ElizabethanChurch Vermigli’sPolitical 5 Theology Peter...bishops, the complex medieval con...
13
5 Peter Martyr Vermigli’s Political Theology and the Elizabethan Church TORRANCE KIRBY SHOULD HISTORIANS OF THE ENGLISH REFORMATION take more than a passing interest in the writings of a Florentine aristocrat who spent merely five years of his career in England and who never mastered the English tongue? It is arguable that Peter Martyr Vermigli, sometime scholar at Padua, Abbot of Spoleto, Prior of the Augustinian Canons at Lucca, and Professor of Hebrew in the Schola Tigurina merits being num bered among the chief architects of the reformation of the Church of England as it came to be formed in the reign of Edward VI and reached a more settled self-understanding in statutes of the Elizabethan religious settlement of 1559. In order to make such a claim, a reappraisal of cer tain primary assumptions governing the interpretation of the English Reformation is required. Chief among them is the long and widely held assumption of the ‘exceptional’ or ‘peculiar’ character of England’s expe rience of the Reformation which, for a very long time, has constituted an axiom of English Reformation historiography. Yet this assumption obscures the well-deserved title of the great Italian reformer to a pivotal role in the formation of the protestant religious settlement under Edward VI and its consolidation under Elizabeth. Tied to the hermeneutic of ‘English exceptionalism’ is the corollary notion of the so-called via media of Anglicanism whereby the Reformation in England is understood to be a sort of halfway house between Roman Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism, It is a long-standing common place to view the Church of England in the sixteenth century as the ‘crucible for an emerging Anglicanism’. 1 One scholar recently referred to ‘recognition among some contemporaries that the English church ‘See FLE, 6/1:2.
Transcript of ElizabethanChurch Vermigli’sPolitical 5 Theology Peter...bishops, the complex medieval con...
5
Pet
erM
arty
rV
erm
igli’
sP
olit
ical
The
olog
yan
dth
eE
liza
beth
anC
hurc
h
TO
RR
AN
CE
KIR
BY
SH
OU
LD
HIS
TO
RIA
NS
OF
TH
EE
NG
LIS
HR
EF
OR
MA
TIO
Nta
kem
ore
than
apa
ssin
gin
tere
stin
the
wri
ting
sof
aF
lore
ntin
ear
isto
crat
who
spen
tm
erel
yfiv
eye
ars
ofhi
sca
reer
inE
ngla
ndan
dw
hone
ver
mas
tere
dth
eE
ngli
shto
ngue
?It
isar
guab
leth
atP
eter
Mar
tyr
Ver
mig
li,so
met
ime
scho
lar
atP
adua
,A
bbot
ofS
pole
to,
Pri
orof
the
Aug
usti
nian
Can
ons
atL
ucca
,an
dP
rofe
ssor
ofH
ebre
win
the
Scho
laT
igur
ina
mer
its
bein
gn
um
bere
dam
ong
the
chie
far
chit
ects
ofth
ere
form
atio
nof
the
Chu
rch
ofE
ngla
ndas
itca
me
tobe
form
edin
the
reig
nof
Edw
ard
VI
and
reac
hed
am
ore
sett
led
self
-und
erst
andi
ngin
stat
utes
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anre
ligi
ous
sett
lem
ent
of
1559
.In
orde
rto
mak
esu
cha
clai
m,
are
appr
aisa
lof
cer
tain
prim
ary
assu
mpt
ions
gove
rnin
gth
ein
terp
reta
tion
ofth
eE
nglis
hR
efor
mat
ion
isre
quir
ed.
Chi
efam
ong
them
isth
elo
ngan
dw
idel
yhe
ldas
sum
ptio
nof
the
‘exc
eptio
nal’
or‘p
ecul
iar’
char
acte
rof
Eng
land
’sex
pe
rien
ceof
the
Ref
orm
atio
nw
hich
,fo
ra
very
long
time,
has
cons
titu
ted
anax
iom
ofE
ngli
shR
efor
mat
ion
hist
orio
grap
hy.
Yet
this
assu
mpt
ion
obsc
ures
the
wel
l-de
serv
edtit
leof
the
grea
tIt
alia
nre
form
erto
api
vota
lro
lein
the
form
atio
nof
the
prot
esta
ntre
ligio
usse
ttle
men
tun
der
Edw
ard
VI
and
itsco
nsol
idat
ion
unde
rE
liza
beth
.T
ied
toth
ehe
rmen
euti
cof
‘Eng
lish
exce
ptio
nalis
m’
isth
eco
roll
ary
noti
onof
the
so-c
alle
dvi
am
edia
ofA
ngli
cani
smw
here
byth
eR
efor
mat
ion
inE
ngla
ndis
unde
rsto
odto
bea
sort
ofha
lfw
ayho
use
betw
een
Rom
anC
atho
lici
sman
dR
efor
med
Pro
test
anti
sm,
Itis
alo
ng-s
tand
ing
com
mon
plac
eto
view
the
Chu
rch
ofE
ngla
ndin
the
sixt
eent
hce
ntur
yas
the
‘cru
cibl
efo
ran
emer
ging
Ang
lica
nism
’.1
One
scho
lar
rece
ntly
refe
rred
to‘r
ecog
niti
onam
ong
som
eco
ntem
pora
ries
that
the
Eng
lish
chur
ch
‘See
FL
E,
6/1:
2.
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
PE
TE
RM
AR
TY
RV
ER
MIG
LI
AN
DT
HE
EL
IZA
BE
TH
AN
CH
UR
CH
85
repr
esen
ted
aki
ndof
Pro
test
ant
tert
ium
quid
amon
ges
tabl
ishe
dE
urop
ean
chur
ches
, who
sech
arac
ter
sugg
este
dth
epo
ssib
ility
ofra
ppro
che
men
tw
ith
Rom
anC
atho
lic
asw
ell
asfe
llow
Pro
test
ant
chur
ches
’.2
As
pre-
emin
ent
defe
nder
of
the
Eli
zabe
than
Set
tlem
ent,
Ric
hard
Hoo
ker,
for
exam
ple,
iscl
assi
call
yhe
ldup
asa
key
prop
onen
tof
this
theo
logi
cal
and
inst
itut
iona
lm
iddl
ew
ay;
and
thus
his
theo
logy
isre
pres
ente
das
bear
ing
the
mar
kof
adi
stin
ctiv
ely
‘Ang
lican
’ap
proa
chw
ith
resp
ect
tobo
thco
nten
tan
dm
etho
d.O
ther
pre-
emin
ent
Edw
ardi
anan
dE
liza
beth
andi
vine
sT
hom
asC
ranm
er;
Mat
thew
Park
er;
John
Jew
el,
John
Whi
tgif
t,et
alar
efr
eque
ntly
read
ina
prol
epti
cli
ght
asal
read
yat
wor
kin
con
stru
ctin
gth
ism
iddl
ew
ayfo
rmul
ated
by[l
ooke
rw
ith
his
mag
iste
rial
auth
orit
y.T
hem
arks
ofth
ispe
culi
arit
yof
Eng
lish
theo
logy
are
fre
quen
tly
iden
tifi
edw
ith
the
embr
ace
of‘n
eo-T
hom
isti
c’sc
hola
stic
ism
,hy
per-
rati
onal
ism
,E
rasm
ian
hum
anis
m,
orbe
tter
still
am
ixof
all
thre
e.A
ccor
ding
toth
e‘e
xcep
tion
alis
t’m
odel
ofE
ngli
shR
efor
mat
ion,
the
con
stru
ctio
nof
the
Ang
lica
nm
iddl
ew
ayis
ipso
fact
oa
reje
ctio
nof
the
the
doct
rina
lno
rms
ofth
eco
ntin
enta
lm
agis
teri
alre
form
ers,
and
ther
efor
ew
ith
ftg
inth
eC
hann
el,
the
cont
inen
tis
very
effe
ctiv
ely
cut
off
Ina
rece
ntbo
ok,
Dia
rmai
dM
acC
ullo
chsu
mm
aris
esth
isco
mm
only
rece
ived
herm
eneu
tic
byw
inso
mel
yde
scri
bing
the
Eng
lish
Ref
orm
atio
nof
the
sixt
eent
hce
ntur
yas
a‘t
heol
ogic
alcu
ckoo
inth
ene
st’.
Thi
sch
arm
ing
sim
ilesu
gges
tsth
atth
e‘e
gg’
ofP
rote
stan
tre
form
isla
idin
a‘R
omis
h’ne
st.
The
‘egg
’of
Ref
orm
isth
eaf
firm
atio
nof
acl
uste
rof
key
Rçf
orm
atio
ndo
ctri
nes,
such
ason
efi
nds,
for
exam
ple,
inth
eT
hirt
y-N
ine
Art
icle
sof
Rel
igio
n1)
the
auth
orit
yof
Scr
iptu
real
one
(sol
osc
rpru
ra)
issu
ffic
ient
tore
veal
the
way
tosa
lvat
ion
wit
hout
the
nece
ssar
yad
diti
onor
med
iati
onof
eccl
esia
stic
altr
adit
ions
(art
.5)
; jus
tifi
cati
onby
fait
hal
one
(so/
afi
de),
that
isth
epu
ttin
gaw
ayof
sin
wit
hout
any
refe
renc
eto
the
mer
itof
good
wor
ks;
salv
atio
nby
grac
eal
one
(so/
agr
otto
)w
itho
utre
fere
nce
tona
tura
lhu
man
capa
city
,or
volu
ntar
yob
edie
nce
toth
ela
w;
and
byC
hris
tal
one
(so/
usC
’hri
tus)
,th
atis
,w
itho
utth
em
edia
tion
ofth
esa
ints
.T
oco
ntin
uew
ith
the
othe
rha
lfof
Mac
Cul
loch
’ssi
mile
,th
e‘n
est’
adop
ted
byth
eP
rote
stan
tcu
ckoo
figu
res
the
anci
ent
stru
ctur
esof
gove
rnm
ent
and
wo
rsh
ipof
the
Chu
rch
the
hier
arch
yof
bish
ops,
the
com
plex
med
ieva
lco
nst
itut
ions
ofth
eca
thed
ral
and
coll
egia
tefo
unda
tion
s,th
etr
adit
iona
lli
turg
ical
form
s,th
esp
lend
our
ofa
sens
uous
wor
ship
,th
ere
tent
ion
ofim
ages
,ca
ndle
stic
ks,
stai
ned
glas
s,th
ean
cien
tve
stm
ents
,et
c.et
c.M
uch
ofth
ese
outw
ard
inst
itut
iona
lan
dli
turg
ical
form
sun
der
Edw
ard,
and
late
run
der
Eli
zabe
th,r
ende
ra
‘pre
-Ref
orm
atio
n’ap
pear
ance
toth
eE
nglis
hC
hurc
has
com
pare
dw
ith
som
eof
the
mor
era
dica
lly
icon
ocla
stic
expre
ssi
ons
ofre
form
onth
eco
ntin
ent,
as,
for
exam
ple,
inZ
uric
hor
Gen
eva.
Thi
sco
mpa
riso
nw
asdu
lyno
ted
bym
ore
radi
cal
Pro
test
ants
inth
esi
xte
enth
cent
ury
call
edP
urit
ans,
orS
epar
atis
ts,
orD
isci
plin
aria
ns,
depe
ndin
gon
the
spec
ific
thru
stof
thei
rcr
itic
ism
ofth
eS
ettl
emen
t.T
hese
mor
e‘r
adic
al’
refo
rmer
ssa
wth
emse
lves
and
cam
eto
beid
enti
fied
byla
ter
hist
oria
nsas
repr
esen
tati
veof
am
ains
trea
mco
ntin
enta
lP
rote
stan
tism
whe
reas
,in
actu
ality
,th
esi
xtee
nth-
cent
ury
deba
tefr
omth
eou
tset
take
son
quit
ea
diff
eren
tas
pect
wit
hre
spec
tto
the
ques
tion
ofre
ligi
ous
iden
tity.
Thi
sis
whe
reV
erm
igli
beco
mes
part
icul
arly
usef
ulas
a‘t
ouch
ston
e’of
Ref
orm
edor
thod
oxy
rega
rdin
gth
ehi
stor
yof
the
Eli
zabe
than
Chu
rch
and
Com
mon
wea
lth.
Inde
edth
eve
xed
ques
tion
of
inte
rpre
ting
exac
tly‘w
hat
itis
tobe
refo
rmed
’in
the
Eli
zabe
than
cont
ext
isou
rch
ief
mot
ive
for
exam
inin
gm
ore
clos
ely
the
infl
uenc
eof
Ver
mig
lion
the
self
-und
erst
andi
ngof
the
Eng
lish
Chu
rch.
Tha
ta
cont
inen
tal
figu
resu
chas
Ver
mig
lico
uld
bere
gard
edby
his
cont
empo
rari
esin
Eng
land
asa
lead
eran
dde
term
iner
of
theo
logi
cal
opin
ion
of
the
day
chal
leng
esde
ep-s
eate
das
sum
ptio
nsin
rece
ived
inte
rpre
tati
on.
Inde
ed,
the
mor
eon
eex
amin
esth
eth
ough
tan
din
flue
nce
ofV
erm
igli
asit
bear
sup
onth
eE
liza
beth
anC
hurc
h,th
em
ore
diff
icul
tit
beco
mes
tosu
stai
nth
eex
cept
iona
list
clai
ms
ofm
oder
nhi
stor
iogr
aphy
.
Fro
mO
xfo
rdto
Zuri
ch
Lat
ein
the
year
1553
,at
the
peak
ofa
rem
arka
bly
dist
ingu
ishe
dac
adem
icca
reer
;P
eter
Mai
tyr
Ver
mig
lide
part
edha
stil
yfr
omE
ngla
nden
rout
eto
Str
asbo
urg
and
Zur
ich.
The
grea
tIt
alia
nre
form
erha
dse
rved
for
six
year
sas
Reg
ius
prof
esso
rof
divi
nity
inth
eU
nive
rsit
yof
Oxf
ord
atth
epe
rson
alin
vita
tion
of
Tho
mas
Cra
nmer
;A
rchb
isho
pof
Can
terb
ury.
Whi
leat
Oxf
ord,
Ver
mig
liha
dpa
rtic
ipat
edin
acr
itic
aldi
sput
atio
non
the
Euc
hari
st,
assi
sted
Cra
nmer
inth
ere
visi
onof
the
Boo
kof
Com
mon
Pra
yer
(155
2),
and
serv
edon
aro
yal
com
mis
sion
for
the
refo
rmof
the
cano
nla
w.
Fol
low
ing
the
deat
hof
Edw
ard
VI,
the
cour
seof
the
Ref
orm
atio
nin
Eng
land
was
sudd
enly
reve
rsed
.D
urin
gth
een
suin
gp
er
secu
tion
ofP
rote
stan
tsun
der
Que
enM
ary,
num
erou
sE
ngli
shsc
hola
rsso
onfo
llow
edV
erm
igli
toS
tras
bour
gan
dth
ence
toZ
uric
hw
here
they
cont
inue
dto
hear
his
lect
ures
and
topr
omot
ew
ith
him
the
caus
eof
F1
E6
II6
7
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
PET
ER
MA
RT
YR
VE
RM
IGL
IA
ND
TH
EE
LiZ
AB
ET
HA
NC
HU
RC
FI87
reli
giou
sre
form
thro
ugho
utE
urop
e.Se
vera
lof
thes
eM
aria
nex
iles
inZ
uric
hw
ere
tobe
com
epr
omin
ent
play
ers
inth
eE
liza
beth
anS
ettl
emen
t;am
ong
them
wer
eno
few
erth
ansi
xfu
ture
bish
ops,
acl
utch
ofPr
ivy
Cou
ncil
lors
,an
dso
me
ofth
ele
adin
glig
hts
ofhu
man
ist,
clas
sica
lsc
ho
lar
ship
inth
eun
iver
siti
esof
Oxf
ord
and
Cam
brid
ge.
Of
twen
ty-t
hree
epis
copa
lap
poin
tmen
tsm
ade
inth
epe
riod
1559
62,
four
teen
wer
ere
turn
edM
aria
nex
iles.
Am
ong
Eliz
abet
h’s
new
lyap
poin
ted
bish
ops
six
had
been
Bul
hnge
r’s
gues
tsat
Zur
ich:
John
Jew
elo
fS
alis
bury
,R
icha
rdC
oxof
Ely
,Jo
hnP
arkh
urst
ofN
orw
ich.
