / Routersignat thcking system

Sophtsriered sote Emh€dded

sy emfnbedded system s for wtretes LAN & for.onv€rgent rechnotoSy dedes.se.un, lroducts & hieh speed nerwo.k *curity, sreabit 6t;;nc.yplionEie produ.tsEmbedded system for reat rime video & sD€ech

,iiirt rhe ip..Ltne ot .nt€ddcd svlt€mr.

P*er Consumprion

timited User inrerfaceSofhvare up gEdarion capatiliry

,t{,h.r ar€ lhc rwo da[..ser or enbedded lwtemHow Much Hnv do we need?

How do we meet deadiines?How do Be ninhn€ power .onsufrption?Howdo we d.rsn foruoqradeab,UN

( No I DEe do{r)

{ varf su,.e aoral



7.Liit the f .toB to 6e onjdered whlle mluarinc tn€ procssor lor enbedded 3yrtE '.clo.kspeed \Len6h of Reskte6Number ot Rqisiers

Wdthof Data andAddress bus

rnrernal RAM & RO

No, orpro8rammabl€ l/o liieeon-chlo DenDheralssuch asTimeu. UARI. AOC. DAC. €tc.

3, what are th€ h.rdw.re .onpones or oEb€dded rysteN? Lrl Arlfo.JE e aa'1 t

Inp ut devicet lnte rfa cin&/Driler .ituuits

rnie lptcontrcller

Se.iaYP..allel Porls

output rnterfactfi/DdverciruirsPower.upply,

R€at & Oscillator circults.

A prcceser it 6 Chip, whlch Impl€nents a pro@$ or pm.eses as per ihe

10. 0€fi8 w*.n Dog TlnerTiming device that re*ts the system alter predeined nmeoutrt is adivated with

in lew .lock Cycles after the Poweru ,

Rlsc provldet tpeedy pr@essiru ot instructlon, €ach lna single clock cycle.

€3: speech p.ocesing system.

12, Wh.t ai. the pDetsr.ditectures ln ehb.dd.d ry3tcN?Voel{.lnan Ar.hit€ctuie: This aEhitectuE hai @mmon memory for both dat

H.Bard ArchlGclute. Thh archite.tu.e has sepahte memory for d.ta and

13, Wfiat is mi.rc.onroller?A hicroonroller B a unit with a prccesor. tt i a rlffte chlp Vt_st unit whi.h,

thought havi4 limited computational capabilities, po$e$es €nhanced input{utputcapabilities and a n mberof on chipfunclionEl niE.

14, what are the lun.tion.l clr.uils of a dicroconrroll€r?Ihe f unctional circuits of a mi.rocontrotter are,

Data &nack in inte.nalRAM

t: \



rme6 & wartdoe timerROM/'TIOM/EPROM

t{etuI Memories ht€.facstnr€tupt C.trEoter/o Po.B conEor & rnierf.c€s / oiveuse.iatU RT .onmu n icatio n port

,5conp.Eosa.dRtscprc.6sor, ( MOSC: Cohphr hrr4.rbn Set compde. (ctSC)

Rlsc: Redu@d tnstru.iion setcohpln.r lRtsc)

- --,qlS(lEjtimiredno.orindrJct,onsandt-ence.(ompiekop.rat,on,s@rded

our tnroLgh lequence oI more s,npte ,.rrru.ion . *4e nufrber ot E8js.B i>rec-ulrcd'n

nEc prc@s . Aioiher tmporrant rear; or RtsC pro(e$or trpPemed fnrudiol *Ru'on, Enoeddeo rynemsseneElv u* nts{ prcce(o,,E3 - rAIlM, aTMFt AvR, Mlps, M,c@ch,p ptL famj[ ;i.(e$4, pow* pc dnd sun5PARCpbc6or.

Aim-oa.designing C]SC lroes$r is to reduce the $hware complexity by increas,ng

ll,e T_mpklty oflhe e.Gs$, a,.hrt"",". crs. i.; ;;; ;;; ;;;il,:;:il:if:::

equiren ro do a job ishs and he*", t"""*o.y

*q,i,i."ir in ress. No, of /+isrets are.hrlabl. rn ctsc prc.e$or i wr te*. re. rflei rs; tami/ dnd Molorota 6sooo series

AY /rDlE a@en)

prc(esroperations a.Ging oul ofan interrupt frcm a

a$.nbly langua8. tnroa ROM inrge?

lc.O.lltre inretupt h.ndteirt is a unit that handtes rhe

17, WEr is wat hdoatimer?

., llisarirsrhatfimeourfromwhichresetsrheproce$orm(d5e$eprogEnBetsniu.r ror an un.rpeded lim..

13. Wh.i Ir r.*t .tr.un and power{pres.t? ( ApRt /MAy aool)tE reEr rn.un activd4 ro, a r.*a *-a ",i in"" +*r*... iiJp,,,n

lj"-.'jj'-11-'-llll'h" ,-*".eor iisnuctions Lom a st rti4 ad&ess. power ; Esawdor arso provtdes . starting address which h difie.€nt,rom th.t p,-iaua oy I .*,

lg,Wharare the sr€pr EquiEd for.onvedtnrAisehbl.r

toader Locator & Device prcgEnher

2o.Mcntto. th. Froessor Fearures in Ehbedded

rt shou d OpeEte athigh ctockspeed

lll":1" l" :""*.* *n,".r.ew't" pio.rir-ins & sup.rs6rd, ArchrkdureprovEe rast conrext swikh,ng n Muh iastins sysr€h.

21. what 6 oMA.ontioler?

_ t Fac,lities a mutti byt€ dara tranrfer o. slock of d.ta transfer beeeen the



single TEnder at time & then

BuBt transler at time & rel.a*sulk tEnster & then release

22.Lltt the tultuE3 ol ARM Pro@sot?lGd/nore archtlectureorthogonal instruction set

enhaned power sving d6ign

23.tlrtthc f.arutu ol tos1?

Bl€ase ,o bB hold on the systeh bus after each

of lo bus fiold on rne tstem Bus.

of lO bls hold on the Systeh Bn, after the

N-N€8atiE corrition @de

V.Owriow @ndition ode

2a.wh.t h menr by bir,Endran .nd rftrre Endi.n? [ lo" / OrcBig-Endian madrines stoe the mon shnificait bvte of data in the

Utde-Endian machher on the orier hand, store the least slsnncant byte of data inthe lowen memory addres

EiswErcEE@ry

IEEEFffiEGTffi.N

cPsR is se autonanely dudng *ry a.ithmetic, loei6l, o. shiftinglpstion.

26.Un lh. Erloos bl$ in CPSR.

'Nesatve lN)bat-*lwhehthe Esuli is n$atire in 2t.omplenenranhmetic..ze.o{z)blt s€t wh€n everv hir of rhe resutt t5 zero.

