Elwanazi Identification and Preservation of the Iraqi Heritage Areas Presentation
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Transcript of Elwanazi Identification and Preservation of the Iraqi Heritage Areas Presentation
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S. Elwazani-US/ICOMOS 2004 Symposium 1
IDENTIFICATION AND PRESERVATION OFTHE IRAQI CULTURAL HERITAGE:THE INTERNATIONAL HAND
Salim A Elwazani, PhD, RAArchitecture & EDS Program
Bowling Green State University
US/ICOMOS 7th International Symposium25-27 March 2004, Natchitoches, Louisiana
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TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Status of Iraqs Cultural Heritage
3. Needs and Aims
4. Principles and Strategies
5. The International Hand
6. Closing Remarks
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March 2004 S. Elwazani-US/ICOMOS 2004 Symposium 3
INTROUCTION
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Study Objectivesa. Scrutinize nature of
heritage areas
b. Discern needs and aimsfor heritage areaidentification andpreservation
c. Envision principles andstrategies for heritagearea identification andpreservation
d. Explore internationalcollaborative capacity
Study Background Faces of Iraqi
heritage
Opulence of heritage
Vulnerability
Need to identifyandpreserve
International hand
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IdentificationPurposes Binary distinction Classification Referenced Reasons
To acquire knowledge To promote peoples
interest To permit informedchanges to resources
To ensure conservationis sensitive
DistinctionIdentif ication purposesand preservationpurposes
Identification Function Shades of meaning
Interrelationship ofelements Information sufficient
Information treated
Treatment gives results Results direct action
Recording &documentation: information
collection operation modes
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STATUS OF IRAQS
CULTURAL HERITAGE
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Mesopotamia.wherehuman beings first: Built cities
Organized complex states
Formulated elaboratereligious beliefs
Invented writing Developed sophisticated
visual and l iteraryexpression
Articulated measures formaintaining law and justice
MeasuringImportanceinGrand Terms: Millennia of years
Inventiveness ofsuccessive cultures
Abundance of tangibleand intangible resources
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Heritage resources
are defined bythe geographic domains ofthe successive, andoftentimes, contemporary
imperial cultures, and, withinsuch domains, by the landsphysical and climaticfeatures
Reputed Empires Sumerian (c. 3000 B.C.), Akkadian ( c. 2340), Assyrian (c. 1370 B.C.), Babylonian (c.1750 B.C.)
Several otherpowersoriginating in landssurrounding Mesopotamia: Amorites (c. 1900 B.C.) Kassites (c. 1750 B.C.)
Elamites (c. 1950 B.C.) Hitt ites (c. 1595 BC) Arameans (c. 1000 B.C.) Chaldeans (c. 629 B.C.) Medes (c. 612 BC) Persians (c. 539 B.C.) Greek Seleucids (c. 310 B.C) Parthians (c. 250 B.C.) Sassanids (A.D. 226)
Muslim Arabs (A.D. 637)
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A Classification of
Resources (Fethi)1. ArchaeologicalMonuments andSites
2. Historic Urban Cores3. Buildings and
Monuments
4. Villages andLandscapes
Trauma by Military
Activities March 2003 conflict, theworse
World reaction to cultural
resource damage Confl ict pattern versus
reaction pattern
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March 2004 S. Elwazani-US/ICOMOS 2004 Symposium 10
Sumer
Akkad
Babylonia
Assyria
Map of the Archeological Sites in Iraq
(Source, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)
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Hanging Gardens, Babylon(Source, John and Peggy Sanders; via the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)
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Ekur, the Ziggurat of Enlil at Nippur
Sacred City of Supreme God of Summer & Akkad(Source, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)
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Two Assyrian OfficialsKhorsabad, Palace, Court VIII, Neo-Assyrian Period, Reign of Sargon II,
721-705 B.C.
The Human-Headed Winged Bul lFrom the palace of King Sargon II at Khorsabad,721-705 B.C.