Edw
inSa
ndys
ofW
brce
stei
Jam
esP
ilki
ngio
nof
Dur
ham
,R
ober
tH
om
eof
Win
ches
ter
inad
diti
onto
thes
e,tw
oE
dwar
dine
bish
ops.
John
Pon
etof
Win
ches
ter
(die
d15
57)
and
John
I-lo
oper
(mar
tyre
d15
55)
ofG
louc
este
rw
ere
also
ente
rtai
ned
byB
ullin
ger
inth
eP
faar
haus
loca
ted
inth
epr
ecin
cts
ofth
eG
rol3
mun
ster
duri
ngth
ela
tter
part
ofth
ere
ign
ofH
enry
VII
I.A
mon
gth
edi
stin
guis
hed
com
pany
ofsc
hola
rsan
dcl
eric
str
eate
dto
the
fam
ous
Tig
urin
eho
spit
alit
yw
ere
John
Chek
e,4
Tho
mas
Sm
ith
,5
Ric
hard
Mo
riso
n.
6T
hom
asB
econ
,7
Lau
renc
eH
um
ph
res
Tho
mas
Sam
pso
n,
9an
dT
hom
asL
evert°
tona
me
just
afe
wof
the
grea
tan
dth
ego
odw
hofo
und
thei
rw
ayto
Zur
ich
and
the
com
pany
ofV
erm
igli
and
Bul
ling
erdu
ring
the
mid
-i55
0s.
Dur
ing
the
rela
tivel
ybr
ief
peri
odof
the
Mar
ian
exile
,15
53to
1558
,an
dow
ing
inso
me
cons
ider
able
degr
eeto
the
pers
onal
infl
uenc
eof
Ver
niig
lihi
mse
l1st
rong
link
sw
ere
forg
edbe
twee
nth
ese
exile
san
dth
eir
Zur
ich
host
sw
hich
wou
ldha
vea
prof
ound
and
last
ing
infl
uenc
eon
the
subs
eque
ntco
urse
ofth
eR
elbr
mat
ion
inE
ngla
nd.
Fol
low
ing
the
acce
ssio
nof
Eli
zabe
thin
1558
and
the
retu
rnho
me
ofth
eex
iles,
anex
tens
ive
corr
espo
nden
cefl
ouri
shed
betw
een
Eng
land
and
thei
rfo
rmer
host
sat
Zur
ich
whi
chw
asto
last
for
mor
eth
ana
gene
rati
on.
Alt
houg
hin
vite
dto
retu
rnto
his
form
ersi
tuat
ion
asR
egiu
sp
rofe
sso
rt’
For
anan
ais
ofth
eco
mpo
siti
onot
the
Eli
zabe
than
benc
hof
bish
ops.
see
Sco
ttw
enig
,.5
irn’
hzs’
ning
Ow
I lia
rs.
The
Eec
/csw
Sli
tal
I i,s
usn
and
Pa
slot
-al
.4ch
iere
oien
tso
f1/
IL’
Pro
gre
ssiv
eB
ohuj
’sun
der
Elw
thet
hI,
155’
.15
79(N
ess
Yor
k.P
eter
Lan
g,20
00),
pp.
22ft
Reg
ius
Pro
fess
orof
Gre
ek,
Cam
brid
ge(1
540
51),
roya
ltu
tor
(154
4—49
)an
dP
rinc
ipal
Sec
reta
ry(1
553)
Cle
rkof
the
Pri’o
,C
ounc
il(1
547)
,S
ecre
tary
ofS
tate
1548
49,
1572
77)
and
Am
bass
ador
toF
ranc
eI 6
266
).A
inhas
ador
to(.
har
ks
V(1
550)
,G
entl
eman
01th
eP
riss
Cha
mbe
r(1
539>
.P
oct.
ccho
olns
astc
ran
dpr
olif
icau
thor
.P
resi
dent
ofM
agda
len
Col
lege
.O
xfor
dit
562
S9t.
Dea
not
Chro
t(T
hurc
h,O
xtO
rd(1
561
65)
Mas
ter
ofSt
Johns
(‘ol
lege
.C
ambr
idge
((55
153
).Jo
hnJe
wel
toPc
tei
Mar
tyr
Ver
nugt
i,28
Apr
ill5
59,
The
Zur
ich
Let
ters
;or
1/ic
corr
espo
nden
ceo/
.sei
sra/
Lng
lish
bish
ops
atil
othe
rs,
trit
hio
nic
ofth
eH
elie
tian
refo
rmer
s,du
ring
the
reig
no
f
Ver
mig
lire
mai
ned
inZ
uric
hfo
rth
efi
nal
year
sof
his
life
and
cont
inue
d
toco
rres
pond
freq
uent
lyw
ith
infl
uent
ial
Eli
zabe
than
divi
nes,
incl
udin
g
Ric
hard
Cox
,fo
rmer
lyC
hanc
ello
rof
Oxf
ord
and
now
bish
opof
Ely,
his
erst
whi
lenota
ryJo
hnJe
wel
,re
cent
lyap
poin
ted
Bis
hop
of
Sar
um,
and
Tho
mas
Sam
pson
,D
ean
ofC
hris
tC
hurc
h,V
erm
igli’
sfo
rmer
coll
ege,
t2
In
the
disp
utes
whi
char
ose
asa
cons
eque
nce
ofth
eS
ettl
emen
tfr
eque
nt
appe
als
bynu
mer
ous
lead
ing
figu
res
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anes
tabl
ishm
ent
wer
em
ade
toth
eju
dgem
ent
ofbo
thV
erm
igli
and
his
host
Hei
nric
h
Bul
linge
r,Z
win
gli’
ssu
cces
sor
asA
ntis
tes
ofZ
uric
h.tS
Aft
erV
erm
igli’
s
deat
hhi
sco
rres
pond
ence
wit
hJo
hnH
oope
iE
dwar
dian
Bis
hop
of
Glo
uces
tei
was
appe
aled
toex
tens
ivel
yby
anta
goni
sts
onbo
thsi
des
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anV
esti
aria
nC
ontr
over
syof
the
rnid
-156
0s.
In15
70
Bul
ling
erw
asen
list
edby
Ric
hard
Cox
tore
spon
dto
Piu
sV
’sbu
ll
Reg
nans
inex
cels
isex
com
mun
icat
ing
Eli
zabe
than
dab
solv
ing
her
sub
ject
sof
thei
robed
ience
.t4
Aft
erB
ulli
nger
’sde
ath
in15
75th
isco
rres
pon
denc
eco
ntin
ued
wit
hhi
ssu
cces
sor
asA
ntis
tes
inth
eC
hurc
hof
Zur
ich,
Rud
olph
Gw
alth
er,
ther
eby
cont
inui
ngth
e‘Z
uric
hco
nnec
tion
’w
hich
Ver
tnig
liha
ddo
neso
muc
hto
fost
erat
the
end
of
his
care
er.
The
infl
uenc
eof
Ver
mig
li’s
poli
tica
lth
eolo
gyis
part
icul
arly
evid
ent
in
the
theo
ryun
derp
inni
ngth
epo
liti
cal
inst
itut
ions
ofth
eE
liza
beth
an
Que
enE
liza
beth
,15
58-4
579,
firs
tan
dse
cond
seri
es.
tran
s.an
ded
.H
asti
ngs
Rob
inso
n
(Cam
brid
ge:
Par
ker
Soci
ety.
1842
,18
45>.
(her
eaft
erZ
L(,
I:20
.‘T
heQ
ueen
both
spea
ksan
d
thin
ksm
ost
hono
urab
lyof
you:
she
late
lyto
ldL
ord
[Fra
ncis
]R
usse
llth
atsh
ew
asde
siro
usof
invi
ting
you
toE
ngla
nd,
am
easu
rew
hich
isur
ged
both
byhi
mse
lfan
dot
hers
,as
far
asth
eyar
e
able
.’Se
eal
soSi
rA
ntho
nyC
ook’
sef
fusi
vele
tter
toV
erm
igli
of12
Feb
ruar
y15
59.
ZL
,2:
13.
Ver
mig
liw
asfo
rmal
lyin
vite
dto
retu
rnto
his
post
asR
egiu
sP
rofe
ssor
ofD
ivin
ity
atO
xfor
din
1561
,bu
tex
cuse
dhi
mse
lffo
rre
ason
sof
heal
than
dhi
sob
liga
tion
sto
the
Sen
ate
ofZ
uric
h.Se
e
Ver
mig
li’s
resp
onse
toE
arl
Rus
sell
in‘L
ette
rto
the
Rig
htho
nour
able
the
Duk
e[s
ic]
ofB
edfo
rd’,
Div
ine
Epi
stle
s.tr
ans.
Ant
honi
eM
arte
n(L
ondo
n:H
.D
enha
m,
1583
),fo
s16
45:
‘Tru
elie
ifI
mig
htha
uem
ine
owne
will
Iw
ould
eno
less
ese
rue
the
chur
chof
Eng
land
eth
anbe
fore
time
I
haue
doon
e:ho
wbe
itne
ithe
rm
ine
age
nor
the
stre
ngth
ofm
ybo
dyw
ilan
ylo
nger
indu
reth
e
sam
e,be
ing
no
tab
leto
indu
rea
viag
eso
long
.so
diue
rsan
dno
tal
toge
ther
easi
e...
itse
ense
th
bett
erfo
rm
eth
atI
rem
aine
whe
reI
am.’
See
also
his
repl
y‘t
oa
veri
eho
nour
able
Pri
nce
in
Eng
land
’,D
ii’in
eE
pist
les,
fos
127—
8:‘it
stan
deth
thus
wit
hm
ee,
that
>am
appo
inte
dto
the
citie
and
Chu
rch
ofT
igur
e,an
dth
eref
ore
Iam
not
atm
yow
nelib
ertie
’.‘5S
ee
ZL
.3
Dia
rmai
dM
acC
ullo
ch.
‘Bul
ling
eran
dth
eE
ngli
sh.S
peak
ing
Wor
ld’.
inE
mid
ioC
ampi
(ed>
.D
er.V
ochf
0/g
et
Hei
nric
hB
ullin
ger
(150
4—)5
75,
Leb
en,
Den
ken,
B’i
rkun
g(Z
uric
h:T
heol
ogis
ehe
Ver
lag.
2005
>.4
Let
ter
ofR
icha
rdC
oxto
Hei
nric
hB
ullin
ger,
ZL
.1:
220—
I.T
hebu
llis
prin
ted
inJo
hnJe
wel
,
Rbr
ks,
ed.
John
Ayr
elia
rth
eP
arke
rS
ocie
ty[P
S](C
ambr
idge
:C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s,
1850
).vo
l.4,
pp.
1131
2.Se
eD
avid
J.K
eep,
‘Bul
linge
r’s
Def
ence
ofQ
ueen
Eli
zabe
th’,
inU
lric
h
Gäb
ler
und
Erl
and
1-le
rken
rath
,H
einr
ich
Ru/
linge
r,15
0415
75:
ge.s
am,n
elte
Auf
sdtz
ezu
m40
0.
Tod
esta
g(Z
uric
h:T
heol
ogis
cher
Ver
lag,
1975
).pp
.23
141
.
Tor
run
ceK
irby
PET
ER
MA
RT
YR
VE
RM
IGL
IA
ND
TH
EE
LIZ
AB
ET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H89
Set
tlem
ent,
chie
fam
ong
them
the
Roy
alS
upre
mac
y,th
eli
nchp
ino
fth
e15
59co
nsti
tuti
on.
Inhi
sde
fenc
eof
the
roya
lhe
adsh
ipof
the
chur
chin
the
1570
sag
ains
tth
eat
tack
sof
the
disc
ipli
nari
anpu
rita
nsT
hom
asC
artw
righ
tan
dW
alte
rT
rave
rs,
John
Whi
tgif
t,th
enM
aste
rof
Tri
nity
Col
lege
,C
ambr
idge
,re
lied
clos
ely
onth
epo
liti
cal
wri
ting
sof
Ver
mig
li,B
ulli
nger
and
two
othe
rpr
omin
ent
Lw
ingl
ians
-—
Gw
alth
eran
dW
olfg
ang
Mus
culu
sof
Ber
ne.
15
The
cont
rove
rsy
betw
een
Whi
tgif
tan
dpr
omot
ers
ofth
eG
enev
anm
odel
ofre
form
inE
ngla
ndis
inm
any
resp
ects
are
play
ofth
edi
sput
ean
the
cont
inen
tbe
twee
nE
rast
usan
dT
heod
ore
Bez
a,C
alvi
n’s
succ
esso
rin
Gen
eva.
’6
Inhi
sdu
elw
ith
Car
twri
ght
inth
eA
dmon
itio
nC
ontr
over
syW
hirg
ift
appe
aled
toV
erm
igli
amon
got
her
repr
esen
tati
ves
ofth
e.S
’lio
laT
iuri
na
insu
ppor
tof
his
Era
stia
nec
cies
iolo
gy.
Ric
hard
Hoo
ker’
sce
lebr
ated
defe
nce
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anco
nsti
tuti
onpu
blis
hed
tow
ards
the
end
ofth
ece
ntur
yis
anel
abor
atio
nof
this
sam
epo
liti
cal
theo
logy
sow
ell
arti
cula
ted
byV
erm
igli
inhi
sC
omm
enta
ries
onth
eB
ooks
ofJu
dges
,S
amue
lan
dK
ings
.“It
isw
orth
yof
note
that
whi
lehe
was
ast
ude
ntan
dla
ter
afe
llow
atC
orpu
sC
hris
tiC
olle
ge,
Oxf
ord
inth
ela
te1 5
60s
and
earl
yI5
7th,
Hoo
ker’
spa
tron
was
John
Jew
el,
Ver
mig
li’s
disc
iple
and
secr
etar
’sw
hoha
dea
rlie
rfo
llow
edhi
sm
aste
rin
toex
ileat
Zur
ich;
Hoo
ker’
sla
ter
patr
onw
hile
wri
ting
OJ
the
Low
e’s
of
Ecc
lesi
asti
cal!
Pol
itie
was
anot
her
dist
ingu
ishe
dE
rast
ian.
John
Whi
tgif
t,A
rchb
isho
pof
Can
terb
ury
duri
ngth
ela
tter
half
ofE
lizab
eth’
sre
ign
(l58
3—16
04).
Wit
hV
erm
igli
posi
tion
edcl
ose
toits
hub,
this
netw
ork
ofin
tell
ectu
alin
flue
nce
lies
behi
nda
cont
inuo
usan
dco
here
nttr
adit
ion
ofpo
liti
cal
theo
logy
inE
ngla
ndth
roug
hm
uch
of
the
latt
erha
lfof
the
sixt
eent
hce
ntur
y,a
trad
itio
nw
hich
find
sits
key
insp
irat
ion
acro
ssth
eC
hann
el,
prin
cipa
lly
inZ
uric
h.P
rofe
ssor
Rob
ert
Kin
gdon
has
prov
ided
usw
ith
anex
celle
ntp
role
gonl
enon
toth
est
udy
ofP
eter
Mar
tyr
Ver
mig
li’s
poli
tica
lth
ough
tin
his
intr
oduc
tion
toa
sele
ctio
nof
sc/t
o/ia
draw
nfr
omhi
sbi
blic
alco
mm
enta
ries
.’K
ingd
onm
akes
ast
rong
case
onse
’ser
algr
ound
sto
just
ify
furt
her
crit
ical
stud
yof
Ver
mig
li’s
poli
tica
lw
riti
ngs.
Fir
st,
the
prop
orti
onof
his
a’uv
rede
vote
dto
poli
tica
lco
ncer
nsis
subs
tant
ial.
Con
sequ
entl
y,if
one
is
(1nl
vof
John
II1
nti
i/t,
Dif
,4h/
nsho
j,1
(an
tcrh
urt.
ed.
John
Are
for
the
Par
ker
Soci
ety,
sois
Cam
bn
dg
e:C
ambr
idge
Cn
iver
sit
Pres
s,16
51),
iii,
pp.
295
325.
Rut
hW
eseC
Rot
h,T
hom
asE
rast
us:
emB
eitr
ag,,u
r6e
tchi
ehte
der
refo
rmie
rten
Kir
ehe
und
cur
I.eh
,sm
adL
rS
taat
ssou
vera
niat
(Lah
ran
dB
tden
M.
Sch
auen
burg
,19
54).