'cary( C) bit

-set when the.€ is a ory our of the opedlion

'ow.flow lv) bit - is set when an aithmetic opeEtion resutrs in .n overflow

27-tid tte ErloG ltutruction G.d l. AR , poesoi.arithmetic i.snudion

'sniv.otare iGttuction



Exteha| Mehories tnterra.es

l/o Porrs conuor & hterraces / oriveuSenal UARI.ommunication pon

15. camraE (rsc and Rtsc Drc@$or, L M cv /'l o^l 6 pDol)oscr Comptex Inlrruction sd (omputer (ctsci

., a,n ordesisnins ctsc poce$or i\ ro r;dL@ rhe brtude (ompterty bv,nsea{nsthe @mlterity or rh. proceMr c,cnitedJe. ctscha5 hrse no ori",,;",";r. ffi;;;:eql,ed ro do a ioh u h$ dd he1e, rhe m.nory reoJirem.nr in r.., N"."f*sBte;;;;varab,e in ctsc p,ocesor D vpry te$ Ls . rnrFi rs6 hmtry and M.,",.t, 6d;-.;;;

RtsC: Redued ln*rudton Set Cohluter tRrscl

, ntsc hrs t,mirFo no. or tndrrcl,or; .nd henc.,(oTp,eroperdrioni crnedout thrcu8h eo@nce d mde LTpte ,nsr,uc onr, Llrse nrhber oI reg,neE kEqur€d tn R|SC pTce$or. Anorh.r hpudanr Iearu/e or RrSc proc.so. 6Dern€d hrrudion dtrd,on FmbeddJ.yst.ns s.Fe,a[y use RIsc pree*or.

ro.hip. prc rahilv;ro@soD, po*e. pc,nd sun

l5,Dctm interupt h.ndlci

source.lt

is a unit th5r lEndtes rhe processor oper5nons ansing out of an inrertopt Irch a

17, wl.t k warchdog fime,

-.-,.lti atimerth.rUm.outfromwhth,elebt\epro@qor,ncas.$epm8Emgers@ckror an uneileded nhe.

13, wiatL r6et.lBuft..dp*€r upreser? / apRr( /MAy aM-,]5 ro, d rdFd peiod .; $;n de;,*., ; ,;ih.,c.sor ro ftn lhe prce$ns ot inrrrJdon\ ioh a sLairg ada*r, p".", rp.*,

19,Wh.t aEnt ErieF equlrcd f6r .on €rtiry aslembty tangua8e tntoa ROM tn.s€t

Loader roeror & D€vi@pbgEmfrer

2o,Menuoh th. prcesorr€.tui6inEnh.ddedsystD

rt houtd Operate at hieh doct speedPrcvde H,s\ -ompurjng perfor rance w,rl p,oe,14ins& )Lpers(atar an hir.(u.€rovide Fasi conre.t swit.h,ng,n r,lrtrrurr.g svrt"ri.

21, what ic DMA.onr.ole.t

, lt,ra4l.rs d nulL bvl" ddra lrdn{er o, 6.0(r or da.d rEnsrer betrv..n tne



Single T6nsfer at time

suBt transfe. at time &Bllk tEnsfer & then

22.Litt lh. features ofARM Proe$or?load/3ro.e archltecture

o.thogonal hstruction set

erhaied power savjng d$ign

23.Utttnet.t Bolms1?

& $en rele.se lo tus hotd on rhe srstem bur after each

r€le.se or lo bls hold on the System Bus.

release of lO bus hold on the Sysrem Bus alter the

N-Nesatiw @D6ldon code

V-Owrflow conditlon..de

za.whar & me.nt by biE.Erdtan.nd tinh Endt.n? [Nov /l)€c aoa6,si8-Lndian na(hines stoF the nost s'sn t(ant bvte ordrta

'nrhe to*ramemory

tr'tU€ Endian ma.hines on rlE other hand, *ore ihe t.asr sighificant byte of &ra inthe lorest memory addre$

@GflErcEE&M

I=ffiEffiflffiA

CPSR is set automatictty dunm ev€ry ariihmetic, togicat, or shiftinglpmdon.

26.tlst th. vadout blt h CPSR.

.Negatlve(N)bit serwhentheEsuttitnqativetn2,s.ohptementarithmetic.

. zero {z) bit - *t when eve.y blt or the .€sutr ij zero.I c.ry

Ic) bitset when ther. is a

@ry outor

the opeEtion' ove.flow lv) bit - is set when a. afthmetic op€Dtion resutE in aa overiow

2zlirt the Eriour tnnrudion Ged in ARM pbe$o.,tArilhmetic instructton

.shifvrotat. i.nrudion



2&n hat are th€ maine@lt ol .mbedded s$lem d€.Er'

> Funcrionalltv and U*r lnterlace

> Manutuct(nnscost

> Powr Consumplion

xf,r6r ue o" ."rn -.pon*ts of emh.dded system.

Maln applicationsottware

Real time operating sysiem

ao.DEw the d.lisn proes ol.nt€dd€d ryst m. I MAY lroNE aaol)

compil€, is a software iool that coiwds a hlgh level prcg6m {wntten using prcSrahmlng

laruu.ses like g c*,laE, and 30 on) hto an obred.ode

AssembLerka softwar€ toolthat convefts an aseoblv pEgEn lwdftnEing mnemonig

ol a pGeser, i.e-, instrlcnoi set of a specific proces$d into an obied.qre.

32 what B Tiner .nd .ountln€ d.ti.6?A nmer gei5 the input lrom the internal dek of a prcces5or o. lrom svnem .loct and

geneBts a required ime delay. counting device i5 a unit lor Setthg th€ ou.llnputs on the

oaurence of e@nt5 th.t may be at nregular inteMls.



16 markslr4htu itr d.6il .bour G. ci,tt.oger to e-oaaea co.purlng syskm Dsictr

Erteml @nnhinll @ orc importdr sou@ ofdiffioulv in embeddcd s,51en destn.

Hm much hrdw.rc do ,. fted?. w. hare a s@t d@l of @nlEl ow lhe mount of cooputins pwo we apply lo @r

W€qmot

only elec the tr?€ oa nimpieesr used, but alsoselect

lhe moudof

neDory, the psiphedl devi@s, dd ooc.. Since we onfl nun n et bolh perfomme d..dlin6 ed hdufactuina cosl @nstainls,. -flE ohoie of h.d{e h imporrdH@ linL hedw ed the tystem fails b neel ils

d@dlinc\ b nucn hlrdke md n heoGs @ .xp.tu've.

IIor do *e Efrt deillire?

. fte btote f@ wy ofnedng a dea.Iin i5 ro speed uD tu nldwe so lhal the PlqBd

r Of@uB. lnat n.t6 ln. sy*o mE *lqEiE. It is 6l$ .nliEty pGsibl. $ r im,Bing lllc CPU clock 6tc my nol Datc €nough

difi.Ene to *culio, tiD., sin* rie DogEh's Aeed my b. limitd 6y rhe medorysyslqn.

Ew dora mirida [email protected]@rsuEplior?

. ln iot&ry-powrcd .pptiqdoDs. power onsumption is €'drcn ly inpoilnt.

. Evcn id non bin€ry appli@liors. erc$ive power Nption m inre l@t di$ipadm,

. oIE vay ro n&ke a disibl sysLn 6nsum. l6s pwer is to n.lc il rn noE slowly, bulMively slmins d(m rne syslem M obviery lead lo nisd d€dlincs-

. Cetul desiSn is @quiEd ro slow doM the noncritiql parts of the nachin. for poNer

ctuumption whne niu heeting n*$ary perfomde goals.

IIor do w. d.dgtr for lDqmd.btltty?