(Source, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)
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Hatra: Fortified City Under the Parthian Empire and Capitalof the First Arab Kingdom
Hellenistic and Roman architecture blend with Eastern decorative features
(Source, John and Peggy Sanders; via the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago)
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The Mosque of al-MutawakkilSamarra. 836 & 849-52
(Source: SamarraArcheological Survey,
University of Paris I)
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NEEDS AND AIMS
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Identification activities.in light of overall protection issues and preservation plans
Relevant aimsderive from the state of the society , recalling past eventsand embracing future vision
Infringement on societal stabilityshapes the direction of heritage protection plans
Aim categories Humanistic Developmental Alleviative/preventive
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Humanistic Aim Revolves around
Iraqs societal well being andhealthy international recognitionof the worlds heritage
Some Merits Educational Opportunit ies National pride
Ethnic and religious cohesion Fair Chance
to access, grasp, and draw inspiration from heritage?
International character of heritage extendsopportunity For Iraq to contr ibute to the World heritage For international community to discharge its responsibilities
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Developmental Aim
Addresses waysto position heritage as a viable sector of the countrys economic
life Ways
Reuse
Tourism Preservation construction industry
Status now!
Effect of oil reservesThe heritage economic capacity may not be overlooked in favorof the gravity of the countrys proven oil reserves
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Alleviative/Preventive Aim
Necessary in conjunction with
Humanistic Aim Developmental Aim
Continuum of Loss.taken to unprecedented heights in case of Iraq
Needed Measures to prevent the ongoing abuse of resources Measures to protect in emergent or unpredictable situations
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PRINCIPLES & STRATEGIES
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Principle 1
Encompass the historic eras anddominions of the country
To yield as a seamless of an historical story as possible
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Principle 3
Acknowledge the relative historic,
cultural, and inventive significance of theresources and their geographic
distributionTo yield priorities for their protection
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Principle 5
Value the developmental economic
potential of heritage resourcesTo help place preservation as a util itarian strategy in the
economic life of the country
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Principle 6
Value the physical and visual
countenance of historical resources
To help support the aesthetic integrity of cultural areas,cities, and landscapes
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Principle 7
Recognize the international dimension of
Iraqs heritage resources
To help strengthen the organic relationship of the Worldheritage and protect the Iraqi resources of this nature
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Principle 8
Recognize the continuing perils to
heritage resourcesTo establish measures for alleviating these perils and forpredicting and preventing future damage
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Protection Strategies
Principles enter into making ofstrategies
Two basic strategies: Humanist ic strategy, emphasizing social and educational aspects Developmental strategy, emphasizing uti litarian and economic
aspects
Identification function differin (examples): Type of resource
Parameters of documentation
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Which Strategy?
Asserting a strategy is a prerogative of the Iraqipeople with the international hand in the background
Some observations on the appropriateness of thestrategies
1. Social life of the country seems to favor the humanistic direction
2. Adopting a strategy does not mean ignoring its counterpart
3. Choice for a strategy can shift
4. Choice of either strategy assumes mitigating and preventivemeasures
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THE INTERNATIONAL HAND
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Sources of assistance and collaboration World organizationsUNESCO, ICOMOS Regional organizationsCouncil of Europe
Country cultural programs Philanthropic and non-profit organizations Consulting firms
Scale & form of collaboration Scale at different levels Forms
Information Expertise Funding
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Principles for successful collaborativerelationship:
1. Collaboration complements domestic capability
2. Collaboration in building the Iraqi heritage apparatus isa priority
3. Collaboration is a long-range policy aiming atdeveloping a winning collaborative culture
4. Diverse collaborations are encouraged
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CLOSING REMARKS
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1. The interest in thecultural areas of Iraqarises out of an absurddisparity
2. Preservation aims andpreservation principles,give rise to two
protection strategies:humanistic anddevelopmental
3. Identification functionchanges withpreservation plans
4. The role of internationalcollaboration can besignificant
5. Iraq and international
community can enhancethe success ofcollaboration by
observing somecollaborative principles
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