See
Joan
Ioc
kv,o
odO
’Don
ovan
.Ii
ieol
ogi
ofL
awan
dA
utho
rity
atth
eE
nglis
hR
e/ri
nal
ion
Atl
anta
.G
A:
Sch
olar
sPr
ess.
1991
).pp
.15
13.
See
also
WJ.
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
.R
icha
rdH
ooke
rcD
octr
ate
of[h
eR
otal
Supr
cina
ci’
(Lei
den
and
Nes
s‘s
ork:
E.J.
Bri
ll.19
90).
ch.
4.R
ober
tM
.K
ingd
on,
The
Pol
itic
alT
hoiw
htof
Pete
rM
art
yr
Ver
m,g
li(G
enêv
e:L
ibra
irie
Dro
z,19
60),
pp.
ixx
in
toad
dres
sV
erm
igli’
sth
ough
tse
riou
sly
asa
who
le,
one
sim
ply
cann
otne
glec
thi
sex
tens
ive
wri
ting
son
such
topi
csas
the
auth
orit
yof
prin
ces
and
mag
istr
ates
,ci
vil
and
eccl
esia
stic
alju
risd
icti
on,
exile
and
ban
ish
men
t,tr
easo
n,se
diti
on,
tyra
nny,
rebe
llio
nan
dw
ar.
An
easi
lyac
cess
ible
gaug
eof
the
rela
tive
impo
rtan
ceof
thes
ew
riti
ngs
isth
esh
eer
leng
thof
the
four
thpa
rtof
the
Loc
iC
omm
unes
,‘w
here
inis
intr
eate
dof
the
ou
tw
ard
mea
nes
whi
chG
odus
eth
for
the
salv
atio
nof
his
peop
le,
and
pre
ser
vati
onof
man
sso
ciet
ie’)
9V
erm
igli
devo
tes
seve
ral
times
asm
uch
spac
eto
the
trea
tmen
tof
thes
ean
dre
late
dqu
esti
ons
asco
mpa
red
wit
hth
eeq
uiva
lent
sect
ions
inth
efi
nal
vers
ions
ofC
alvi
n’s
Inst
itut
e(1
559)
orP
hill
ipp
Mel
anch
thon
’sC
omm
onP
lace
s(l
559)
.20
By
far
his
mos
tin
flue
ntia
lpu
blic
atio
nin
Eng
land
,V
erm
igli’
sL
oci
wer
eco
mpi
led
post
hum
ousl
yby
his
edit
orR
ober
tM
asso
n,m
inis
ter
ofth
eF
renc
hco
ngre
gati
onin
Lon
don,
and
wen
tth
roug
hfo
urte
ened
itio
nsbe
twee
n15
76an
d16
56.
An
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ion
byA
ntho
nyM
arte
n,‘S
ewer
ofth
eC
ham
ber’
toQ
ueen
Eli
zabet
h,
2’to
okM
asso
n’s
edit
ion
asits
base
with
am
inor
rear
rang
emen
tof
the
topi
cs,
and
incl
uded
ala
rge
appe
ndix
ofle
tter
san
dop
uscu
la.
Man
yof
the
lett
ers
wer
eV
erm
igli’
sco
rres
pond
ence
wit
hsu
chre
turn
edM
aria
nex
iles
asT
hom
asS
amps
on,
his
clos
eco
nfid
ant
John
Jew
el,
and
Fra
ncis
Rus
sell,
seco
ndE
arl
ofB
edfo
rd.
The
trea
tise
adhe
res
toan
orde
ran
dar
rang
emen
tcl
osel
yan
alog
ous
toth
atof
Cal
vin’
sIn
stit
ute
ofth
eC
’hris
tian
Rel
igio
n.
22
Itco
uld
bear
gued
that
Ver
mig
li’s
heav
ier
wei
ghti
ngof
sele
cted
topo
iin
favo
urof
mat
ters
poli
tica
lis
attr
ibut
able
toa
shif
tin
theo
logi
cal
focu
sat
the
time
ofed
itin
g,ho
wev
eran
dth
eref
ore
not
repr
esen
tati
veof
Ver
mig
li’s
theo
logi
cal
emph
asis
.A
fter
all,
the
firs
ted
itio
nof
the
Lec
iC
’oni
n,un
esap
pea
red
less
than
four
year
sfo
llow
ing
the
wat
ersh
edev
ent
of
the
St
Bar
thol
omew
’sD
aym
assa
cre
in15
72.2
3C
onse
quen
tly,
the
sele
ctio
nof
topo
im
ight
wel
lre
flec
tth
em
ore
pres
sing
poli
tica
lco
ncer
nsof
Pro
test
ants
inth
eea
rly
1570
s(a
ndof
Ver
mig
li’s
Hug
ueno
ted
ttor
then
livin
gin
Lon
don
inex
ile)
rath
erth
anth
ere
form
er’s
own
theo
logi
cal
“L
oci
Co
mm
un
es.
ed.
Rob
ert
Mas
son
(Lon
don:
John
Kin
gsto
n,15
76).
See
Jose
phC
.M
Lel
lan
d.
Pet
erM
arty
r’s
Loc
iC
omm
unes
:A
Lit
erar
yH
isto
ry(M
ontr
eal:
McG
ill.
2007
).20
Kin
gdon
.P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
lit.
21T
heSe
wer
or‘s
cute
llar
ius’
was
resp
onsi
ble
for
keep
ing
the
uten
sils
and
sett
ing
the
roya
lta
ble.
Mar
ten
was
appo
inte
dbe
fore
1560
and
reti
red
som
etim
eaf
ter
1590
.I-S
ela
tter
lyha
dth
epr
ivile
geof
appo
inti
nga
vica
rto
perf
orm
his
task
sw
hich
nodo
ubt
allo
wed
hun
the
nece
ssar
yle
isur
efo
rth
eta
skof
tran
slat
ing
Ver
mig
li’s
volu
min
ous
wor
k.R
ober
tle
Mac
on.
Sie
urde
IaF
onta
ine,
was
form
erly
min
iste
rin
Orl
eans
.Se
eJo
seph
C.
McL
ella
nd.
Pet
erM
arty
r’s
Loc
iC
omm
unes
,p.
10.
23R
ober
tM
.K
ingd
on,
Myt
hsab
out
the
St.
Bar
thol
omei
i”s
Day
Mas
sacr
es15
7215
76(C
ambr
idge
,M
A:
Har
vard
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s,19
88).
90T
orra
nce
Kir
byP
ET
ER
MA
RT
YR
VE
RM
IGL
1A
ND
TH
EE
LIZ
AB
ET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H91
agen
da.
On
clos
erex
amin
atio
n,ho
wev
er,
ofth
ebi
blic
alco
mm
enta
ries
them
seke
s---
espe
cial
lyth
ose
onth
ebo
oks
ofJu
dges
,S
amue
lan
dK
ings
-th
ere
lativ
eem
phas
ison
poli
tica
lqu
esti
ons
inM
asso
n’s
edit
ion
ofth
eL
oci
Co
intn
un
es
actu
ally
refl
ects
very
accu
rate
lyV
erm
igli’
sen
gage
dsc
hola
rly
inte
rest
inpo
liti
cal
ques
tion
s.T
here
are
seve
ral
poss
ible
expl
anat
ions
ofth
ispr
eocc
upat
ion
wit
hpo
liti
cal
conc
erns
.A
sal
lof
his
biog
raph
ers
from
Sim
ler
onpo
int
out,
Ver
mig
li’s
care
erw
assh
aped
toa
cons
ider
able
degr
eeby
his
rep
eate
d
expo
sure
toco
erci
vepo
liti
cal
form
sof
relig
ious
per
secu
tion.
24
The
exper
ien
ces
ofbe
ing
forc
edto
flee
Luc
cain
1542
unde
rpr
essu
refr
omth
epa
pal
curi
a,an
dof
havi
ngto
mov
ere
peat
edly
from
one
acad
emic
appo
intm
ent
toan
othe
rth
roug
hout
the
rem
aind
erof
his
care
erow
ing
todi
ffer
ence
sw
ith
the
host
esta
blis
hmen
tsin
both
Str
asho
urg
and
Eng
land
,do
ubtl
ess
rais
edac
ute
ques
tion
sfo
rV
erm
igli
conc
erni
ngth
ere
lati
onbe
twee
nre
ligi
onan
dpo
liti
cal
po
wer
.25
The
Pro
min
ence
ofM
onar
chy
inV
erm
igli
’sP
oli
tica
lT
hought
Inm
any
resp
ects
,th
eco
nten
tan
dge
nera
llb
rmul
atio
nof
Ver
mig
li’s
po
lit
ical
idea
sis
not
nota
bly
orig
inal
.U
nlik
eot
her
lead
ing
repr
esen
tati
ves
ofth
eR
eibr
ined
trad
itio
nw
hoha
dbe
enft
7rm
edla
rgel
yby
urba
nan
dre
publ
ican
circ
umst
ance
s(a
sw
ere
Zw
ingl
ian
dB
ulli
nger
inZ
uric
h,fo
rex
ampl
e.or
Cal
vin
and
Bez
ain
Gen
eva)
,hi
sw
riti
ngsh
ows
that
Ver
mig
liow
edm
uch
tohi
sac
adem
ic,
eccl
esia
stic
al,
and
poli
tica
lex
peri
ence
ofth
em
onar
chic
alin
stit
utio
nsof
Eng
land
.T
his
infl
uenc
eca
me,
mor
eove
r,at
ade
cisi
vetu
rnin
gpo
int
inhi
sca
reer
asa
theo
logi
anan
dbi
blic
alsc
hola
r—i.e
.im
med
iate
lypr
eced
ing
the
peri
odof
his
mos
tin
tens
ive
wri
ting
onpo
liti
cal
mat
ters
,w
hich
was
tooc
cupy
him
alm
ost
enti
rely
from
the
tim
e
24Jo
siah
Sim
ler.
iii
Ora
tion
0/
the
i/fe
and
deat
hof
that
aor
thic
man
and
exce
llent
Dtr
iini
e(I.
Pet
erM
ar, c
iIi
rnij
ihus
./r
o/es
sor
oJD
iuin
itie
inth
eSc
hool
cof
Zu
rick
e,
inA
noth
erC
olle
ctio
nof
ertc
inc
Dtu
mc
,,lc
ittc
rsan
ddo
ctri
nes
of
the
soni
cti
.1).
I’et
erM
arty
r,tr
ansl
ated
and
part
lie
gath
ered
hsA
ntho
mie
Mar
ten
(Lon
don:
John
Day
,15
83).
See
also
the
exce
llen
tbi
ogra
phy
byM
ark
Tap
lin
inth
eO
DN
B.
25V
erm
igli
was
com
pell
edto
leav
ehi
sfi
rst
appoin
tment
inS
tras
bour
gin
1547
owin
gto
fall
out
of
the
imperi
al
clei
dat
ofth
eS
chm
alka
ldic
Lea
gue.
Cha
rles
Vso
ught
toim
pose
aC
atho
lic
regi
me
thro
ugho
utth
eem
pire
,an
dso
Ver
mig
ligl
adly
acce
pted
Tho
mas
Cra
nmer
’sin
vita
tion
tota
keup
anap
poin
tmen
tat
Oxf
ord.
Sim
ilar
lyw
ithth
ede
mis
eof
Edw
ard
VI
hew
asfo
rced
tofle
eag
ain
toth
eco
nti
nen
tan
dre
turn
edto
Str
asbo
urg
in15
53.
Ow
ing
todi
ffer
ence
sw
ith
the
new
lyre
-ent
renc
hed
Lut
hera
nes
tabl
ishm
ent
ther
e,he
fina
llyfo
und
his
way
toZ
uric
hin
1556
,w
here
here
mai
ned
unti
lhi
sde
ath
in15
62.
ofhi
sfl
ight
from
Eng
land
in15
53un
til
his
deat
hte
nye
ars
late
rin
Zur
ich.
Kin
gdon
poin
tsou
tth
atV
erm
igli
’spo
liti
cal
thou
ght
was
inm
any
subt
lew
ays
mor
eap
prop
riat
eto
the
need
sof
apr
inci
pali
ty,
toa
mon
arch
icg
ov
ern
men
tse
ekin
gto
con
tro
la
som
ewhat
larg
erre
lig
iou
sest
ab
lish
ment’
.2
6T
hus
Ver
mig
li’s
clos
eat
tent
ion
topo
liti
cal
them
esin
his
lect
ures
inth
efr
eeim
peri
alci
tyof
Str
asbo
urg
and
the
repu
blic
ofC
anto
nZ
uric
h,ac
quir
esad
ded
sign
ific
ance
for
his
subs
eque
ntin
flue
nce
onpo
liti
cal
the
olog
yin
Eng
land
.T
hepr
opor
tion
ofth
epo
liti
cal
wri
ting
sto
the
corp
usas
aw
hole
,th
ehe
avy
emph
asis
oncr
itiq
ueof
papa
lcl
aim
sto
juri
sdic
tion
(and
onre
late
dqu
esti
ons
conc
erni
ngth
eri
ght
rela
tion
betw
een
reli
giou
s
and
poli
tica
lpo
wer
),an
des
peci
ally
the
posi
tive
emph
asis
onm
onar
chic
alco
nsti
tuti
onal
stru
ctur
es,
are
all
impo
rtan
tre
ason
sfo
rvi
ewin
gV
erm
igli’
sco
ntri
buti
onto
late
r-si
xtee
nth-
cent
ury
Eng
lish
poli
tica
lth
eolo
gyas
dist
inct
ive
and
wor
thy
offu
rthe
rex
plor
atio
nan
din
quir
y.T
hepo
liti
cal
scho
liasc
atte
red
thro
ugho
utV
erm
igli’
sbi
blic
alco
mm
enta
ries
incl
ude
expo
siti
ons
ofpa
ssag
esin
the
Epi
stle
sto
the
Cor
inth
ians
and
the
Rom
ans,
and
espe
cial
lyof
Rom
ans
13,
the
locu
scl
assi
cus
for
Chr
isti
anpo
liti
cal
theo
rygo
ing
back
toth
eea
rly
Chu
rch
fath
ers.
27
Ver
mig
li’s
lect
ures
onR
oman
sbe
long
tohi
sO
xfor
dpe
riod
(154
7—53
),an
dw
ere
publ
ishe
din
Bas
elin
1558
,fiv
eye
ars
afte
rhi
sej
ecti
onfr
omth
eR
egiu
sC
hair
.2
8A
nE
nglis
htr
ansl
atio
nby
H.
B.’,
mos
tlik
ely
Sir
Hen
ryB
illi
ngsl
ey—
acl
assi
cist
perh
aps
best
know
nfo
rhi
str
ansl
atio
nof
Euc
lid’s
Ele
men
tspu
blis
hed
in15
70—
appe
ared
ten
year
sla
ter
‘cum
grat
ia&
priu
ileg
iore
gia’
with
ade
dica
tion
toSi
rA
ntho
nyC
ooke
,th
eev
ange
lica
lhu
man
ist
scho
lar
who
atte
nded
Ver
mig
li’s
lect
ures
inS
tras
bour
gas
aM
aria
nex
ile.
29
By
far
the
larg
est
prop
orti
onof
the
poli
tica
lsc
holia
,
NK
ingd
on.
Pol
itic
alT
houi
tht.
p.iv
.Se
eth
esc
holiu
nton
1C
or.
6‘W
heth
erit
bela
wfu
lfo
ra
Chr
isti
anto
goto
law
.C
P.
IV.1
6an
d
Of
Nob
ilitie
.’o
nR
om.
9:4.
CP
,IV
.20
(see
n.82
for
com
plet
eci
tati
on).
Sec
also
my
tran
slat
ton
ofa
port
ion
ofhi
sR
oman
sco
mm
enta
ry:
‘The
Civ
ilM
agis
trat
e:P
eter
Mar
tyr
verm
tgli’
sC
omm
enta
ryon
Rom
ans
13’,
inJ.
P.D
onne
lly,
Fra
nkJa
mes
Ill
and
iC.
McL
ella
nd(e
ds),
The
Pet
erM
arty
rR
eade
r(K
irks
vill
e,M
O:
Tru
man
Sta
teU
nive
rsit
yPr
ess,
1999
),pp
.22
1—37
.28
InE
pist
olai
nS.
Pau
liA
posr
olia
dR
om
ance
...
Com
,’nen
tar/
i(B
asel
:P
Per
na,
1558
;re
pr.
1568
),an
dre
publ
ishe
dby
A.