. Tne hard*@ platfom my te ucd over sveBl prcduor se.eario.l c lor ev@l difleFnlve*io.s ofa pFduct in lh. sme sfler.tior, wiln few o. no chmges.

o Howw6, w mr to be abl. io lnd fatu€s 5y cbeeins softw@,. HoN co. rc d6i8n a mehine rha. will po de lhe EquiEn Derfo@me for siiwaE lhat

N€ haven\ yel witren?

. Reliability is always importanr

pmdncb lney buy Nill Nork.. Refiani[ry is 6peciauy impou. Arothe et of challences com6

when *Uing EoduotHuslome6 righd, expcct that

in $oe applications, soch.s safetyaritical stslems,

fsm lh. chamcterislics of $e conponmrs dd syslems

. E\.tisine embedded srnem is cen.Blll moE difiicuft rhan rypi4 in $se dats.

. Rua El m&hm.'n

ordn ro g.ncmc lne p'operddd. Th. liri.A ofdab is oii.n inpotuL naing th.t \€ cainot separate the rcstine ol an

emHded co6pui.r f,m the machin i. rvhich n is dbedded.



2an ha .e tlP maln ioaL of.mb.ddcd 3Yst4 .l€d€[

> Fuhcrionallty .nd U*r lnterlace

> Manufadlnns cort> PMr Consumption

zgj{{h{ .e tne tuln @mDon.nE ol cdb€dd.d svsl€n.

Mah appli@lionsoftware

Rea time oEatins 3ystem

AoOEW the d*lsn prees ol.mt€dil€d 3yst m. a MAY ItoNE "or./

cofipil€r 6 a efME to6l dEt conwrts a ilSh level pog6m {wntt.n Bing pbStamming

l.qrE8ps lilc g C*,1.h, .nd 30 on) hto .n obr.ct cod€.

a*mtrer ir a eftm.€ tool that coNedr 5n ssedbly prcgEm (wdtEn usins nnemonics

of. pce$r, i.e., ir6ulctron s.t of a specific proce$oi into an obied.ode

32Wh b nE.nd oundira d.vi6?A Timer ge$ the inpot lrcm dP internal cloct of a prcce$or or fron svstem clGk aid

geneEt4 a requircd rime delay. counting device i5 a unit for Senina the count_lnpuls on the

Gurence of [email protected] that m.y be al nregular inteMk-



b'g..odirn mode 'It.lorer'o_derbveqoed in Ihe hiener 6ir' ofr\e

. LiDilrd ot .n.bilily .nd @ rellablli8:. Enb.dded co6putirs systans uslauv do tot 6me vilh ke)toards od ffi'. ItisDakesn;oEdifiislttos@vhatissoinsonmdloaficotrhesv$@'sop't li@. ni;d6. itr El-tiee applistions we n;v .oi h€ abte ro 6ilv srop rbc Esld to s *tE1

(lhc t@ls us€d lo d.vclop $f,N&

and domldd il onto th. emMded

. To dobug fie code, *e ousr usuallv Elv on proglms rh8t

fien look iNide llD mbedded sYstd-

E)9lain ih .r.t5il about aRM PRocEssoR

r RBtri.r.d dF€loni.nr.Nironm.nk:. T1,e d.Elooment eovimeds for mhedded svlhDs

d hodw@) m ;Ren much moE lifln.d lhdrho*,qlablc. Conpile ode on on€ r} e ofo&nine, such a a PC,

'---*,4#ffi ffi #ffi #i[#trs,i"o the te'dud descnption of i.slnclims, s opposed ro rh.ir binarv

ru. on thc lC or workslalion ed

o ArM is o.tuUy a fu y of RIsc ehitectuEs that have been deYelop.d oler 6ev

c6led rn 6sembly lmsaase

o AxM iml.udion; re;iGn o.€ p.r line, slartins fte. tne fisl aluru'; c6m.n6 teEii wit a $mi.ol; md @ iduc to the ad of'he linc A lotel'

sires o Dme io a mdory loalim, ooncs tne Egiming orlhe li'er sl&ting

> HeE is M *mple:o LDR to,tl3l; a commlo label ADD r4,ro,il

Prcce$or .d Menory org iation

E6. laimt n . is inti"ure b rh. .smbt, lansulse prcstrm'r excpr for

po$ibh pc omm* diFeRne' fte ARM mhitec@ suDpotu so bdic ryes ol

. The shdardARM eord is 32 biis lon8.

r The word moy to divid.d irto tou &bit blts.ARM? allows sddreses up lo 32 birs lons.

An ddEss €reE b a bG- nor a sord

Itereior, rl-e "od o in rle ARM add'e$ (pae i,ar lcdior 0' the /od I is d 4'the woflt 2 is at &md e on. (As a ftsulr the PC is incEmented bv 4 in th' ab$ne of

The ARM proe$r cd be configured at powetup lo addrcss the by'es i0 a

w h rhe loNe${der brt Esiding inrhelow{derbiEof



"1_ i'"ir,-"ii *a r""i-t"p".",ions

in c 4 e.rfomed in wnobks'

o Vdiobl6 d. idpl€mdkd 6 m'mo'v lmdion'i rl-#iii'pii"iiii'. -'r'.6ic *i bcicot ops'tion' "*ot

bc p€rromed dirddv

m m.morY l@tioN.

" iii'a i "i"'a*.. "*m*tr. --daE opaeds mus nN he rMded into fie cPU

,nd lhm 51oEd b .h ro mrin odory b svc th' 6ull''. ri*. J""" ,r" *Att . i" t. b.;c ARM

''nrallminemodel'

ffiH ARM ha t6 sd.ral_pdpo* @eisl6, l0 diougn rl5 Ee'pr lor rl5 lirv ei i"'r.--*i*ad" n" * h. don. on m ortum 4n be dd' on the ottEr

;J'il. n-J,ii;;;;il 6";;;p.biri i6 a ll,e orhs rcsisEs bu' rr is aro

usd.sthe progm munter.

currctrr PrormE Shru Resitln (cPsR).

';'A;';;i;. i, .er o-i,o.Jri*ttv duins d'D ritmerrc loBicd or shiftins

" if,-" iii'i-. 0," .r ,r'. cps* hold dle rorrosi'g Mtur Inromdioa abod $e aJlL

of dlat dtbnm.,/,o ic.l op.drim:

I'nrl]gElire (fO bit n 3d *nm dE Esult G ncEad; ia tso'@nderent

._rlt^,.

ra ti,;t","r,t"

*trv bir otthe Esnir is'e'o'IiE.a',c,ui it *

"t - ,r.F i o srr, d or oF opcdlion'

r nrfifiiun, tir i' er"'trei

& di$neric ope€rio' R$rB rn an

oreiliiw.int a, b, c, ) Y' 2;

x (r-b)-c;y_ *(b_c);z (a << 2) lO & r5);

INSTRTICTION SETfii-.ast t5f,-iii6Eirrucrion is simpte.

ADDl0-r1..2rr'i.;*uon

".,. """",o. rhe 'um ofrhe \zl trs ro'ed in -l ond r2'

i,i'itil#iJ'iL-ri'i- "iii; c -,r* r","p'*a. ''r'''r.n'

rJ\ aho p ov'de

ii"-Jiiif .,.l"i'l""l.r.n**deacon'bnr\oruedisrr)

i.r r*ru('ion



o ADD O,il,12o sers o b rl 2.

It. dnhmetic op.6ri;N pedom-.ddili6 tnd $htrtionr dle wiLtonv @idinclud. lhc i:rrot v.lE of th. cer, bit in tle mputarioo

RSB p.rf@s a $bk&iion wilh the oder oflhc iwo op'ia(ls eeE€4 $ $at RSB

rl-4* Ob be.2 rl.nl. iliiri tiiJ .r.;"-' p.rfom roeier ANTD or.

'nd

xoR opent@ (ne

*lBiw or is €lbd mR).ii;;iC;;di-"t.dif*bncl@Blc,o,rr,12sts'otorrednoti2'

6L I ]]dd6@EOsR lL*iMlan( ."d)

rro le.*E*dh



The MUL instlctio. nultiplies rno vllus, bui *ilh so6c resticlions: No oFErd

my b€ an imme<liate, and lne two sou@ opcmds nust h. difeMt @3is16.

The MLA innddion peaonns a nuftiply@mulore oledtio4 p.diculelv etutin Mhix op€8lioru od sigml proe$ing, The irstllction

r MLA o,rl,A,r3 sts l0 lo tic Blue rl-r2-r3.

Tnc shio opEEtims e not epete iBtuclioHlh.r, snif6 cm b€ apPli.d lo

dtnn do ed logi@l iNiruotiotu.

I11. shio nodifier is atmys $Dlied lo $. wond souc opcMd A len shili moves

bits up tovard lhe nost-sisni6ca,* bib, vhile a right shift moves bits dom lo tne

l6laigriEBt bil in lh. vord.

Tie IlL tod LSR nodifien perfom left lnd dght losical shilii fi,ling the l'ar-

signifimt birs ofli. op@d wilh Dmes

> R.gi.r€r-hdirfttAdd..$ing.

o v6lu.s e ltlDsfered betw*n rcgistes ed momory Ning the load-sl@ iBlruclio6

o Ir. rrihD.tic lnin kft n equivalent to m SL, bul lIrc ASR 6pies ihe sie bn-irlh. sign is 0, a O is @piod, shiL ifd. sign is 1, . I is mpied

o Tn mtaL f,odi66 alw.rs blat .iSnt, dding lhe bils that foll of thc leasl-

sisrinMt bn up to th. nosl+isninmt bit in tn. word.

nE RRX nodifid p.rforns a 33-bn otate, vin the CPsR's c 6n bcins insrledabor. lh. sis b ofrlE +o.d; this .Uom the @ry bii b be included i. tne dadon. -

The cmpre i$tu.tion CMP r0, rl lomputes t0 - rl, sls ihe st B btri sd ihrcws

.way lne Esult ofthe sublrelioD.

o cMN uses & addilion lo 9t tnc $.lus bils.

o rST p€rfoms a bit-ris AND on the op.E & Btrile TEq Frfm o €rclEive

Ite ARM oove insteiiotu is shom id li. 6Sud. Th. insiuc$on MOV lo, rl eb{re vclue of ,0 ro the .uEnt mlue of rl.Tne M1IN instruction @plen€ s rne opeE d biE (om's @nplm0 duing the

LDRB ed STRB load and sloE brts 6ttH un Phole wodqwhile LDRH md

SDRH operale o. hllf-words od LDR$I cn@ds rne sis. bit on loadins.

Ar ARM addr€ss my t€ 32 bts bng. fte ARM load &d $oE inst'uctions do nol

di@tly reIer to main menory add.c$.s since a 32-bit addie$ would not fit into an

instuction rhal incllded an op.ode ed op€mds, InsLadlheARM uses reeister-

The v.lrc is stoEd in the Egisicr is Dsed as lhe lddftss lo b€ fetcned 6om menory; lhe

resllr ofrhal lerch is lhe desiied opeEnd ulE sel rl _ 0 _ 100, lhe instrucrion

. LDRO,lrllsts lo to rhe value ofmemory lo@lion 0x100 similarly, sTR r0,lrll would store lhc

6 ents of l0 in lhe memory locaiion whose addrc$ is given in rl. The& are seveml

LDRd,[rl, 2]

loads d frolr rhe .ddEss give. by 11 12,rhile



LDR O,Irl, *41

lo.ds iO Em the add6 r1-l'

> thE .dd*iDg rod6: resi3Lr, lnDedirr€ rrd indlkt'

o The ARM ale $ppcts sev@l llms of basplusfE t'ililrsi'.g

$'brct is

E .rd ro i.di@t addlsing.

o But Ernd ihd usine a t Asro votuo di@tlv 6 d dd6t tlt Ggisler Elu' is odded-to anoihq$Irc 10 fo th..ddEssForins14c',

. LDR O,trl,#l6llo.ds lo whh t* v.lue stoEd al lo@tioD rl l6'

^ H.€rl is Eterr.d io 6 $o bN. Md the iro'diste vde lh' o(f*t': ;;;;-i;;;;;iu; ir mov rrar uv vorre up o a oe6:eoths Esnd

nav ako he ued s ine offsl.o This andEsine mode l$ two olho woli6

. :,urcitrdsbr aod Pdcitrddins; aneindditrg updores {tc bre EE:sir, tuh lhal

LDRo'lrl,*r6itrt-"aa, ii't rr'"iau.r.t'oalhaussiutnsvalEstueadd6s

. r*-iiii*i li* .* e"'r"m dE o68el €bdrid mtir'td

rhe r€tch ha bed

p.dom.d. Cos.qM n

LDR Olrll,*16

" r r*a o *io, llle dri" J.i'ia liiG iemory l@arim ndos add6s n sivo bv rl' dd th'n add

16 io rl sd si rr to thc nw v.r*.

3 . Elplrir EEMd.d S$t n Dqisr Proca

The sMded lyffi desiF pre aim.d 01 hvo objdiv*'ucrioo b lhe vanous sLps in emud.dh€roE ried€Ne inb tnem i.moE&lail.it-"li

"rL** to -*ia* m *sisn f,erhodolosv iE lt A d'6isn icinodoloev

is inporl4t for lt@e ltens

1

2.

Fl6r d .nr[o6l] '-

, ) I C8"".&,J J,r$ir,rc{ioo

)

kdo a $l)6rd o a desie to [email protected];lm cmdr..eid.d desiF @h.ua..iio..itaors,.or.ii .u(h6is rqmdbe6orad'fls' @ b

t0

i.l -Qa.x). w&aLonAllr Ja re

,)Ge , w nr" Pa?Do.rrat 'i5.t'lY

$ ln" a&rrl .lr. tnu$iplr og 4 +

L= ,lCS

Q + .Er +ao

E\l.n.h. zao

'll tih*"



risurc I &bmrirc r[. orjor neDr itr the eEb€ddcd sFteD d6kn plt6.> In n5is rortsjM viw, rirc dan vnh lhc s,siem r.qulm.d1> In the next slep. .r.;n.-rhn, w @.rc a o@ drraiLd deriplie ofwh.r re

*ot, But tho speinmtim $ar.s @ly how thc ryst@ t t v.., not nos n is buih> Considq dcsieD nDE rn. lop-dqHe win b.8jn vill rn oosl $stal

dsoriplion oflne systcn od @rcludc eitt @ed.. d.tiils> The &lcmriv€ is a b.troHp viq i *tich w slart wit @loGnrs ro build

systen. Bottom{p desiF st ps G shoq in dE fiC@ 6 &shed-lh. @*t

Tne m{r gorls orlhe dsisnr nduhcturjng 6t

r pe.folru& (bolt ov.all +cd tud dedli6} edr pwer @Numplior

. At ach scp in rhe desisD, E ldd d.iaill

r we eusl ffilr,ze lnc d6isn at.4h ne, & delmirc nos @ *n net the [email protected] we 6usr dren Efm the d.sbn to add dellil,r And w. must ved& lhe dcsisn ro asuF dat n stitt n*ts all srsteh goats,

such 6 6sq +6d, tud s on.