Ges
ner
inZ
uric
h,15
59an
dtw
ofu
rihe
red
itio
nsby
J.L
ance
llot
inH
eide
lber
g,16
12an
d16
13.
The
com
men
tary
was
publ
ishe
din
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ion
ade
cade
late
rin
1568
.M
ost
lear
ned
and
fruit
!hil
com
men
tari
eso
fD
.P
eter
Mar
tir
Ver
mili
usFl
oren
tine,
pro
/es
mr
of
diui
nitie
intit
esc
hole
of
Tig
ure,
vpon
the
Epi
stle
of
S.P
aul
toth
eR
oman
esw
heri
nar
edi
ligen
tly[a
udi
mos
tpr
ofit
ably
entr
eate
dal
lsu
chm
atte
rsan
dch
ic/i’
com
rtto
npl
aces
oJre
ligio
n
touc
hed
inth
esa
nte
Epi.c
tle(L
ondo
n:Jo
hnD
ay,
1568
).2’
)Se
eBL
Add
.M
S29
,54
9.fo
s16
—17
, dat
ed15
Oct
ober
1558
.O
L,
1:13
9—40
;Z
L,
II:
13—
14.
See
Ani
taM
cCon
nell
.‘B
illin
gsle
y.Si
rH
enry
(d.
1606
)’,
OD
NB
.
92T
orra
nce
Kir
byP
ET
ER
MA
RT
YR
VE
RM
IGL
IA
ND
TH
EE
LIZ
AB
ET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H93
how
ever
,de
rive
sfr
omV
erm
igli’
sex
tens
ive
Old
Tes
tam
ent
com
men
tari
es,
spec
ific
ally
onth
ehi
stor
yof
anci
ent
Isra
elin
the
Boo
ksof
Judges
,3°
Sam
uel,
and
Kin
gs.
3’A
sw
ith
his
othe
rm
ajor
exeg
etic
alw
orks
,al
lth
ree
com
men
tari
esw
ere
base
don
lect
ure
seri
es:
the
lect
ures
onJu
dges
wer
egi
ven
atth
eC
olle
geof
StT
hom
asin
Str
asbo
urg
duri
ngV
erm
igli’
sse
cond
peri
odth
ere
(155
356
)fo
llow
ing
his
expu
lsio
nfr
omE
ngla
nd,
whi
lehi
sle
ctur
eson
Sam
uel
and
Kin
gsw
ere
deli
vere
dat
Zur
ich
(155
6—62
).T
hus,
thre
em
ajor
Old
Tes
tam
ent
com
men
tari
esoc
cupi
edV
erm
igli’
ssc
hola
rly
atte
ntio
nlb
rm
uch
of
the
fina
lde
cade
ofhi
slif
e.O
fth
eth
ree,
the
Judg
esC
omm
enta
ryw
eigh
sin
mos
the
avily
wit
hpo
liti
cal
conc
erns
.It
wen
tth
roug
hse
vera
lL
atin
edit
ions
and
appe
ared
inan
anon
ymou
sE
ngli
shtr
ansl
atio
nin
1564
.32
The
reis
ale
ngth
ysu
mm
ary
ofth
ear
gum
ent
ofth
isco
mm
enta
ryby
Fra
ncis
,S
econ
dE
arl
ofB
edfo
rdin
aco
mm
onpl
ace
book
inth
efa
mil
yar
chiv
eat
Wob
urn
Abbey
.33
Thi
sw
asth
esa
me
‘Pri
nce
inE
ngla
nd’
who
,no
tlo
ngaf
ter
Eliz
abet
h’s
acce
ssio
n,w
asin
stru
men
tal
inpe
rsua
ding
the
youn
gQ
ueen
toin
vite
Ver
mig
lito
retu
rnto
his
post
asR
egiu
sP
rofe
ssor
atO
xfor
da
gene
rous
offe
rve
rypo
lite
lydec
lined
.3
4V
erm
igli’
spr
eocc
upat
ion
wit
hth
eco
ncre
teet
hica
l,po
liti
cal
and
his
tori
cal
conc
erns
ofan
cien
tIs
rael
inth
isfi
nal,
mat
ure
phas
eof
his
care
eras
anin
terp
rete
rof
the
Heb
rew
Scr
iptu
res
issu
rely
sign
ific
ant,
espe
cial
lyfo
rhi
sve
ryth
orou
ghtr
eatm
ent
of
ques
tion
sre
late
dto
king
ship
.O
fp
arti
cula
rin
tere
stis
the
fact
that
Ver
mig
lide
live
red
lect
ures
onA
rist
otle
’sN
ico.
’nac
hean
Eth
ics
atS
tras
bour
gat
the
sam
eti
me
that
heem
bark
edon
his
grea
tex
eget
ical
odys
sey
into
the
hist
ory
ofth
eem
ergi
ngki
ngdo
mof
anci
ent
Isra
el.
35
The
Go
dly
Pri
nce
inth
eC
omm
enta
ryon
Judg
es
One
help
ful
exam
ple
ofV
erm
igli’
scl
ose
asso
ciat
ion
ofth
ekn
owle
dge
ofG
odw
ith
poli
tica
lac
tion
may
befo
und
inhi
sC
’om
men
tary
onJu
dges
8(C
l)w
here
hede
vote
sa
scho
lium
ofm
oder
ate
leng
th(a
tle
ast
byhi
sst
anda
rd)
toIs
rael
’sdi
sreg
ard
for
divi
nela
win
seek
ing
Gid
eon
toru
leov
erth
emas
thei
rkin
g.
36
‘The
nth
em
enof
Isra
elsa
ydun
toG
ideo
n:R
eign
eth
ouov
erus
,bo
thth
ouan
dth
yso
nne
and
thy
sonn
esso
nne,
byca
use
thou
hast
deliv
ered
usou
tof
the
hand
ofM
adia
n[s
ic].
And
Gid
eon
auns
wer
edth
em:
Iw
illno
tra
ygne
over
you,
neit
her
shal
lm
ych
ild
reig
neov
eryo
u,th
eL
ord
shal
raig
neov
eryou.’
37
The
king
dom
ofIs
rael
isno
tth
eIs
rael
ites’
togi
ve.
InV
erm
igli
svi
ew,
Gid
eon’
sre
fusa
lof
the
king
dom
isba
sed
onhi
sbe
tter
disc
ernm
ent
ofth
ela
w.
Unl
ike
the
men
ofIs
rael
,G
ideo
nre
call
sD
eute
rono
my
(17:
15):
‘itis
wri
tten
,th
athe
shou
ldbe
aki
ngw
hom
god
has
chos
en’.
Acc
ordi
ngto
Ver
mig
li’s
exeg
esis
,th
eques
tion
isw
heth
erth
ela
wof
God
orth
ela
wof
men
will
rule
,an
dth
usw
heth
erth
edi
vine
sove
reig
nty
isdu
lyre
cogn
ised
.U
nlik
eth
ena
tion
s,it
was
the
case
wit
hth
etr
ibe
ofIs
rael
that
‘the
righ
tto
appo
inte
aki
ng,
belo
nged
togo
d,an
dno
tun
tom
en’.
38
Fro
mth
isst
arti
ngpo
int
ofm
atte
r-of
-fac
tex
posi
tion
Ver
mig
lipr
ocee
dsto
open
wid
eth
ehe
rmen
euti
cal
gate
s.A
ssum
ing
the
trad
itio
nal
herm
eneu
tica
lvi
ewth
atth
eO
ldan
dN
ewT
esta
men
tsco
nvey
aco
mm
on,
cont
inuo
us,
and
cohe
rent
teac
hing
,V
erm
igli
com
pare
sG
ideo
n’s
refu
sal
ofth
eki
ngdo
mto
Chr
ist’
sre
ject
ion
ofth
ecr
owd’
sof
fer
inth
eG
ospe
lof
John
.‘W
hen
Jesu
sth
eref
ore
perc
eive
d
imii
ally
ase
lect
potn
onof
the
Judg
esC
omm
enta
ryon
the
righ
tof
resi
stan
ceto
tyra
nts
was
firs
tpu
blis
hed
inS
iras
bour
gun
dei
the
titl
eA
Tre
atis
eof
the
ohah
itac
yon
ofth
efa
ithf
ulii
ithth
eun
fait
hful
!(S
tras
houi
gW
Rih
el,
I555
)rh
eco
mpl
ete
com
men
tary
was
prep
ared
byve
rmig
lihi
mse
lffo
rpu
blic
atio
nin
Zur
ich
InIi
hrun
iIu
thcu
inD
Pet
riM
arty
ris
Ver
inth
iF
lore
ntin
iion
unc
ntar
i/do
cto
suni
(Zur
ich
CF
rosc
haue
r,15
61,
repr
1565
,15
71,
1582
)[R
epub
lish
edH
eide
lber
gJ
Lan
cell
ot,
1609
IIn
Duo
sL
ibro
sS
aniu
elo
Pro
phet
acC
omm
enta
rii
(Zur
ich
CF
rosc
haue
r,15
64,
repr
1567
,15
75,
and
byJ
Wol
f,15
95),
Mel
cnho
nul
cit
Reg
ion
libri
duo
post
erio
res
ruin
om
men
taru
s(Z
uric
hC
1io
seha
uer,
1566
,re
pr15
71,
1581
,H
eide
lber
gA
ndre
asC
ambi
er,
1599
)52
Slo
stfr
uitf
ul!
&le
arne
dcd
,nen
tari
esof
Doc
tor
Pet
erM
arti
rV
errn
ilFl
oren
tine,
prof
esso
rof
diui
nitu
ini/
isI
niu
ersi
teof
J)gu
resit
/ia
ver}
prof
itab
letr
act
ofth
em
atte
ran
dpl
aces
(Ion
don
John
Day
,[1
564]
)T
his
edit
ion
has
pref
atoi
yle
tter
sof
the
publ
ishe
r,Jo
hnD
ay,
addr
esse
dto
Rob
ert
Dud
ley,
Ear
lyof
Lei
cest
eran
dof
Ver
mig
lito
the
scho
lare
hs’
of
the
Aca
dem
yat
Stia
shou
rgw
here
hede
live
red
the
lect
ures
,ci
ted
here
afte
ras
ci“T
heC
omen
tary
ofM
aste
rP
eter
Mar
tyr
upon
the
Boo
keof
Judg
es’,
com
mon
plac
eB
ook
ofam
isic
rond
1’or
!of
Bed
ford
,B
edfo
rdF
stat
eA
rchi
ve,
FlM
C10
,fo
s20
The
rear
em
argi
nal
note
son
this
text
inth
eha
ndof
Fra
ncis
the
four
thE
arl
(s!
1641
)Se
e(P
(158
3),
Pai
tIV
,‘D
ivin
eE
pist
les’
,pp
127
$Z
L,
1157
See
also
GC
Gor
eham
,(i
leun
ings
ofa
fin
scoi
tc’r
edea
rsdu
ring
the
peri
odof
i/id
Ref
orm
atio
nin
Eng
land
,an
dof
the
times
ioitn
cdiu
tsis
sin
eedu
igit
s15
33to
3D15
88(L
ondo
nB
ell
and
Dal
dy,
1857
),pp
420—
2
InP
rim
um,
Secu
ndum
,et
Init
ium
Ter
tiiL
i/sri
Eth
ic’o
rum
Ari
stot
elii
adN
iclio
mac
’hum
(Zur
ich:
C.
Fro
scha
uer,
1563
).Se
eal
soth
ere
cent
anno
tate
dE
ngli
shtr
ansl
atio
nby
Jose
phM
eLel
land
and
Em
idio
Cam
pi(e
ds),
Com
men
tary
onA
rist
otle
’sN
ico,
nach
ean
Eth
ics,
Pet
erM
arty
rL
ibra
ry,
vol.
9(K
irks
vill
e,M
O:
Tru
man
Sta
teU
nive
rsit
yPr
ess,
2006
).C
’ifo
s14
7r’
150?
.17
Judg
es8:
22,
23.ci
fo.
147
r.cj
fo.
147
r’.
On
this
pass
age,
Fra
ncis
Rus
sell
reve
als
ade
gree
ofdi
scom
fort
with
the
argu
men
tth
atth
ees
tate
ofth
ehe
brew
sw
asfa
rbe
tter
unde
rth
eju
dges
than
unde
rth
eki
ngs’
.H
ere
mar
ksfu
rthe
rth
at‘t
hepe
ople
was
neve
rle
daw
ayca
ptiv
eun
der
the
Judg
esal
thou
ghth
eyw
ere
ofte
ntim
esop
pres
sed
byou
twar
dty
rant
s,fo
rth
eir
wic
kedn
ess
..th
ere
wer
eve
ryfe
wgo
odan
dgo
dly
kmge
s,bu
tal
mos
tal
lth
eJu
dge
wer
ego
odan
dgo
dly.
Yet
the
king
esar
eno
tco
ndem
ned
atan
ytim
eby
any
test
imon
yor
iudg
men
tof
the
Scr
iptu
reas
far
asI
can
tell,
’Se
eB
edfo
rdE
stat
eA
rchi
ve,
HM
C10
,fo
.2.
94T
orra
ne
Kir
byPE
TER
MA
RTY
RV
ER
MIG
LI
AN
DTH
EEL
IZA
BET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H95
that
they
wou
ldco
me
and
take
him
byfo
rce,
tom
ake
him
aki
ng,
hede
part
edag
ain
into
am
ount
ain
him
self
alon
e’(i
n6:
15).
Lik
eG
ideo
n,
Chr
ist
‘way
ghed
the
man
erof
his
voca
tion
,an
dfo
rth
athi
ski
ngdo
me
was
not
ofth
isw
orld
e’:°
By
thei
rre
fusa
ls,
both
Gid
eon
and
Chr
ist
soug
htto
pres
erve
acl
ear
dist
inct
ion
betw
een
the
hum
anan
ddi
vine
sour
ces
ofri
ght.
Inth
isre
spec
t,at
leas
t,G
ideo
nis
a‘t
ype’
ofC
hris
t.V
erm
igli
mov
essw
iftly
toth
esu
bsta
nce
ofth
esc
hohu
mw
ith
his
intr
oduc
tion
ofth
ein
stit
utio
nof
the
Pap
acy
asan
‘ant
i-ty
pe’:
Gid
eon
iefu
seth
nott
hepr
inci
palit
y,as
thou
ghhe
would
notl
abou
rin
the
pub-
like
ssea
lth
:b
ut
beca
use
heun
ders
tode
that
itw
asno
law
fulv
ocat
ion:
whi
chth
eP
opes
also
ough
tto
rega
rdTh
ePo
peou
ght
also
tolo
keup
onth
ew
ords
of(h
rist
:K
inge
sof
the
natio
ns(s
ayth
the
Loi
d)be
arru
leov
erth
eyr
subj
ecte
s:bu
tye
shal
not
doso
This
isto
gove
rnth
ech
urch
,no
tto
com
man
d,bu
tto
serv
e.
Thu
sfo
rV
erm
igli,
unli
keth
eex
ampl
esof
Gid
eon
and
Chr
ist,
the
Bis
hops
otR
ome
have
com
eto
conf
use
hum
anri
ght
wit
hdi
vine
righ
t,th
ekin
gdo
mof
this
wor
ldw
ith
the
heav
enly
king
dom
,an
dea
rthl
yau
thor
ity
wit
hsp
irit
ual
auth
orit
y.T
his
.sch
oliu
tnon
Judg
es8
prov
ides
Ver
mig
liw
ith
anop
port
unit
yto
addr
ess
the
natu
reof
eccl
esia
stic
alju
risd
icti
onan
dto
expl
ore
the
stic
kyqu
esti
onof
itsre
lati
onto
civi
lgo
vern
ance
.U
nder
lyin
gth
ese
poli
tica
lan
dec
cles
iolo
gica
lco
ncer
ns,
Ver
mig
li’s
inte
rpre
tati
onne
ver
mov
esfa
rfr
omth
eun
derl
ying
ques
tion
of
the
righ
tkn
owle
dge
ofG
od.
Fai
lure
tofe
cog
nise
the
righ
tful
sour
ceof
eccl
esia
stic
alpo
wer
inth
edi
vine
gift
rath
erth
anin
hum
antr
adit
ion,
prec
eden
ce,
and
ambi
tion
,w
here
‘the
reis
nore
gard
eha
dto
the
grac
esan
dgi
ftes
ofG
od,
but
onel
yto
the
plac
ean
dse
ate
.,
Thi
sun
doub
tedl
yw
asth
efO
unta
yne,
oqs]
prin
g,an
dbe
ginn
ing
ofal
evils
and
sup
erst
itio
ns.