A)-8 {| BE 4 I9

> TlE initial sr,s6 oflhe desig( prc6 Bprurc is infomation,or ue in c@tingdle mhitecturc and anpoodts,

>: RquiremdLs oay be luNrioMl or mnfunctiotr,l. W. 6ud of6re Mplure th.b6ic tuncrions of rfie emiedded srneh, bul tunctii,na deso.iprion is offcn not{mcior. Trpis I non funcloml FquirmenG irclrde.

ftc sped of$e slsr€m is otun a dajor considdaiion hoth for rhe @biliry ollhe srsremmd lor its ulrimab cci



. Th. L.e.t cosl or puEne pne for lh. +tsl.n is dno6l alB$ o mDsid.arim

. Cosl gpically h$ ltu m.jor @mp.nents: m u6ct ri4 .ct irch&s lh. cosl ofmp.n.nts snd ssmb& mrhrnhg .qinEnrg oRE) @sts iiclud. d. @md ed olhd @sls of desiEning lhe sydd.

. ?Lysic.l siz. rld v.iBul:' The phtsi.d spels ol lh. 6nri +9m @ v ry grall, d.p.nding upo lh.,. . , applic.rim. A indutrial mlrol syst- Io e ently line may b. ddisncd to fil into

sland,rd{ne Eck wilh no sricr tin ihtioB on mkhlA hedh.ld devie rypi.,lly h6 ridl iequiEn ts o both sie ed voishr lhar @

tipple d@uglt th€ dti& srstd &sier

Por.r, of cow, is iEpondi in hatt ry-poswd sysl€N sd is often inpod.nt in othd

?owa s b. sp.cifi.d in fi. reqliM.nts st sc in tems olbatoery lifc--{rc ounom is

tdit lyro h. abl. ro d.$db. tn auoMhlc mtLg..

To idrodec thc dieiplin of r4ui,@nls elrsii 6 p.d of sysllm desisn, w. wil uslimpk requiFments melhodolo8y,

t t\ @nsidq thc dni6 in iha fom:

> Nu.: ftis is simDle but n lotul. Giving a imc ro lh. pojel mt only simpliE s ttl*insahour i( io orhs @ple but oi al$ c46tali& thc puloe ofd. E@nirc,

> Purpm: ltis snouB b6 s bd6f oft- d two-line d4riplio ofsbal dhe s)stem is 3uppo6.d

lo do. lf you on'l deihe Oe 6M@ of you qsim in on @ tw lircs, clulm e l5,r

rlu dorl undestaad il wll cnoueh

> IrpuL md ortp .: ft* two .nti.s e dN conlrld lie dEy ffi. 'IlE inpute oad

oulp 6 ro th. syst n n@np4. elrh of dsLil:

- Ttles ofdala. A$log el*tonic sigmls? Digil l data? M@neicol bputs?

- Daa che.leristics: Pqiodical9 diving data, such a disiEl audio @pLs?O.@i@l wr bpuB? IIow ndy bils tq dab cldebf,

- TrT.s ofro d.vic6: BurioN? Adlq/diaral coNqte6? video displays?

A good w.y io app@ch Uis is to &* non th. inpuLs to lh. outpuls: wben the

Eslen @i s 4 input, what does n do? Uo* do use, inierfa.. inputs aIleot rh*ihctioB? Eow do ditreMt nicdds irteh.t?

Mary nb.dded computing s,slms spend at le&s1$n time conrollirS phraisldcvies tr proe$ing daL .oming f6m tn. pnysical world.

ln most of $* crss. rhe conpu|tions hosi b€ p.rfome vilhin a oeftain i6e



This inolud6 priodily th. cosl

kDw eMctly how nuon you cu oford

em. id€ of dE eMnal co{ dge.

of lh. hurl*e onpomll. Ev{ if vou don'I

lo spmd on srstem @npon@4 , u should haw

a.( hrs r sbstdniial infl@M on rrchlte.tuc: a tuhine {El is nert lo eI al

$lO dost lilcly hG a v.ry difrernt inteml slruoture lh& a S100 *stn.

simiLtly, teu may lwe ody a ough idc of hd nuoh pokt the { l'a om

@@me but a little infomation 6 Ep a loru ey.TrTieUy, tne oosl ihpod.trt deoision is whefid th. n@him will b€ batcrv

D{]smd 6. oluled i o tne M[.' Bsa;.;@Gd lwhiE mus b. much moE @tu| bo,r h@ rt y rF d'nerB/

Phtdol.n.. r.is[l:You should giv6 s. indicotion

c€dain archil6luFl dEcisioB.A d.shop twhine ha nuch n@ flqibility in lhe

ddpL, a lap.l Dounied loi€ eords.

of dE phy,iel si4 or rhe sysl@ b h€lp Cltic

mpoDdls u*d lh&L ld

Tni s}llfl is d€si8n d for nignNly dririq tud sidl&aviarior ws dul Eqni€ noE speialiud dltabs ed tuncri@.

IhG system sho'nd she mjd otd. ad olb.r htrdE iks

Ti. sola sh@ld hirc nt lasl@nlroled by no moe ihm ine bunm.

4OO 600 piEl twluli@ 1'. d.lie snodd he

A nenu sr6r€m shorld pop up d lllclM lo make eld6o.s to onllol dE sysdr.

TIE mp snouE $oll [email protected] p.veFup, a ditpliy shdld lrl. m n@ tha tr $oond to app.d' &d the

rsl.m snoud t6 lbts io vdi, iB Fcnion dd disd&y th. oUIMt n.p wilhit 15 s.

*@ stm b@oi e PEs.d b slow dE

Th. elliis ost GftE t pD@) orfie un should be no noE the $100.

lhtllol .ik .rd seiSnr:Tne devi@ snoud fft conbfrbly in lhe paln ofdc hdd.

The ddice shonld on for at l.sl.ish hou6 d fou AA b tlen6.

I l's wit a EquiEments c[an fd oor m@ing mp srsl€m:

ConsumeFsEde movi.g map for driving usPoNd bdro, ttrt entol bunons

Bekrit LcD dis?ray 400 _ 600

Uses 5-receiver OPS srsie6: three Ee.selectable

f$luions3lways displors curent hlitDdc ed lonEilude

P.domnce Updat$ scice. within 0.25 secmds upon movemenl



No moE than 2' 6, " 12 ou@s

Thi. chrd ad& $me requiEnenls in oginenlg tems that will tE olus to the d'sig,eB'

For emple, it povid.s aclul dime.sions ofthe [email protected]. m;utucnE.e d 6 d.ived lm rhe selllrg pric. bv Bins siople ruL of thmb'

Tte xlline pdc k lour 6 fiv.lhcs the dr orgoo& $ld lrh.6Elor.llfie c@omenr 46)

&s e M4M> Th. speificorion is (o@ prsis+it sfl.s 6 6e ontraa b'twen tlE cuslon* {d

lhe trchitt,ls As such, the s @ificslion toust h. o@6illv *itLn so lhal il

&cmlely Efl@is lh€ ouslomq's Equiments md d@s e itr wav thal @ b€

clarly follwed duins &siE .