’4
1T
his
isa
radi
cal
clai
mon
Ver
mig
li’s
part
.It
isno
tsi
mpl
ydo
ctri
nal
erro
rfo
rex
ampl
e,co
ncer
ning
Chr
isto
logy
orth
eT
rini
ty,
orso
teri
olog
ical
dist
inct
ions
rega
rdin
gth
epr
iori
tyof
fore
nsi
cju
stif
icat
ion
tosa
ncti
fica
tion
that
lead
sto
the
corr
upti
onof
reli
gion
,al
thou
ghso
me
ofth
ese
prim
ary
doct
rine
sar
ede
eply
impl
icat
edin
the
ecci
esio
logi
cal
issu
es.
The
com
erse
isu
loth
eca
se.
The
prac
tica
lorg
ani
sati
onof
the
Chu
rch,
the
cons
titu
tion
alar
rang
emen
tsof
pow
erw
ithi
nan
dbe
yond
itin
rela
tion
toth
eco
mm
onw
ealt
h,ar
ehe
reun
ders
tood
asa
com
plex
sour
cepr
omot
ing
and
com
poun
ding
the
corr
upti
onof
both
(Jt
147i
(.1
lo.
148
rK
ingd
on,
Pol
itü
alT
houg
htp.
19(
Jto
.14
8v
Kin
gdon
,P
olO
ual
Tho
ught
,p
19.
doct
rine
and
prac
tice
.T
hepo
liti
cal
and
the
theo
logi
cal—
‘toitç
xric
tucO
v’an
d‘tO
Oew
Qrj
tucO
v’—
are
boun
dcl
osel
yto
geth
er.
Inst
itut
iona
lco
rru
pti
onbr
eeds
faul
tyth
eolo
gica
ldi
scer
nmen
t,an
dvi
ceve
rsa
ina
vici
ous
cycl
eof
ever
incr
easi
ngco
nfus
ion.
Inth
eco
urse
ofhi
sar
gum
ent,
Ver
mig
lita
kes
issu
ew
ith
the
rece
ived
inte
rpre
tati
onof
eccl
esia
stic
alhi
stor
yby
the
Can
onla
wye
rs.
Inpar
ticu
lar;
heci
tes
the
Epi
stle
sof
Gre
gory
the
Gre
atas
evid
ence
that
the
earl
yC
hris
tian
bish
ops
wer
ein
fact
,lik
eG
ideo
n,be
nefa
ctor
sof
thei
rco
mm
uni
tyw
hori
ghtl
ydi
stin
guis
hed
betw
een
the
divi
nean
dhu
man
sour
ces
ofpo
wer
.The
irex
hibi
tion
ofho
lines
s,th
eir
cons
tanc
yof
fait
h,fe
rven
tch
arity
and
will
ingn
ess
toem
brac
em
arty
rdom
,al
lco
ntri
bute
dto
cult
ivat
ing
the
com
mon
wea
l.H
avin
gev
entu
ally
deli
vere
dth
eC
hurc
hfr
omR
oman
pers
ecut
ion,
just
asG
ideo
nha
ddo
nefo
rIs
rael
out
ofth
eha
ndof
Mid
ian,
‘sup
ream
epo
wer
and
king
dom
ein
the
chur
chw
asin
am
anne
rof
fred
whi
chth
eylik
eG
ideo
nre
fuse
dw
ith
agr
eate
spir
ite
and
sing
ular
mod
esty
’42
Gre
gory
depl
ored
the
pret
ensi
onof
John
ofC
onst
anti
nopl
eto
the
titl
eof
‘uni
vers
all
Pat
riar
ch’,
and
hem
aint
aine
dth
atsu
cha
titl
eim
ping
edup
onth
edi
gnit
yof
the
Em
per
or.
43
Ver
mig
liis
not
pers
uade
d,ho
wev
er;
byG
rego
ry’s
clai
mth
atit
was
this
John
‘who
did
firs
tus
urpe
unto
him
self
the
titl
eof
univ
ersa
lity
’.T
here
form
erci
tes
one
ofhi
sfa
vour
ite
auth
orit
ies,
The
odor
et,
who
refe
rsto
Nes
tori
usby
the
nam
eof
‘uni
vers
allp
atri
ark
e’.
45
Gre
gory
’sob
ject
ion
was
that
‘ifth
eun
iver
sal
head
beso
orde
yned
of
men
,by
the
ruin
ean
dco
rrup
tion
ofsu
cha
head
,th
ech
urch
also
shal
lpe
rish
eto
get
her
’.4
6Jo
hnof
Con
stan
tino
ple’
sas
sert
ion
ofhi
sun
iver
sal
epis
copa
ljur
isdi
ctio
nw
asal
soan
affr
ont
toth
eim
peri
aldi
gnity
.T
his
Gre
gory
‘cou
nted
for
anab
surd
ity
...
ath
inge
unju
stan
dno
tto
besu
ifre
d...
the
sam
ebe
long
eth
unto
Ant
echr
ist’
ina
lett
erto
42(‘
Jfo
,14
8r’
;K
ingd
on.
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.16
.‘B
utou
rem
enno
wa
daye
sth
inke
itne
cess
aray
eth
atC
esar
shou
ldbe
subj
ect
tohi
m:
yea
they
have
ofte
ntim
esre
sist
edem
pero
rs,
man
ytim
esw
eari
edth
em,
and
som
etim
esm
oved
them
out
ofth
eyr
plac
e.A
ndye
tG
rego
ryth
eyr
fath
erde
test
eth
and
inve
ighe
thag
ains
tit
..‘
Gre
gory
the
Gre
at,
‘Let
ter
toC
onst
anti
nus
Aug
ustu
s,’
Epi
stle
s,lib
.v,
md.
xii,
no.
21;
PL77
.749
Ver
mig
lial
sopo
ints
out
that
the
Em
pero
rJu
stin
ian
attr
ibut
edth
etit
leof
‘uni
vers
ality
’to
dive
rse
patr
iarc
hs.
He
quot
esfr
omth
efo
urth
port
ion
ofth
eC
orpu
s1uri
Civ
ilo,
viz
.N
ovel
laco
nit
itutio
ne.s
.au
then
ticu
mco
llat
ioI,
Tit
.3,
Nov
ell.
3an
d5.
Whe
nJu
stin
ian
issu
edne
wla
ws
they
wer
ead
ded
toth
eC
rpus
unde
ra
four
thdi
visi
on,
the
‘Novel
l’,
quot
edhe
re.
See
Gre
gory
the
Gre
at,
Epi
stle
s,lib
.v,
md.
xii,
nos,
18;
PL
77.7
40.
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,
p.18
.T
heod
oret
,H
aere
tiL
arum
Fah
ular
umC
ompe
ndiu
m,
lv. 1
2,‘D
cN
esto
rio’
,P
G83
.115
6.G
rego
ryth
eG
reat
,‘L
ette
rto
Sab
ianu
sth
eD
eaco
n’,
Epi
stle
s,lib
,v,
md.
xii,
no.
19;
PL77
.744
;an
d‘L
ette
rto
Mau
rici
usA
ugus
tus’
,ib
id.
no.2
0;PL
77.7
456.
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
17.
96T
orra
nce
Kir
byPE
TER
MA
RTY
RV
ER
MIG
LI
AN
DTH
EEL
IZA
BET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H97
Con
stan
tinu
sA
ug
ust
us.
47
inth
isre
spec
tV
erm
igli’
sap
proa
chto
the
imp
e
rial
offi
ceis
thor
ough
lyco
nsis
tent
wit
hth
est
anda
rdco
ntem
pora
ryT
udor
apol
ogie
stb
rth
eR
oyal
Supre
mac
y.
45
ina
form
ulat
ion
that
wou
ldsi
tw
ell
both
inE
ngla
ndan
dZ
uric
h,V
erm
igh
argu
esth
at‘K
inge
san
dm
agis
trat
esw
hen
they
are
godl
ye,
inm
yju
dgem
ente
ough
teto
have
the
chie
fe
plac
ein
the
chur
ch:
and
toth
emit
pert
aine
th,
ifre
ligi
onbe
ilad
min
istr
ed,
toco
rrec
teth
ede
faul
tes.
For
ther
efor
eth
eybe
are
the
swor
dto
mai
ntay
neG
ods
honor.
’49
Whi
leth
eC
ounc
ilof
Cha
lced
onac
know
l
edge
dth
epr
erog
ativ
eof
Rom
e,ag
ain
byG
rego
ry’s
acco
unt,
nom
anus
edth
eti
tle
‘bec
ause
our
elde
rsbe
ing
men
mos
tho
ly,
saw
itw
asno
tm
eete
for
any
mor
tal
man
.O
nely
Chr
ist
isun
iver
sal
lied
of
the
Churc
h’.
5°T
heth
rust
ofV
erm
igli’
sar
gum
ent
isto
driv
ea
wed
gebe
twee
nth
epr
isti
nepr
acti
ceof
the
earl
yC
hurc
han
dth
ela
ter
corr
upti
onof
the
papa
cy,
and
furt
her
more
toid
enti
fyth
eec
cles
iolo
gyof
Ref
orm
wit
hth
efo
rmer
,co
mbi
ned
wit
ha
spir
ited
defe
nce
ofR
oyal
Sup
rem
acy.
The
papa
lcl
aim
toun
iver
sal
hea
dh
ip‘c
anno
tbe
mee
tefo
ran
ym
an’.
Solu
s(J
hrts
tus,
onth
isac
coun
t,w
asju
stas
impo
rtan
ta
form
ulat
ion
for
eccl
esi
asti
cal
juri
sdic
tion
asit
was
for
orth
odox
sote
riol
ogy.
‘it
belo
nget
hon
ely
toC
hris
te,
todi
stri
bute
unto
his
mem
bers
spir
itua
lm
ocio
ns,
illu
stra
cion
[i.e.
clea
nsin
gjof
the
mm
dc,
and
eter
nall
life
.’51
Inhi
sE
pist
leto
the
Eph
esia
nsP
aul
‘say
thth
isof
(‘hr
iste
,th
atgo
dha
dge
ven
hym
tobe
the
head
ofth
ebo
dyof
the
chur
ch’
92V
erm
igli’
sim
plic
atio
nis
that
the
vio
lati
onof
Chr
ist’
sso
lehe
adsh
ipby
papa
lcl
aim
sto
univ
ersa
lju
risd
icti
onle
ads
intu
rnto
sote
riol
ogic
alco
rrup
tion
and,
inde
ed,
toep
iste
mol
ogic
alas
wel
las
herm
eneu
tica
lco
nfus
ion:
the
papa
lcl
aim
toa
univ
ersa
lp
atri
arch
y‘u
ndou
bted
lyw
asth
efo
unta
yne,
ofs]
prin
g,an
dbe
ginn
ing
ofal
evils
and
sup
erst
itio
ns’
.55
Dis
orde
rin
the
sphe
reof
the
prac
tica
lbr
eeds
conf
usio
nco
ncer
ning
firs
tpr
inci
ples
.‘W
here
fore
if[t
heun
iver
sal
pat
rica
rchy
]w
ere
cyth
erfo
rla
cke
ofkn
owle
dge
orof
som
era
shne
ss,
orby
the
peop
le,
orby
flat
erer
sge
ven
toan
ybi
shop
ofR
ome,
itsh
ould
byth
e
‘Let
ter
ioC
onst
anti
nus
Aug
ustu
s’,
Epi
stlc
s,lib
.V,
md
xii,
no,
21;
PL
77.7
49.
See
Ver
mig
li’s
mch
ohun
mon
ISa
m.
28:3
,‘T
hat
the
char
geof
Rel
igio
nbe
long
eth
unto
Prin
ces,
’(‘
P.
4.14
.2,
246
8.Se
e(
hap.
2,‘1
heG
odly
Pri
nce’
,in
wi.
rorr
ance
Kir
by,
The
Zur
ich
Con
nect
ion
and
Tud
orP
oh
tual
Thc
olog
t(L
eide
nan
dB
osto
n’F.
JBr
mll,
2007
),pp
.59
74.
‘°
Km
ngdo
n,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
20.
See
wJ
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
,“T
he
Cha
rge
ofR
elig
ion
helo
nget
hun
toP
rinc
es”:
Pet
erM
arty
rV
crm
igli
onth
eU
nity
ofC
ivil
and
Ecc
lesi
asti
cal
Juri
sdic
tion
’,4r
chii
für
Re/
orm
atm
onsç
’eic
huht
e94
(200
3>’
131
45.
‘G
meg
oth
eG
ieat
,E
pist
les,
lib.
V,m
dxi
i,no
s18
,20
and
43;
PL
77.7
40,
747,
771.
(‘J
to14
8v’
;K
mng
don,
Poli
tical
Ihou
ght,
p20
‘L
phI
22.
See
(‘i
Id.
148
v;
Kin
gdon
,P
oli
tica
lT
houg
ht.
p.20
.C
ifo
.14
8v
;K
mng
don,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.19
exam
ple
ofG
ideo
n,L
eo,
and
Gre
gory
have
bene
refu
sed.’
54
Hav
ing
invo
ked
‘sol
usC
hris
t us’
Ver
mig
lith
ench
alle
nges
his
adve
rsar
ies
topr
oduc
ea
pers
uasi
vesc
ript
ural
just
ific
atio
nfo
rth
epa
pal
clai
mso
luC
hris
tus
isti
edto
sola
scri
ptur
a,an
dth
uspo
liti
cal
theo
logy
toth
eR
efor
med
stan
dard
ofhe
rmen
euti
cs.
Ver
mig
lith
ech
urch
hist
oria
nse
eks
tode
mon
stra
teco
nclu
sive
lyth
atth
eR
oman
prim
acy
cam
ein
toex
iste
nce
thro
ugh
the
agen
cyof
hum
anam
biti
onan
dcu
mul
ativ
etr
adit
ion
rath
erth
anby
divi
neap
poin
tmen
tan
dsc
ript
ural
sanc
tion
,an
dco
nseq
uent
lyth
atdi
vine
rule
over
the
Chu
rch
and
itssp
irit
ual
char
acte
rha
sbe
enob
stru
cted
.H
uman
cust
omde
cree
dth
atin
the
prin
cipa
lci
ties
‘whe
rem
erch
andi
ses
wer
etr
aded
,an
dw
here
Pro
cons
uls
orP
resi
dent
esgo
vern
ed’
the
bish
ops
had
prec
eden
ceof
ho
nou
r.C
usto
mhe
rest
ands
for
aco
ncep
tof
‘rig
ht’
ofhu
man
orig
in,
anal
ogo
usto
the
invi
tati
onex
tend
edto
Gid
eon
byth
etr
ibe
ofIs
rael
.W
hile
the
mos
tab
lebi
shop
sm
enlik
eA
ugus
tine
and
Gre
gory
Naz
iani
usw
ere
rele
gate
dto
smal
lan
dab
ject
ebi
shop
rike
s’,
conv
erse
lyth
ese
cula
rst
atus
ofci
ties
gave
cons
eque
nce
to‘C
hurc
hes
and
chay
res’
,i.e
.to
epis
copa
lse
ats.
Itw
asow
ing
toR
ome’
spr
e-em
inen
tci
vic
dign
ity
wit
hin
the
Em
pire
that
‘the
bish
opof
Rom
ebe
gan
tobe
pref
erre
dab
ove
oth
er’
.55
At
this
poin
tin
his
com
men
tary
,V
erm
igli
revi
ews
the
clas
sic
schola
stic
just
ific
atio
nof
the
trad
itio
nof
papa
lpr
imac
yth
roug
hth
eco
ncep
tof
a‘t
wo-
fold
’he
adsh
ip,
that
isby
mea
nsof
adi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
na
visi
ble,
eart
hly
head
ship
and
anin
visi
ble,
spir
itua
lru
le,
the
form
erex
erci
sed
byP
eter
and
his
succ
esso
rsan
dth
ela
tter
byC
hris
thi
mse
lf.
Intr
igui
ngly
heta
kes
upth
ear
gum
ent
asfo
rmul
ated
byJo
hnF
ishe
r,B
isho
pof
Roc
hest
er,
ina
serm
onpr
each
edin
1521
Aga
yn[s
t]th
eP
erni
cyou
sD
octr
ynof
Mar
tin
Lut
her’
atth
ebe
hest
ofC
ardi
nal
Tho
mas
Wol
sey,
then
Arc
hbis
hop
ofY
ork,
papa
lle
gate
,an
dC
hanc
ello
rof
Eng
land
,no
tto
men
tion
the
orig
inal
foun
der
ofV
erm
igli’
sow
nco
llege
—C
hris
tC
hurc
h,O
xfo
rd.
56
Ver
mig
li’s
choi
ceof
auth
orit
yfo
rth
issc
hola
stic
argu
men
tw
asce
rtai
nly
appo
site
.Fi
sher
;it
shou
ldbe
rem
embe
red,
had
been
exec
uted
in15
35fo
rhi
sre
fusa
lto
ackn
owle
dge
Hen
ry’s
titl
eof
head
ship
ofth
eC
hurc
hof
Eng
land
,w
hile
Wol
sey
had
been
depr
ived
ofth
eC
hanc
ello
rshi
pfo
rhi
sfa
ilur
eto
secu
reH
enry
’sdi
vorc
efr
omC
athe
rine
ofA
rago
n.Fi
sher
’s
Ufo
.14
8r’
;K
ingd
on,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.19
.C
ifo
.14
8v’
;K
ingd
on,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.20
.Jo
hnFi
sher
,T
hese
rmon
of’I
oh/a
]nth
eby
ssho
po
fR
oche
ster
mad
eag
ayn
the
p/e
rJni
ciou
sd
oc
trym
i of
Mar
tin
luth
er:
w/i
]t[h
]in
the
octa
ues
of
the
asce
[n]g
von
byth
eas
sign
eme[
nJt
ofth
em
ost
reue
rend
fade
ri/
n]
god
the
lord
Tho
mas
Car
dina
lof
’Y
orke
[and
Jle
gate
cxla
tere
from
our
holy
fath
erth
epo
pe([
Lon
don]
:W
ynky
nde
Wor
de,
[152
11).
98T
hrra
nc’e
Kir
byPE
TER
MA
RTY
RV
ER
MIG
LI
AN
DTH
EEL
IZA
BET
HA
NC
HU
RC
H99
argu
men
tfo
ra
two-
fold
head
ship
ofth
eC
hurc
his
base
don
adi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
na
met
apho
rica
lan
da
natu
ral
head
,ap
peal
ing
toth
eP
auli
neob
serv
atio
nth
atas
the
husb
and
ishe
adof
the
wif
e,ye
tev
ery
wif
eal
soha
sbe
side
her
husb
and
her
own
natu
ralhead
57
Acc
ordi
ngto
Ver
mig
li,F
ishe
rfa
llsin
toth
e‘f
use
Sil
logi
smus
of
equi
voca
tion
’,fo
r‘i
fw
elo
oke
up
on
the
natu
ral
head
inth
ech
urch
,w
esh
alfi
nde
that
itis
not
one
head
:bu
tlo
oke
how
rnan
yem
enth
ere
bein
it,so
man
y[n
atur
al]
head
essh
alth
ere
be’
‘Whe
nw
esp
eake
ofth
ehe
adof
the
Chu
rch,
we
mus
tke
epe
our
selv
esin
the
Met
apho
re,’
says
Ver
mig
li,‘a
ndas
itsh
ould
beab
surd
ean
dm
onst
rous
,tb
ron
em
anto
have
two
natu
ral
head
es,
sosh
alit
beju
dged
aspo
rten
tous
,lr
the
Chu
rche
toha
vetw
oM
etap
hori
cal,
that
issp
irit
ual
head
s’In
the
fina
lan
alys
is,
Fis
her
coul
dno
tha
vew
ishe
dto
clai
mth
atP
eter
was
mer
ely
ana
tura
lhe
adw
hile
Chr
ist
was
the
spir
itua
lhe
adsi
nce
the
lhrc
eof
papa
lcl
aim
sto
univ
ersa
l/tv
ofju
risd
icti
onde
pend
edup
onPe
ter’
sbe
ing
asp
irit
ual
head
asw
ell,
Thi
ste
nden
cyto
conf
use
the
natu
ral
wit
hth
esp
irit
ual
sour
ceof
auth
orit
ylie
sat
the
very
hear
tof
the
pro
b1c
mof
king
ship
inth
eep
isod
eof
Gid
eon
asin
terp
rete
dby
Ver
mig
li.T
heri
ght
know
ledg
eof
God
and
his
law
isin
disp
ensa
ble
toa
cons
titu
tion
alpl
anof
acti
on.
Whe
nce,
then
,di
dth
isto
rtuo
usco
nfus
ion
(bot
hin
stit
utio
nal
and
syll
ogis
tic)
ofdi
vine
and
hum
anau
thor
ity
aris
e?H
owdo
esth
efa
tefu
ltr
ansi
tion
from
Gre
gory
the
Gre
at,
who
mV
erm
igli
adm
ires
,to
Bon
ifac
eV
III,
who
mhe
exco
riat
es,
com
eab
ou
t?59
Ver
mig
litr
aces
the
cruc
ial
I or
mod
emsr
itic
,iled
itio
nof
Fish
er’s
seim
ons,
see
IJo
Lng
/L,h
Wdr
ku/J
ohn
Fiah
e,;
Bts
hup
u/Ro
Lh€
SOr
1469
193
5)’
Ser
mon
san
dO
ther
fir/
hugs
,15
2015
35,
ed.
Cec
ilia
A.
Hat
t(O
xfor
d:O
xfoi
d1.
nis
ciso
yPr
ess,
2002
>,p.
51:
‘So
assa
ynt
Pau
lem
aket
hm
any
hede
s,sa
yeng
eC
aput
mu/
scii
sii
iop
eci
irs
(1ir
istu
,(‘
hr/s
nV
era
s/is
o’Se
[ej,
here
beth
rehe
edes
vnto
aw
oman
,G
od,
Chr
>st
,an
dhy
rho
usba
nd,
and
yet
besy
deal
thes
esh
eha
than
heed
ofhy
row
ne.
Itw
ere
am
on
stiu
ous
svgh
tto
sea
wom
anw
itho
uten
anhe
ed.
Wha
tco
mfo
rte
shol
dehy
rho
usba
nde
haue
spon
hyr’
5Y
fth
anon
ew
oman
,no
tw
iihs
tand
ynge
she
hath
ean
heed
ofhy
row
neto
goue
rne
hyr
aceo
rdnge
toth
ey
lan
dpl
easu
reof
hyr
hous
band
,ye
tsh
eha
thhy
rho
usba
ndto
behy
rhe
edan
d(,
hrys
tto
behy
rhe
ed,
and
God
tobe
hyr
heed
:ho
wm
oehe
rath
erou
rm
othe
rho
lych
irch
e,ss
hich
isth
esp
owse
ofC
hris
t,ha
than
heed
ofhe
row
ne,
that
isto
say,
the
pope
.A
ndye
tne
ueit
hele
sse
Chr
>st
lesu
hyr
hous
band
eis
her
heed
and
alm
yght
yG
odis
hyr
heed
also
.B
utno
wle
tvs
ieto
urne
toou
rin
stru
ccyo
n.T
hus
than
yevn
ders
tand
eho
wth
atin
the
vnyu
ersa
leh
irc,
heof
(hr
ysie
rem
ayne
thth
esp
yryt
eof
trou
the
for
[sig
.[B
]ivj
6eu
er.
And
that
the
heed
ofth
iseh
iich
e,th
epo
pe,
isvn
der
(‘hr
yst.
Bith
isbr
euel
yit
may
appe
ere
that
the
spir
yte
ofC
hris
tis
not
inM
arty
isI
uthe
r.’
(‘2
to.
149
r.
Kin
gdon
,P
uhtu
alT
hou9ht,
p21
.‘
See
Ver
mig
li’s
exte
nded
disc
ussi
onof
Bon
ilae
eV
Ill’
scl
aim
sto
papa
llo
rdsh
ipin
the
Bul
l‘1.
narn
San
ctam
inhi
sn/
io/i
uni
onJu
dges
19,
‘Of
aM
agis
trat
e,an
do
fth
edif
fren
cebe
twee
nC
ivill
and
I,ce
lesi
asti
eall
pow
er’,
CP
IV.1
3.7
10,
fos
229
31an
dIV
.l3.
l4,
fo.
233.
See
Kir
by,
/uri
sIi
(‘au
nts
f/on
,pp
.59
74.
orig
ins
ofpa
pal
tyra
nny
back
toth
em
iddl
eof
the
eigh
thce
ntur
y,sp
ecif
ica
llyto
the
noto
riou
s‘F
alse
Dec
reta
ls’
ofP
seud
o-Is
idor
e,kn
own
asIs
idor
eM
erca
tor.
6°H
eci
tes
inpa
rtic
ular
the
Qem
enti
neE
pist
les,
part
ofa
coll
ecta
nea
ofsu
ppos
edpa
pal
lett
ers
cont
aine
din
aco
mpi
lati
onof
cano
nla
ws
com
pose
dbe
twee
n84
7an
d85
2,an
dpu
rpor
ted
tobe
the
auth
enti
cw
riti
ngs
ofC
lem
ent
I,ap
osto
lic
Bis
hop
ofR
ome
(88
97).
As
wit
hth
efa
mou
s‘D
onat
ion
ofC
onst
anti
ne’,
the
so-c
alle
dIs
idor
ian
Dec
reta
lsw
ere
acce
pted
asau
then
tic
from
the
tim
eof
thei
rin
itia
lap
pea
ran
ceun
til
the
earl
yR
enai
ssan
ce.
6t
Nic
hola
sof
Cus
aw
asam
ong
the
firs
tto
rais
ese
riou
san
dsp
ecif
icdo
ubts
conc
erni
ngth
eir
auth
enti
city
.62
Dis
cuss
ion
of
the
auth
enti
city
of
the
Dec
reta
lsga
ined
stea
min
the
six
teen
thce
ntur
yin
the
cont
ext
ofth
ede
bate
over
the
eccl
esia
stic
alau
tho
rity
ofP
rinc
esan
dM
agis
trat
es.
The
yw
ere
debu
nked
byW
illi
amM
arsh
all
inhi
sE
ngli
shtr
ansl
atio
nof
the
Def
enso
rP
acis
ofM
arsi
lius
ofP
adua
,pu
blis
hed
unde
rth
epa
tron
age
ofT
hom
asC
rom
wel
lin
the
year
ofJo
hnFi
sher
’sex
ecu
tio
n.
63
The
publ
ishe
r,T
hom
asG
odfr
ay,
also
prin
ted
Mar
shal
l’s
Eng
lish
tran
slat
ion
of
Lor
enzo
Val
la’s
fam
ous
refu
tati
onof
the
auth
enti
city
ofth
e‘D
onat
ion
ofC
onst
anti
ne’.
MF
ollo
win
gth
ele
adof
Cus
anus
,V
alla
,M
arsh
all
and
seve
ral
othe
rs,
Ver
mig
lidi
smis
ses
the
enti
re
i’i’T
heC
le,n
entin
eEp
hstle
.sar
ein
clud
edam
ong
fift
y-ei
ght
out
ofsi
xty
apoc
ryph
alle
tters
orde
cree
sat
trib
uted
toth
epo
pes
from
StC
lem
ent
(88
97)
toM
elch
iade
s(3
1114
)an
dar
eno
wkn
own
tobe
forg
erie
s.Se
eth
eex
celle
ntan
dhi
ghly
acce
ssib
leac
coun
tis
the
essa
yby
E.H
.D
aven
port
,T
he1d
lse
Dec
reta
ls(O
xfor
d:B
lack
wel
l,19
16),
p.xx
ii,C
f.al
soW
illi
amSh
afer
,(‘
os/
ices
pseu
do-I
sido
rian
i:ap
alae
ogra
phic
o-hi
stor
ical
stud
y,M
unum
enta
iuri
sca
noni
ci,
Seri
esC
:S
ubsi
dia
vol.
3(N
ewY
ork:
For
dham
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s,19
71).
Wit
hth
epo
ssib
leex
cept
ion
ofH
incm
arin
the
nint
hce
ntur
yan
dth
egu
arde
dex
pres
sion
ofth
eS
ynod
ofG
erst
unge
n,no
one
rais
edhi
svo
ice
agai
nst
the
forg
erie
stil
lth
efi
ftee
nth
cent
ury.
See
Phi
lip
Scha
ff,
The
New
Sch
afj-
Her
zog
Enc
yclo
pedi
aof
Rel
igio
usK
now
ledg
e,vo
l.IX
(Gra
ndR
apid
s,M
l:B
aker
Boo
kH
ouse
,19
53),
p.34
7.i’
Nic
hola
so
fC
usa,
Dc
Con
cord
anti
aC
’ath
olic
a,B
k11
1,ch
ap.
2,ss
.30
912
;se
eT
heC
atho
lic(‘
onco
rdan
ce,
ed.
and
tran
s.P
aul
Sig
mun
d(C
ambr
idge
:C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity
Pres
s,19
91),
pp.
221
2.C
usan
usal
sode
bunk
s‘D
onat
ion
ofC
onst
anti
ne’:
Dc
(‘on
cord
anti
a,11
1.2.
294-
308
(Sig
mun
d,pp
.21
6(F
).i’
Mar
sili
usof
Pad
ua,
The
defe
nce
of p
eace
:la
tely
tran
slat
edou
to
fla
ten
into
engl
vs.s
he,
with
the
kyng
esm
oste
grac
yous
priu
ileg
e(L
ondo
n:R
ober
tW
yer,
1535
).A
ltho
ugh
com
plet
edin
1324
and
circ
ulat
edin
man
uscr
ipt,
the
orig
inal
Lat
inte
xtw
asno
tpr
inte
dun
til
1522
inth
eB
asel
edit
ion
byB
eatu
sB
ildiu
s.O
pus
insi
gne
cui t
itul
umjè
cit a
utor
[Mar
sili
us]
Dej
enso
rem
paci
s(B
asel
,15
22).
Mar
sili
ushi
mse
lfap
pear
sno
tto
have
been
awar
eo
fth
efo
rger
y.Se
eSh
elle
yC
.L
ockw
ood,
‘Mar
sili
usof
Pad
uaan
dth
eC
ase
for
the
Roy
alE
ccle
sias
tica
lS
upre
mac
y’,
TR
HS
,6/
1(1
990)
:89
119.
i’L
oren
zoV
alla
,D
elis
/so
cred
ita
etem
enti
taC
onst
ant/
nido
nati
one
lihel
lu,s’
(Str
asbo
urg,
1506
);tr
ansl
ated
byW
illi
amM
arsh
all
and
publ
ishe
dby
Tho
mas
God
fray
unde
rth
etit
leA
trea
tyse
oft/
icdo
nati
onor
gy//
ean
den
dow
nsef
nJt
ofp
osse
ssyo
n,s,
gyue
nan
dgr
aunt
edvn
toSy
lue.
ster
pope
ofR
hom
e,by
Con
stan
tyne
empe
rour
of
Rom
e(L
ondo
n:T
hom
asG
odfr
ay,
I534
).
100
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
PE
TE
RM
AR
TY
RV
ER
MIG
L1
AN
DT
HE
EL
IZA
BE
TH
AN
CH
UR
CH
101
edif
ice
ofth
etr
adit
iona
lar
gum
ents
insu
ppor
tof
the
papa
lcl
aim
tople
ni
tudo
pote
itat
lsas
grou
nded
upon
the
Pse
udo-
Isid
oria
nfo
rger
ies.
65
Our
adve
rsar
ies,
’he
says
,bri
ng
the
Epi
stle
ofC
lem
ens,
whi
chis
afa
med
Epi
stle
,as
ath
ing
cert
aine’
.6
6F
orth
esa
keof
argu
men
t,V
erm
igli
allo
ws
the
auth
enti
city
ofth
efo
rger
ies
inor
der
tosh
owth
atin
any
case
they
fail
topr
ovid
eth
ere
quir
edsu
ppor
tfo
rpa
pal
clai
ms.
Ina
puta
tive
Let
ter
toJa
mes
,br
othe
rof
the
Lor
d,C
lem
ent
ackn
owle
dges
him
the
super
scri
pti
onas
by
the
prov
iden
ceof
God
yebi
shop
ofbi
shop
s,go
vern
our
ofth
eC
hurc
hw
hich
isat
Jeru
sale
m,
and
of
a!th
eC
hurc
hes
ever
yw
her
e’.