> Speoifi@rion k pobahly th. 1616nild phs ofilis nEthodolog fd n@ph]a'

desieneG, but n is 6sn1id to o@tirg workins sFl.ms *ilh . nininm ofdest'E

> At inrt poin lh€ only$lution is to tak the nacline aparl' lhlw awv em' ofi

md slart .s0irNot only des this rale a lol ofexL lin., tne @ltine svscn is *o

very likely to he in.Lset, Hudg.y, sd bug{iddd.

> It. sFoili@lion should he und.Bhndable dousn so thal sm6re q vdiry lnat n

meeis systeE EquiEme ddovedlqie.t ridtof lhec sl@a'

> I shouid also b€ llMbislols €nous lhat d6ign'u loov whal 6et n'ed ro bund'

. DesiSreE m u into sevdl diff.dt tps of poblms wed bv @l@sp*i6cotions.

A sp*ifiqlion oflhe Gps sy*m would include svesr ompon*r.:

. Da1. @ived Eom tne GIS sl€lliL const llltiot.

r oneEriom rhd must be D.noted b erti cuiom.' rcqu6L.

r e;t E oud c(ion' rcq;i,.d 6 keep h. svslm minE: sub s op€Etins

='=--5=fiififrG i. a plm ror ih. ovdll mrm or $e svftm h'r $ ill te ued [email protected]$n.t up Earcbibctu'

> FiguE shos a smpte 5yn.6 elilec@ in dE fon of hldk diagnD lhar

snows major op.Bliors dd dtt floNs mdg tid.

, ThL bloct diaem F $ill ouire obtu a. hate nor ver ,pecified th'ch

o*ar:ons w ie edom.d bi'ofNd.

tuminE on a CPU' trhar sill be done bv

,;id .,mor ha;l\6. ed { on The d'ogm dcs. ho{ever. so a lons \tv;"dld l.rnoine ho" ro apl.mcnl0E luncuob dcrribed i" the sps'ficauon

z Onlv afte' *e hare d.rioed d hrialaNhircruE thar b nor biaed ro$ad roo ml' v

mpiemen,auon aeuirslrroura"e

Rlinc rha. sricm blol dhsBm'rro so olo (

,n6ih.r f.r softwrre.



rh.se tso more Efoed bloct diasms e sboM h Fieurc nE hatdw hlaldlagm d@ly sh@s lh.t rc naE onc cotal CPU sumunde by m.mo., ed L/o

In p.niculd. w hrv. onNn b use tr nddi6:o tune buller for lh. pikh to be displald uda 8. aEr. Dognddlta ndoly Ior eEdl @ by thc cPU.

Flg: Blch dlrgm fo. novirg MpTh. soiPe bl@t diAm 6idy cloely folo$5 r[. s,Ttea bl@k diig@, hui * haw

added a tind 10 6Eol whd w. Ed ilE butrffi rh. us inGr&e &d rndd d.to onio the

Architelual d.siptims mBi b. &siercd io stist boln ftnotional 6d nm-tunclional

Fis: Hlrda.rc ,nd $ftdE rdfte.rure



Dr Dr srclNc HARDr*^Ri, AND SO MaE O14IO EII[

The mhil4nml desription lells us what mmpomna ft ned.

> The @oponcnts wiu in gqeal inclnde both hard*rFPcAs bo.ds ed $on{d soffw modul6,

> SmeofIh.@mponcnE ll be @dy_nade.

> The cPU, for .fuptq MU be t slndlrd componnl in atrrosl all ose3, s will

.m.aory chips od

'Myoiher compon nrs.

> o]ie sood emDle is the lopqnphic dahh6o. Sianddd lolosEphio dalabes eris

dd vou pmb0blv wt to @ statdsrd outin.s to ams the dak 6e{t o'lv is

lh. dtll in 6 pEdefned fomaq but n is [email protected] to sav. sloBg€'

> Usins slndaflt $itwe f6r fi* a.6s tun(tions nol onlv eves us d.sig liDe b

il my sive u a fdd inpldd&tion for sp@iali*d irolions lGh 6 ure daro

decompBion phde.

> You viu hav. to dcsic, sm. compmnts ,owlt Ev.n ir vou de Eiq onlv

studard inlesai. ciEuils, you nay haE to d4i8, llE pirted cn@it boad tnot

cmels tirm, You vill pmbably have lo do . Iot of ouslon Pbgl2ming a well.

EI SYSIIM INTECRATION

Only anrr rhe onponents e built do vc nave the ens66ion of purins thm

toglthe dd sing . wqting srsL

Ol6me, lhii pn6o usully consi$ of Iot mE th6 jDn plussing dervlhi,g

ros.lhcr lnd slalding back.

> Buss ee ?ically foud dudne srsl€n hLsrdio& ald sood pltnnins 6 hclp E

> Dy buildins llp the sysl€d in ph's and ming pop.rlv ch@n te3ts' w @ oftqr

> lfw debug only a fe* nodules at a ime, we @ nore lik lv to B@ErlE

limpLbugs dd abL lo esily tw8liu rhd.

> ol y 6y 6xhE rlE sispL bu8, early viu w b. able lo uovcr rlE bm @mp 'x or

obsmbuesthar6 be ide ified o.lyby siving lh. sr51n a h.d mltour.

4.Exp[ain the arditecture of 8051 Mlcrocontrcller?

Mlcro@nlrollc

-->

ui*.mtt. Ctac) may be allcd @n uLr 6 .rrip nne hG b6io featrs of

Biclop,1]6sr witt inre6.l ROM, RAt 6 Pt6lLl and eiat ,orts si6in singl€

chip. Or ve @ iy mimplwssr si& ncmory dd Ftu is €lled 6

mio@codlroller.> This G wid.ly usd in washinE 6&nines, vcd plarq, miso*tve oven, oborics or in

induslries. Micr@ntrollr @ be clEsified on ih. b6is of $.n biis plGs*d like

8bir Mc. l6bit Mc.t 3 bil nicrccontrcller, oeans it can Ed, wrils ed pocc$ 8 bit data Ex 805l

nicroconroller. BasiMlly 3 bil spsifies dE si4 of dota b6. 3 bn nicconnoller

meds 3 bit dta sn tFvel on rhe daL bus or wc m r€a4 wnte process 3 bit dara'



@M

OPU

(.)GdadruDsr&[email protected] o)Mu@dilbr

CdlDd. lot .lelior ol r dl.ti@lrctr4 Ir'nb€dd'd

st'D

critqi for Fl@li@ of Did@nrr [6 i ev dh'dded'r5Lm

is s followine:

(a) M..li4 nie mpdirg ..ds ofitjk t t 'l'6oindv

dd cod eEetiv'lv

. sp€.d ofopdltid

. Pmr @n mP6on

. Anount ofRAM sd (oM or chjP

. No. oft@ Pis ed rind d chip

. Cosl

b) Availabilitv of softqaE dev.lopbenttools Mh smpil* asdbk'

e

\;

f*J

11il



128 Bvte RAM lor Drt Storaee

> MC 8051 hs t23 brle Randod

nemory is nd volatile memorr.