67
Eve
na
lite
ral
read
ing
of
the
forg
edD
ecre
tals
‘mak
eth
very
em
uche
agay
nste
thos
e,w
hich
have
unto
the
Chu
rche
sob
trud
edth
isE
pist
lefo
rtr
ue,
and
rate
fied
.B
utth
atca
nno
thin
ghu
rtus
,’V
erm
igli
insi
sts,
whi
chis
take
nou
tof
that
epis
tle,
agai
nst
our
doct
rine
.F
orw
ekn
owth
atit
isa
fayn
edth
ing.
asth
atw
hich
was
neve
ral
ledg
edby
any
of
the
fath
ers
thes
eth
inge
sha
veI
rehe
arse
d,on
ely
that
we
mig
htun
ders
tand
,ho
we
muc
hG
ideo
nis
tobe
pref
erre
dbe
fore
the
Ant
echr
iste
sof
Rom
e.’
65
Yet
agai
nG
ideo
nre
-em
erge
sat
the
surf
ace,
alth
ough
Ver
mig
liim
plie
sth
roug
hout
his
exeg
esis
that
Gid
eon
has
neve
rre
ally
been
far
abse
nt.
Inde
ed,
hefr
ames
papa
lcl
aim
sto
aun
iver
sal
patr
iarc
hate
and
toju
ris
dict
ion
over
Chr
isti
anpr
ince
sen
tire
lyw
ithi
nth
eex
eget
ical
cont
ext
ofJu
dges
8.G
ideo
n’s
refu
sal
tore
ign
over
the
trib
eof
Isra
elas
thei
rki
ngre
sts
onth
ete
stim
ony
ofS
crip
ture
,vi
z.D
eute
rono
my
17,
wit
hits
clar
ity
ofdi
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
ndi
vine
and
hum
anau
thor
ity.
He
only
shou
ldbe
king
who
mG
odha
sch
osen
.V
erm
igh’
sex
posi
tion
of
Scr
iptu
re,
the
Fat
hers
,an
dof
Gre
gory
the
Gre
atin
part
icul
ar(w
hose
auth
orit
yw
asm
uch
adm
ired
byth
eca
non
law
yers
),co
mbi
ned
wit
hhi
sde
bunk
ing
ofth
eD
ecre
tals
of
Pse
udo-
Isid
ore
are
all
mar
shal
led
tohi
ghli
ght
the
cent
ral
conc
ern
ofJu
dges
8na
mel
y,w
hat
cons
titu
tes
ava
lid
mea
sure
of
auth
orit
yla
wfu
llygi
ven?
Thr
ough
the
forg
edD
ecre
tals
the
cano
nla
wye
rsha
def
fect
ivel
yre
wri
tten
the
pre-
Con
stan
tini
anP
atri
stic
reco
rdin
a
°A
liho
ugh
atta
cked
rele
ntle
ssly
thro
ugho
utth
esi
xiee
nth
cent
ury
bya
seri
eso
fcr
itic
sin
clud
ing
Era
smus
,th
eC
entu
riat
ors
ofM
agde
hurg
(155
9),
and
Cha
rles
duM
ouli
n,ed
itor
ofth
eC
anon
Law
(155
4>,
the
auth
enti
city
ofth
eD
ecre
tals
was
uphe
ldin
the
offi
cial
lysa
ncti
oned
1580
edit
ion
ofth
eC
anon
Law
,Se
eG
orpu
slu
ris
cano
nici
emen
datu
inci
noti
sil
lust
ratu
mI
Gre
gori
i XII
I.Po
nt.
Ma
cno
iued
ition
,nu
ncin
dici
bus
noui
s,&
appe
ndit
eP
auli
Lan
celo
tiP
erus
ini
adau
ciw
n(P
aris
:[s
n.],
1587
).D
ieco
upde
grac
ess
asfi
nally
deliv
ered
byD
avid
Blo
ndel
inhi
sP
seud
o-ls
idor
usel
Tur
rian
usV
apul
anic
s‘
scu
Edi
tioci
rens
ura
noua
epni
olar
urn
oinn
ium
:qu
aspi
issi
mis
rrbi
sR
oina
eP
rai
iuhb
uia
B.C
lem
ente
adS
trtc
iuin
&c.
(Gen
eva:
Pet
riC
houë
t,16
28).
(‘J
to.
149
:K
ingd
on,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.22
.C
lem
ent
ofR
ome,
Ope
radu
hia,
pis
tD
ecre
iale
s,V
adJa
cobu
mfr
atre
mD
omin
i,PG
1.46
3.(.
Jfo
149
v:K
mgd
on,
Poli
tual
Tho
ught
,p
22.
man
ner
suit
edto
the
earl
ym
edie
val
atte
mpt
toas
sert
eccl
esia
stic
alin
de
pend
ence
ofan
din
deed
prim
acy
ofju
risd
icti
onov
erro
yal
and
impe
rial
pow
er.
The
mag
nitu
deof
this
rew
riti
ngof
the
Pat
rist
icre
cord
ough
tno
tto
beun
dere
stim
ated
:sc
hola
rsno
wre
cogn
ise
that
fully
fift
y-ei
ght
out
ofsi
xty
apoc
ryph
alle
tter
sor
decr
ees
attr
ibut
edto
bish
ops
ofR
ome
betw
een
the
apos
toli
cpe
riod
and
the
conv
ersi
onof
Con
stan
tine
,th
atis
from
Cle
men
tI
(88—
97)
toM
elch
iade
s(3
11—
14),
are
forg
erie
s.T
hepr
esen
ceof
the
occa
sion
alau
then
tic
docu
men
tw
asdo
ubtl
ess
aru
seto
lend
cred
ence
toth
ere
st,
and
thus
they
serv
eto
com
poun
dth
efo
rger
y.
69
How
,th
en,
isth
em
edie
val
flex
ing
of
the
papa
lm
uscl
ean
over
turn
ing
ofdi
vine
rule
?A
ccor
ding
toV
erm
igli’
sin
terp
reta
tion
ofJu
dges
8,by
sub
mit
ting
toa
rule
rw
hose
righ
tde
rive
dde
mon
stra
bly
from
men
rath
erth
andi
rect
lyfr
omG
od,
the
med
ieva
lC
hurc
hpl
ainl
yst
ands
asth
ean
alog
ueof
the
trib
eof
Isra
elin
the
Boo
kof
Judg
es.
Inef
fect
,in
oppo
siti
onto
the
godl
yex
ampl
ese
tby
Gid
eon,
the
papa
cyha
dfa
iled
tow
eigh
whe
ther
such
juri
sdic
tion
had
infa
ctbe
enla
wfu
llyes
tabl
ishe
d,an
din
that
fail
ure
conf
used
the
sour
ces
ofri
ght
prop
erto
the
heav
enly
and
the
eart
hly
kin
gd
om
s.7
0M
oreo
ver,
inth
epa
ssag
ein
ques
tion
Gid
eon
not
only
refu
ses
toru
leon
his
own
part
,he
also
refu
ses
ady
nast
y:‘R
eign
eth
ouov
erus
,bo
thth
ouan
dth
yso
nne
and
thy
sonn
esso
nne,
’to
whi
chhe
repl
ied
‘Iw
illno
tra
ygne
over
you,
neit
her
shal
my
chil
dre
igne
over
you.
’N
om
erel
yn
atu
ral,
hum
ansu
cces
sion
ofau
thor
ity
can
disp
lace
divi
neap
poin
tmen
t,w
heth
erit
bea
dyna
stic
succ
essi
onof
king
sin
the
case
ofth
etr
ibe
ofIs
rael
,or
anap
osto
lic
succ
essi
onof
lord
lybi
shop
sin
the
case
ofth
eC
hurc
h.U
nive
rsal
spir
itua
ldo
min
ion
isC
hris
t’s,
and
Chr
ist’
sal
one.
As
Gid
eon
refu
sed
the
offe
rof
the
trib
eof
Isra
el,
soal
so‘C
hris
tre
ject
edS
atha
n,w
hen
hepr
omis
edhy
mal
lth
eki
ngdo
ms
ofth
ew
orl
d’.
7t
And
this
,V
erm
igli
conc
lude
s,‘t
heP
ope
cons
ider
eth
not’
.W
hat,
then
,be
com
esof
the
auth
orit
yof
Pri
nces
them
selv
es?
Thi
sw
asdo
ubtl
ess
aneq
uall
ypr
essi
ngqu
esti
onto
both
the
Cou
ncil
ofZ
uric
han
dto
ayo
ung
Que
enan
dhe
rP
arli
amen
t.If
Chr
ist
alon
eis
head
ofth
eC
hurc
h,an
dif
Gid
eon
just
ifia
bly
refu
sed
the
king
ship
ofIs
rael
,th
enis
all
eart
hly
king
ship
done
away
?C
anth
ere
bean
yea
rthl
yru
lers
ofei
ther
Chu
rch
orC
omm
onw
ealt
h?V
erm
igli
asks
rhet
oric
ally
,w
ill‘t
heru
lean
dgo
vern
men
tof
God
beth
eref
ore
excl
uded
,be
caus
eth
eM
agis
trat
eof
apu
blik
ew
ealt
h,or
ofA
rist
ocra
tia,
orof
aki
ngdo
me,
isge
ven
unto
am
an?’
’2
69D
aven
port
,Fa
lse
Dec
reta
lsp.
xxii.
°ci
fo.
147
r;K
ingd
on,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.16
.71
Mal
t.4:
810
;L
uke
4:5
8.72
QJ
fo.
149
C;
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
22.
102
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
PETE
RM
AR
TYR
VE
RM
IGL
IA
ND
THE
ELIZ
AB
ETH
AN
CH
UR
CH
103
Thi
sw
asth
eA
naha
ptis
tin
fere
nce,
but
mos
tas
sure
dly
not
Ver
mig
li’s,
nor
inde
edth
atof
any
ofth
em
agis
teri
alR
efor
mer
s.F
orth
eF
lore
ntin
eth
eau
thor
ity
ofth
ego
dly
civi
lm
agis
trat
edo
esno
tin
here
ntly
conf
lict
wit
hth
eel
evat
ion
ofdi
vine
rule
,O
nth
eco
ntra
ry,
the
exer
cise
ofju
risd
icti
onin
mat
ters
ofre
ligi
onex
hibi
tsth
eri
ght
rela
tion
ofhu
man
and
divi
neso
urce
sof
pow
eras
expr
esse
dth
roug
hsu
chpa
ssag
esof
Scr
iptu
reas
Judg
es8:
‘for
asm
uch
asth
ead
min
istr
atio
n,w
here
wit
hG
odgo
vern
eth
publ
ike
wea
lthe
s,hi
ndre
thno
tth
eM
agis
trat
e,w
hich
ishi
sV
icar
and
Min
iste
r.A
ndas
sure
dly
God
raig
ned
toge
ther
wit
hD
avid
and
Josi
as:
and
the
Isra
elit
esat
that
tym
eha
da
cert
aine
Mag
istr
ate,
and
one
ofth
eir
own,
wit
hw
hom
also
God
him
self
eal
sogover
ned
.’7
3T
his
pass
age
issi
gni
fica
nt,
for
itsu
gges
tsth
atit
ispo
ssib
leto
unit
eru
leby
hum
anri
ght
and
rule
bydi
vine
righ
tco
oper
ativ
ely
yet
dist
inct
ly,
and
wit
hout
the
conf
usio
nof
one
wit
hth
eot
her,
aco
nfus
ion
whi
chG
ideo
nen
deav
oure
dto
avoi
d.T
hepr
oble
mof
king
ship
asV
erm
igli
form
ulat
esit
mir
rors
,in
this
resp
ect,
the
logi
cof
Cha
lced
onia
nC
hris
tolo
gy:
the
diff
icul
tyis
not
som
uch
inth
eco
njun
ctio
nof
the
natu
ral
orhu
man
and
the
supe
rnat
ural
ordi
vine
sour
ces
ofri
ght.
Err
orar
ises
whe
nth
ere
isa
fail
ure
todi
stin
guis
hcl
earl
ybe
twee
nth
ese
two
sour
ces
ofpo
wer
whe
nth
eyar
eco
njoi
ned,
asdi
dth
eIs
rael
ites
who
offe
red
the
king
ship
toG
ideo
n,or
the
peop
lein
John
6w
hoof
fere
dC
hris
tth
eki
ngdo
m,
orth
eC
hurc
hin
upho
ldin
gth
epa
pal
hege
mon
y.In
deed
,V
erm
igli
ters
ely
sum
sup
the
conf
usio
nof
the
two
natu
res
orso
urce
sof
pow
erby
the
nam
eof
Ant
echr
iste
’.O
nce
agai
nV
erm
igli
quot
esG
rego
ryag
ains
tth
eca
non
law
yers
:‘V
here
fore
let
not
our
men
mer
vayl
e,if
we
som
etim
eca
lth
ebi
shop
ofR
ome
Ant
echr
ist,
for
asm
uch
asth
eir
Gre
gory
,ca
lled
thhi
mby
that
mos
tgo
odly
title
,w
hich
wilb
eun
iver
sal
bis
ho
p.’
74
Ver
mig
lido
esno
tal
low
that
the
Ana
bapt
ist
affi
rmat
ion
ofso
lus
C’h
ristu
,sC
hris
t’s
sole
clai
mto
spir
itua
lau
thor
ity
over
the
univ
ersa
lch
urch
anni
hila
tes
the
sove
reig
nty
of
Pri
nces
;on
the
cont
rary
.T
hein
stit
utio
nof
mag
istr
ates
,w
heth
erof
am
onar
chy,
are
publ
ic,
orA
rist
ocra
tia’
the
latt
erpe
rhap
sm
ost
near
lyap
prox
imat
ing
the
con
stit
utio
nal
arra
ngem
ent
unde
rth
ere
gim
eof
the
Judg
essu
chau
thor
ity
inth
eci
vil
real
mof
the
‘pub
like
wea
lth’
ispl
ainl
yor
dain
edof
God
and
isth
usa
law
ful
mod
eof
rule
.‘T
here
was
apu
blik
ew
ealt
hth
enin
Isra
el,
they
had
Sen
atou
rs,
and
inal
plac
esth
erw
erJu
dges
appo
inte
d:w
here
fore
Ci
to14
9K
ingd
on,
Po
ltta
lJh
ough
t,p.
27C
ito
.14
7K
mgd
on,
Pol
itic
alih
ough
i,p.
17.
the
form
eof
the
publ
ike
wea
lth
coul
dno
tby
men
bech
ange
d,w
itho
utgr
eat
off
ence
.’75
Insh
ort,
the
civi
lco
nsti
tuti
onin
forc
eha
sdi
vine
sanc
tion
,an
d,as
Aug
usti
neha
dar
gued
befo
rehi
m,
Ver
mig
lipr
ocee
dsto
affi
rmth
ela
wfu
lau
thor
ity
even
of
such
tyra
nts
asN
ero,
Dom
itia
n,C
omm
odus
,an
dot
hers
.H
ein
voke
sA
ugus
tine’
sth
eodi
cyof
the
auth
or
ityof
mag
istr
ates
asa
rem
edy
for
sin
(rem
ediu
mpe
ccal
i)-
‘God
uset
hth
emto
puni
shth
ew
icke
dnes
sof
the
peop
le:
for
the
synn
esof
the
peop
le,
hem
aket
han
hypo
crit
eto
rayg
ne,
and
inhi
sfu
ryhe
geve
thkin
ges
.’76
Whe
npr
ince
sar
eco
rrup
tth
eym
ust
beob
eyed
‘usq
uead
aras
’th
atis,
‘so
farr
eas
reli
gion
suff
reth
’.7
7A
ndm
aysu
bjec
tsor
‘pri
vate
men
’ta
keit
upon
them
selv
esto
resi
sta
tyra
ntor
toal
ter
the
cons
titu
tion
?O
nth
ispo
int
Ver
mig
liin
voke
sno
less
anau
thor
ity
insu
ppor
tof
pass
ive
obed
ien
ceth
anC
aesa
rA
ugus
tus,
who
repr
iman
ded
Str
abo
for
spea
king
illof
Cat
o:‘h
ew
asa
good
Cit
izen
,w
hich
cont
ende
dth
atth
epr
esen
tst
ate
ofth
inge
ssh
ould
not
bech
ang
ed’.