A.Gs moory for d,la $or.e.. Rtrdon G$

654 s 210

> During s@ltion fd soiing dE dal ihe IrAM is u*d'

> RAM oroists ofthercgisler b6nks sLck for teopomry d't sroBge'

> I ale cmi$s of $n sp€oial nncnon 4istd (SFR) Nlich e nse<l for $n'

speciirc rurpG€ like tider, input ou9nl polE ctc-

> N@Uy nic@otlols hd 256 ttte RAM in Nhicn t23 btte is usd for s

sp@ wlion is nomally Resistd b.nk dd sLck

> B oder 128 bra€ RAMvtioh mnsis1sofSFRs' we will dGcusslheRAM in dehil

in ns ledon Now wlrd k rhc ndins ot I 23 bvt RAM'

> Th. addres mse shion is pmvide<l for dafi stomg€ is 128 br'1E = 27 by'e

(00il

t Hr)

e lotol l@alio s e nDm 00H ro 7I E

oalled as'EeBotY r.Ppltrg".

hitid rddrErs k

sEn fi{d trlutddt$s h

7

Sinc. 27 byl.s s lasl 7 bils m be chdged

This p@edre ofqlculaling lhe ncnorv addrcs n

4K -8014

h 8051, 4(B @d only mnorv (ROIo h amilablc for PbgM stoBse'

ThG is u*d for pemment dd stoFse Or lhe dlb which is nol chdged duins th€

p@$ins like lhe proCram or alsod m lor sp€cifio appli@tions'

>This k rolatile nemory: lhe dala saYed in rnis nemory dcs nol dispPear alid power

AddresRlrE ofPC:

> Addres Bnge olPC means poElam oounrm(which poi srhe nextinddctionto be

erecntinc) cd b. hoved betwecn tlEs locarions or we can sve the pmsm liod

rhh l.cari.nro1fiis l@ ion.

> 4KB=2202l0BGince IKB=2108) =2128)le

ol o o o o o o oil---...---..--..------..1tl 1111



Add@ @ge of ?C is 0000H to oFFHI mas roral4KB l@arions e avaiLbL

ton 0000E ro OFFFH. A1*,lich we ce sre rhe prolm.

151113 1' 1110S I 705 4 3210l--".--.------.----tr0000 0000 0 0 0 0'flmH)

0 lllt rr111111(trtfll)r.-\, t YJ t-\.J L-..J

Add $ tue. of lC is 0000tr to oFIFH hes lotal

0000H io oFFFH, At snich wc m erc lhe pbei.m.

'Tlmeru .nd Counte.> Timq ne s whioh m gire lh€ d.lay of p€niculstime b.Na me euls. For

eMpL m or o6the lishs tor *.ry ? w,> Ttis d.l.y m b. pDvid.d ltmugh eD. lsEbt FoE@ hut h ei@drrolld

ts h&dwe pins @ tsilibL fd deh, e 6lio.> These hanl*ae pitu @ b. abo us€d foi @urilg @. .d.hd enE Hry nuch

tin s , numhd is Ep.ared i. dE gi@ tabL i alculrr.d by rlE @unid.

> ln MC8051, two liser pic @ w.ilabl. m d Tl, by lh.e lim6 w. @ gire lhe

deloy ofparticuld line ifw w ti€* ir liEa node.

> we.M courn aftemal puls at ln* pic ifw e rh* pins io @uter Dode.

> 16 bih linqs e aEilalL. M.& ft a gaaic delay b€tws 0000H io FFPFH,

> Tm speial fu..tio. rcgisters e ahilrbl..

SUnllddDs000trslAddn$s 0 0 0

F

4KB lc.riN @ dailallc

TO T1

THO ] TLO IHl I II1

B bil 8 bit I bit I bit

If*e w..t to lo.d T0 *ift 16 bir dala lhen Ne sn l@d ep6Dte lower 8 bn

in TLo md hbher 3 hit in THo.

TMOD, TCON Egish ft u*d r,o, conhl ins limeropemrion



128 Blte RAM for Dda Storase

> MC 8O5l ts 123 bY€ Randm

ndory n non vo,atile mdory-

A6s mmory for {t la tu6gc' nrdom ails

> Duing qeution for $6ring lhe dalt the R_AM is u$d'

> RiM @sists oftlE r.si$el bdks, si&kfoi tsmpoEry d't' srorage'

> It atso @Nisls of en. Q€cial tunction Egi$'r (SFR) qtich re tr*il lor emc

sp@ifio puipd. tike rind, irDut oulput p'its etc'

> Nom[, nic@nlroltd bB 256 btte XAM it vhich 128 b'te is used for user

spae vnhh h nmauv Regisld balks md nlct

> But olh.r 128 hvte l-AM wbich @tuisls ofsltu we Nill disN tne RAM in delail

in ner sdion. \ow whdl I dle maing ol 123 b}t naM

> The addre$ dge vnioh is proiden Io.d'tt stoise is 123 b,'te = 27 b)te

(00H|

FTHI

Si.€ 2? by1.s e llst 7 bits en be onanged s lotal lsaiions e tom 00H ro ?f H'

'Iris D@e{t rc of.alculoli,g ihc nmory addr6s is cdLd as'moorv ppttrs"'

.KB ROM

> ln 8051, 4(B @d onlv memorv EoI'l) is ahiloble for progm $oEs€'

> Ttis is lsed for p€meor da& slodg'' Or lllc data vbicn is @t cneg'd dudns th'

pmesinB lil@ th. poe@ or slsotuho for spt'itu aPrlielions'

>Thk is vollliL mmoryi th. dal eved in lhis oenory dm not disppd oi'r poNer

> Addres @ge of rc nctns pog@ ounler (which Points the n'xt instoction ro be

erecutins) oan bc mov.d b.tN€en thes lo€lions or ve c e'e the pios'm hom

this loslion lo this lMtion.

> 4KB=22o2loB(since IKD:210B) =2l2BIe

li initid sddt$s k

hcn hrl q lalt ddt$s i,

664 I2t 0

ol o o o o o o oil-------.---..-..---..-.r1il 1111

F



AddB @gr of ?C is 0000U ro oFFTII mtus lolal4KB harions e avaiLbL

non 0000rI io oFFFH. At which we c& sre d6 pogrd.

15 11E O 1110 S I

l$tAdme 000

F

TO TI

I bil 8 bit sbir 8 bit

> If*e w..t to lo.d T0 *ifi 16 bil dara lhen Ne @n l@d ep6Ele lowr 8 bit

in TLo md hi8ler 3 bn in THo.

> ln$€sewytorTl.> TMOD TCON Egis16 aE usen ror conlBllbs tinfi opeEtion.

7054 3210

SUUlddns000 0

0

t---'--'----------1i0000 0000 0 000'm00Hl

1lr1 lt11 lrr1(ffirH)r.-\, L-\, r-\,J r-.\,

AddrE$ tue€ of lC is 000otl to oFF E ntu roirr 4KB

0000H io oFFFH, At snich w. m sre ihc pbem.

Tlm.ru and Comte.s

THO I TLO THl I r-1

> Timq nem whioh s giw rho d.loy of €nicule time b€Na me eMti Pd

eMpL m or oflih. ligh& tor dcry ? s,> Ttis d.lay @ b. [email protected] {@ugh $na Nnbly Fosm hot h micl@eolld

h hrd*m pin m lEilrbl. for deh, gctmf@.

> Ilise hadwae pis @ b. also 6ed 61 ouinirg sa .xlmd .Mt* H@ nnch

tircs .umhq is Ep .red i. 6c giv@ hbL i .dcdr.d by E @untd.

> In MC8051, iwo line piG @ wailabb m dd Tl, by th.so lim6 w. @ give lh.

d€loy ofparticuh line ifw w lnm ir liEa node.

> w..ucour an€mnl pds aith.$ pi6 ifweusri* pins in @uter nod6.

> 16 bits times.c availau.. Mcs s @ s@@L d.lay bctwm 0000H io FFFFII

> Tm sprirl funqion ftgiF i m a6ilrbl..



UA Blte RAM Ior Ddt Storase

> Mc 8o5l hs 123 brle Randon

memory is non volalile memory.

> During q@ulio, for *orjds ln. dala fi.IrAM ir u*d'

> RAM osist ofthe @gkt€rbdks, stack for tonposry dota stdge'

> I ale 66isls ol sn sD€oial 6udim regi$er (SFR) wlich e used lot sode

spsiiic purp.se tike tider, inpul ou9nt pois e10'

> Nomalty Dituniolq hs 256 btL MM in vhich 123 b,te is u$d for s

sp@ whion is @mally Regi$er bants dd siack

> B$ olher 128 br'l€ RAM vnioh consiste ol SFRs' we vill dGcuss llle RAM in detail

in nerl rccl,on. Nos $'hsr ir lhe fl@ins ot I 23 ba' RAM'

> The ad&$ me. which is pmvided for d r. stoEg€ h t28 br'le = 27 btL

A@s menory for dal, sBse. Rrdm alls

654 s 21 0

1il

7 bitsm be ch ged so loLl l@alio sedm00Hto?Itlthe trmoly addrcs i; aned 6 "ocEo.v rtppttrs"'

(ul{

rrFH)

fl hltid rddMr k

hsn M tr lxlt ddtsss h

Sin@ 27 bla6 $ lasl

This pnedre of calculotine

4[ a0I4L 8osr, 4(B ad only mmory (RONo h Noihblc lor psgM sloace'

ftis L urn fq Fmeent de roEse. Or the dab wnid is nol oh@ged duing lhe

D@$ins lik lie poBm or alsditlm fo' 3p.cific applicoti@'

>Tnis is rotaiile nenory; iE dab eved in inis nflory dcs nor dispp6r aGer power

Addmr R N. otPC:

> AddEs 6nge ofPc medspmsm rcu * (wtich p'ints the n€xl inituction to be

d&cutins) c be 6oved between ilE* locdtions or we oan sr the pssm liod

lhis localion b lhis l@lion.

> 4KB=220210B(sioce IKB=2108) =2128)le

ol o o o o o o oiI---...---..--...-----..

11ll

F



serlrlPort

Thef F t\o pin. ataihblc lot seml @muhdion lxDind RxD --

t"^*, rx,i i. *- ., *"*itting :r ol dala I hich is in SBUF EIiG'E

used for @ivirs lhe sdal data

o SCON r.Cigcr is ued for controlling ine opeEti@'

rrp Oltoul Porlt

o TIEE d for inpul outsui potu available P0 PI PZP3'

I i.* ii'o, i i "i* l"o r'* sp*hr tunctor Egis P0 Pl Pl Pr which e bir

,ddE;sbb Ecd .sh bil co be sl or Eet bv $e Bit idlructiom (S TB for hist'

cLRforlN)i.deD.nden Y.

Ih. d l al dy pon *hici is trusifti'g or @iving is in lhese rcgist{s'

Th. pon 0 s Prfom du works,

lr is als usd 6 L@rord, lddB bus (aO to A7) nutipl*ed win 3 bit dala bus

D0 0 b m.7 is ADo lo AD7 dp€otivslv lhe addcs bns sd d'ra bus is demnltiplel

by lhe ALt sigEl and ldkh s \ich h tume' dr*6€d in del'ils'

Pon 2 6 b. lsed s VO porr s wcll 6 hisler o'de' addrE$ bB A8 to Al5

Poit 3 .lso hiv. dol ftrcrios il c be {orkert 6 Vo s sell s @h pin of?l hs

. Pr.O - ru{D - {S{.lI/P fu Asvnclftno6 @mnuistion

o s.rial O / P for svnchrcnous comlDidlion'

. PJ. Io Sd.l da'o tansmit'

. P32 - INIo - Extral Ltempl 0'

r 9,.3-INTI -E .mollnbmpl l,

t 8.4 m -qek input for @unter 0

. P3,5 - T1 - CInk inpul foi €unte, l-

. P3.6 - WR- sisEl formitingto Gmalndory'

L.7 - RD - siEral for Eading fod ertetut menory'

. wlEn dl.ml nmorv is intedacedv hsOSllnoP0mdP2o'n'tbe

worked as VO port tnev No*5 d adddss bus ed dal6 bus' o{ERGe lh'vcd be u.ssd 6 VO Dorls.



Q 4IEb. b uled tur pbvidiag lhe clo.k ro MC805l

i V. us crrst l which liql@y r2iy fiom

htdflots

*hich deid6 rlF spdd or haud EL ofMC.

4MEz io 30 MEz, nomolty w us 11.0592

.Inr.r pts aE defned s Gqu.sB tsaus ihey @ b. Eiised (mtsl(.d) it rhev 3E iol

usd,lhat is when e intmpt is ehwledg.d. A sPoiol s€t 6f evats ot Dutims efoltomd 10 ldde lhe inGmpts Tne sp€ial rcutinBd *su 3 intedpt hedld dinteFrrr wi@ rclnind (IsR). Ahe e [email protected] ai speial t@lim ir neno.v.. INm ad NTI 4 lh. pis for 9rlimal inLmpts

PIN DIAGITAM OF 3O5I

Dcsiplion of @c,[ pin e,

.vcc:5Vsoppl,

. VSS -?GND

'XTAI2/XIALI e€ fo @illai6r inpni. PdtO 32to 39 ADo/AD7 dd m.0 to P0.7

. Pon I - I lo 3-Pl.0lo Pl.7. Pon 2 - 21 lo 28 - P2.0 to P2.7 md A 8 lo Al5

. Polr 3 - l0 ro l7 - P3.0 to P3.7

.P3.0 RXD - Seriat dat. iopln - SBUF

.?3.1 TXD-Se.ial dab oulpul SBUF

. P 3,2 - INTo - Exreml inr.mpt 0 - TCON 0.1

. P l.l - NTI - ExldMl intempt I TCON 0.3

. P33-T0-ErLmallincr0input TMOD

.P3.5-TI Extemal timer I inpot-TMOD

.13.6 WR Ertemt dmory write cycle - Actile LOW

' P 3,7 - RD - Exlcmal nenory @d crclc - Aciive LOW



.RSr-6rRat nDg 8O5l

' . ALE AddB btch @bLI -Addh.mADOT AD?

0-DoradAD0LAD7. PSEN-ftosd sroe6.bte

5. ErpLin ln d.iril .bout hrrdw.re ,nd lofiw..e lrchitcctu€ tu embedd.d

Refcr Qn no. 3

6. Elphtu rt. iBtrucliotr et ofARM prcqroiRefer Qo.m.2

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