78
Ari
sto
tle
and
Scr
iptu
re
Impl
icit
inV
erm
igli’
sex
eges
isof
Judg
es8,
we
wou
ldpr
opos
e,is
the
Ari
stot
elia
ndi
ctum
that
the
end
ofth
esc
ienc
eof
poli
tics
isth
ego
odfo
rm
an,
and
the
end
ofth
eci
tyto
live
wel
lan
dvi
rtuo
usly
(cu’
f’v).
The
poli
tica
lsc
ienc
eof
the
cano
nla
wye
rsun
derm
ines
the
purs
uit
ofth
isen
dby
prom
otin
gth
eco
nfus
edru
leof
the
Ant
ichr
ist.
Ifso
beth
ouw
iltde
mau
nd,w
hen
itis
tobe
thou
ght t
hat G
oddo
thgo
vern
and
rule
inot
her
Mag
istra
tes?
Ian
swer
:Th
en,
whe
nth
isis
onel
ypr
ovid
edfo
rth
atC
itiz
ens
may
live
virt
uous
ly.
And
fora
smuc
has
piet
yis
of
alvir
tues
yem
ost
exce
llent
,the
Lord
doth
then
raig
ne,w
hen
aith
ings
arre
ferr
edun
toit.
Far
ther
,as
touc
hing
civi
lac
tions
,w
hen
toev
ery
man
isre
ndre
dhi
sow
n,an
dM
agis
trat
esgover
ne
no
tfo
rth
eir
own
com
modit
y,
but
for
the
publi
ke
uti
lity
.79
C’J
fo.
149
v’;
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
23.
C’J
fo.
150
r’;
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
23.
See
verm
iglC
sch
oliu
rnon
2Sa
m.
3,‘O
fW
arre
’.(‘
P4.
17.
fo.
282.
For
Aug
usti
ne,
war
isfr
eque
ntly
the
‘rem
edy
for
sin’
inhu
man
hist
ory.
Dc
civi
tate
Del
XIX
.12,
p.27
.“
(‘.1
fo.
150
r’;
Kin
gdon
,P
olit
ical
Tho
ught
,p.
23.
Mac
robi
us,
Sat
urna
lia,
11,4
,18.
Mac
rob/
fA
ncbr
o.itf
Theo
clos
tf,ui
rico
tuul
ara
&lil
actri
.8,In
Soin
niu,
nSc
4vio
nisl
ib.
II.
Sat
urna
lior
u,nl
ib.
VII
(Lyo
n:S
ebas
tian
Gry
phiu
s,15
42).
C’J
fo.
150
r;K
ingd
on,
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.24
.C
ifo
.14
9v’
;K
ingd
on.
Pol
itic
alT
houg
ht,
p.23
.
1 04
Tor
ranc
eK
irby
PETE
RM
AR
TYR
VE
RM
IGL
IA
ND
THE
ELIZ
AB
ETH
AN
CH
UR
CH
105
Itis
for
the
sake
ofpi
ety
and
the
publ
icgo
odth
atG
ideo
nre
fuse
dth
eoi
ler
ofa
crow
n,it
isal
sofo
rth
esa
keof
piet
yan
dth
epu
blic
good
that
Ver
mig
liur
ges
reje
ctio
nof
the
‘unl
awfu
lS
upre
mac
ie’
ofth
epa
pacy
.P
iety
reco
gnis
esw
hat
belo
ngs
toG
odan
dw
hat
tom
en,
and
how
toac
ton
that
reco
gnit
ion
both
priv
atel
yan
dpo
litic
ally
.In
his
intr
oduc
tion
toth
eN
ico
rnac
hea
nE
thic
sA
rist
otle
clai
ms
that
gove
rnm
ent
isth
epr
inci
pal
and
arch
itec
toni
car
tof
all
prac
tica
lac
tivit
y.
80
itis
the
‘mas
ter
art’
that
aim
sat
the
know
ledg
ean
dth
een
joym
ent
ofth
eG
ood,
and
thro
ugh
that
aim
seek
sth
ego
alol
’be
atit
ude
(tO
ut0
oviu
).B
ym
eans
ofhi
sim
plie
did
enti
fica
tion
of
the
Chr
isti
anco
mm
onw
ealt
hw
ith
Ari
stot
le’s
com
mun
ity
ofvi
rtue
.V
erm
igli
attr
ibut
esth
eca
reof
relig
ion
toth
eso
vere
ign
pow
erof
the
go
dl
Mag
istr
ate.
Lik
eG
ideo
n.th
eM
agis
trat
eas
bene
fact
ordi
rect
sth
elif
eof
the
com
mon
wea
lth
tow
ards
itshi
ghes
tap
poin
ted
end
and
itis
thro
ugh
the
inst
rum
enta
lity
ofth
eM
agis
trat
eth
atth
edi
vine
purp
ose
ofth
ehu
man
enjo
ym
ent
ofG
odis
prom
oted
.It
isth
roug
hth
eag
ency
ofth
isgo
dly
Mag
istr
ate
that
ari
ght
dist
inct
ion
ism
aint
aine
dbe
twee
nth
edi
vine
and
hum
anso
urce
sof
auth
orit
y,an
dth
eco
mm
unit
yde
live
red
fro
mth
eco
nfus
ion
of
the
two
that
is‘t
hefo
unta
yne,
ofjs
Jpri
ng,
and
begi
nnin
gof
alev
ilsan
dsu
pers
titi
ons’
.C
onst
itut
iona
lcl
arit
yco
ntri
bute
sto
acl
eare
run
ders
tand
ing
ofth
epr
inci
ples
cond
uciv
eto
piet
y.it
isve
rym
uch
inth
esp
irit
of
Ver
mig
li’s
exeg
esis
ofJu
dges
8th
atR
icha
rdH
ooke
rso
uld
late
rcl
aim
inhi
sD
edic
ator
yE
pist
leto
Boo
kV
ofhi
str
eati
seO
f1/
icLa
wt’s
ofE
ccie
sias
tlea
/IP
olit
ic:
Br
the
‘ii
on/o
fG
odan
dG
et/e
on,
was
som
etim
eth
ecr
yof
the
peop
leof
Lcra
el,
soit
mig
ht
dese
rved
lybe
atth
isday
the
joyf
ulSo
ngof
innu
mer
able
mul
titud
es,
\ca.
the
Em
ble
mat
’som
eE
stat
esan
dD
omin
ions
inth
ew
orld
, and
(whi
chm
ust
heet
erna
llco
ntes
tev
enith
tear
sat’
than
kful
ness
)th
etr
ueIn
scri
ptio
n,St
ile,
orT
itle
atal
lC
hurc
hes
asye
tst
andi
ngw
ithin
this
Rea
lm,
By
the
good
ness
ofA
hnii
hjj
God
,an
dhi
,sse
rvan
tE
lizab
eth,
we
are
81
Con
clus
ion
Alt
hough
muc
hne
glec
ted
byhis
tori
ans
and
poli
tica
lth
eori
sts
afte
r16
00(a
ndon
lyve
ryre
cent
lyha
ving
beco
me
asu
bjec
tof
keen
scho
larl
yin
ter
est)
,in
Ed
war
din
ean
dE
liza
bet
han
Engla
nd
Ver
mig
liw
asre
gar
ded
byhi
s
Ans
totl
c,L
i/ui
..
I.2(
1U94
a17
i094
h10)
Acc
ordi
ngto
Ari
stot
le,
the
poli
ncal
an(r
eclin
e)ai
ms
atth
ehi
ghes
tgo
odan
d‘is
mos
ttr
uly
the
arch
itec
toni
car
t’IL
LV
Ded
1(1:
r7.2
18.
cont
empo
rari
esas
apr
e-em
inen
tle
ader
ofin
tern
atio
nal
Ref
orm
thro
ugh-
out
his
care
er.
Mor
eove
r,hi
s‘a
uclo
rita
s’am
ong
mem
bers
ofth
eE
lizab
etha
nes
tab
lish
men
t,82
atle
ast
unti
lth
ela
te15
80s,
was
un
mat
ched
byan
yo
ther
cont
inen
tal
refo
rmer
,w
ith
the
poss
ible
exce
ptio
nof
Hei
nric
hB
ullin
ger.
Ver
mig
li’s
deci
sive
cont
ribu
tion
sto
the
form
atio
nof
the
Eli
zabe
than
reli
giou
san
dco
nsti
tuti
onal
sett
lem
ent
are
only
begi
nnin
gto
rece
ive
due
ackn
owle
dgem
ent
bym
oder
nhi
stor
iogr
aphy
.A
ckno
wle
dgem
ent
ofV
erm
igli’
sin
flue
nce,
com
bine
dw
ith
that
ofot
her
Zur
ich
divi
nes
onE
ngli
shth
eolo
gyfr
omth
eac
cess
ion
ofE
dwar
dV
Ith
roug
hth
eco
nso
lida
tion
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anS
ettl
emen
t,op
ens
uppo
ssib
ilit
ies
of
afr
esh
pers
pect
ive
onso
me
ofth
ece
ntra
lin
terp
reta
tion
san
dth
eori
esco
nce
rnin
gth
ein
tell
ectu
alch
arac
ter
ofth
eE
ngli
shR
efor
mat
ion.
Of
part
icul
arim
port
ance
isth
ere
cogn
itio
nth
atth
eE
liza
beth
anes
tabl
ishm
ent
unde
r-st
ood
the
task
ofar
ticu
lati
ngth
epr
inci
ples
and
aim
sof
the
poli
tica
lan
dre
ligi
ous
sett
lem
ent
of15
59,
and
inpa
rtic
ular
ofth
eR
oyal
Sup
rem
acy,
inac
cord
wit
hid
eas
arti
cula
ted
byV
erm
igli,
Bul
ling
eran
dot
her
repre
sen
tati
ves
ofth
eSc
/rot
aT
igu
rin
a.T
here
ceiv
edin
terp
reta
tion
ofth
ese
ttle
men
tas
the
wor
kof
poli
tica
lex
igen
cyan
dpr
agm
atic
com
prom
ise
rath
erth
anan
ycl
ear
view
ofR
efor
med
theo
logi
cal
prin
cipl
es—
asa
‘set
tlem
ent
ofre
ligio
n’bu
tno
ta
genu
inel
y‘r
elig
ious
sett
lem
ent’
—be
com
esm
ore
diff
icul
tto
sust
ain
the
mor
ecl
osel
yth
ein
flue
nce
ofV
erm
igli
isad
dres
sed.
Pat
rick
Col
lins
onob
serv
edth
at‘t
heac
cess
ion
ofth
eP
rote
stan
tE
liza
beth
aton
cere
vive
dde
eply
root
edno
tion
sof
the
Chu
rch
asa
grea
tpu
blic
corp
orat
ion,
one
wit
hth
eco
mm
onw
ealt
han
dpr
esid
edov
erby
roya
lg
ov
ernors
’.83
Was
this
‘Con
stan
tini
an’
Era
stia
nim
puls
em
erel
ypr
agm
atic
com
prom
ise,
orw
asit
reco
ncila
ble
wit
hth
eC
hurc
hof
Eng
land
’scl
aim
toad
here
toth
ees
sent
ial
tene
tsof
Ref
orm
edP
rote
stan
tor
thod
oxy?
Was
refo
rmed
doct
rine
atso
me
deep
unde
rlyi
ngle
vel
cont
radi
ctor
yof
the
inst
itut
ions
esta
blis
hed
unde
rth
eS
ettl
emen
tof
1559
?W
ere
theo
logy
52In
his
dedi
cati
onof
his
1583
edit
ion
ofVe
rmig
li’s
com
mon
plac
esto
Que
enE
lizab
eth,
Ant
hony
Mar
ten
obse
rves
asfo
llow
s:‘1
cann
otbu
tca
llto
min
dw
ithio
iean
dre
uere
nce,
that
this
our
nati
ueco
untr
iedi
dfi
rst
ofal
lki
ngdo
ms
inth
ew
orld
,fa
ithf
ulli
ere
ceiu
e,an
dpu
blik
elie
prof
esse
the
reli
gion
of
Chr
ist.
And
itre
iois
eth
me
muc
hm
ore,
that
afte
rso
long
and
sofo
ule
afa
llof
the
hous
eof
God
,th
isof
all
othe
rki
ngdo
ms
did
firs
top
enli
ein
deuo
urto
repa
ire
the
ruin
esth
ereo
f:a
prin
cipa
llla
bour
erin
whi
chw
orke
was
D.
Pet
erM
arty
r,w
holo
ngsu
stei
ned
upon
his
owne
,an
dal
mos
ton
lie
shou
lder
sth
egr
eate
stw
eigh
tof
this
burt
hen
.‘S
eeT
heC
omm
onpl
aces
oJ
the
mos
tfam
ous
and
reno
wnu
edD
iuin
edo
ctor
Pet
erM
arty
r:di
vide
din
toJo
ure
prin
cupa
llpu
rrs,
tran
sla
ted
and
part
lie
gath
ered
byA
ntho
nie
Mar
ten,
one
ofth
eSe
wer
sof
hir
Mam
estie
sm
ost
Hon
oura
ble
Cha
mbe
r(L
ondo
n:H
.D
enha
m,
1583
),fo
.A
iii‘e
rso
Aiv
red
o.
On
Bul
hnge
r’s
auct
orit
asse
eth
efi
rst
chap
ter
of
my
The
Zur
ich
Con
nect
ion,
pp.
9,25
-42.
83P
atri
ckC
olli
nson
,T
heE
liza
beth
anP
urit
anM
ovem
ent
(Lon
don:
Cap
ePr
ess,
1967
),p.
24.
106
Tor
ram
eK
irby
and
ecci
esio
logy
ulti
mat
ely
irre
conc
ilab
le?
Was
the
Set
tlem
ent
real
lyta
nta
mou
ntto
Dia
rmai
dM
acC
ullo
clis
‘the
olog
ical
cuck
ooin
the
nest
’,th
atis,
the
embr
ace
ofa
refo
rmed
evan
geli
cal
teac
hing
wit
hin
anun
refo
rmed
cons
erva
tive
inst
itut
iona
lse
ttin
gfu
ndam
enta
lly
atod
dsw
ith
the
firs
tpr
inci
ples
pro
clai
med
?54
0i
alte
rnat
ivel
y,w
asth
eS
ettl
emen
tpo
liti
call
yan
dth
eolo
gica
lly
cohe
rent
wit
hth
epl
atfo
rmof
cont
inen
tal
mag
este
rial
refo
rm?
The
supp
osit
ion
ofsu
cha
conf
lict
ofth
eolo
gica
lpr
inci
ple
and
cons
titu
tion
alpr
acti
ceat
the
hear
tof
the
Eli
zabe
than
Chu
rch
was
cer
tain
lyth
eco
mm
onvi
ewta
ken
byth
eSe
ttlem
ent’
sD
isci
plin
aria
npu
rita
ncr
itics
just
asit
curr
entl
yco
lour
sth
ein
terp
reta
tion
ofth
eS
ettl
emen
tse
tlb
rwar
dby
prev
aili
ng‘E
nglis
hex
cept
iona
list
’hi
stor
iogr
aphy
.W
ew
ould
argu
eth
atcl
oser
exam
inat
ion
ofth
eco
ntri
buti
ons
ofP
eter
Mar
tyr
Ver
mig
lian
dth
eZ
uric
hdi
vine
sto
the
form
ulat
ion
ofth
edo
ctri
nean
dor
der
ofth
eE
ngli
shC
hurc
hpr
ovid
ea
corr
ecti
veto
the
usua
lre
spon
seto
this
ques
tion
,an
dth
atV
erm
igli,
asre
pres
enta
tive
ofw
hat
som
eha
vete
amed
‘the
othe
rR
efor
med
trad
itio
n’,
disc
lose
sa
path
ofin
terp
reta
tion
open
toth
eco
mpa
tibi
lity
of
the
doct
rine
and
inst
itut
ions
ofth
eE
liza
beth
anS
ettl
emen
tw
ith
aco
here
nt,
self
-con
sist
entv
isio
nof
refo
rmed
orth
odox
y.
“D
iarm
adM
ae(’
ulio
eh,
The
Lat
erR
eforn
at(0
0in
Eng
land
,15
4716
1)3,
2nd
edn
(New
Yor
k:P
aigr
ave
Pres
s,20
00),
p.29
.e
Way
neB
akei
,H
eznr
wh
Ru/
linge
ran
dth
e(‘
oien
ant
Lii
iot
her
Ref
orm
edT
radi
tion
(Ath
ens,
OH
:O
hio
tm
veis
oyPi
ess,
1980
).
