Elicited Behaviors - Coursepsy381.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/chapter3and4.pdf · Chapter 3...
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10/12/15 1 Chapter 3 Elicited Behaviors 10/12/15 1 Fixed action pattern: more complex than simple reflexes. E.g. web building by spiders, V-shaped formation flying by birds. 10/12/15 2 Fixed action patterns tend to be unique to certain species and are therefore sometimes called species-specific behaviors. The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a sign stimulus or releaser. • Betta splendens aggressive posture to another male (the releaser) 10/12/15 3 sign stimulus or releaser. E.g. Deer have an inborn tendency to run a zigzag pattern when being pursued by a predator. Confuses the predator. Increases the deer’s chances of survival in wild. But when it is being pursued down the highway by a car? 10/12/15 4
Transcript of Elicited Behaviors - Coursepsy381.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/chapter3and4.pdf · Chapter 3...
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Chapter 3
Elicited Behaviors
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� Fixed action pattern: more complex than simple reflexes. E.g. web building by spiders, V-shaped formation flying by birds.
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Fixed action patterns tend to be unique to certain species and are therefore sometimes called species-specific behaviors.
� The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a sign stimulus or releaser.
• Betta splendens
� aggressive posture to � another male (the releaser)
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� sign stimulus or releaser. � E.g. Deer have an inborn tendency to run a zigzag pattern
when being pursued by a predator. ¡ Confuses the predator. ¡ Increases the deer’s chances of survival in wild. ¡ But when it is being pursued down the highway by a car?
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Simple Mechanisms
� Habituation and Sensitization � a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following
repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. � an increase in the strength of an elicited behavior following
repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. � Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an
example of ___________; becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ____________.
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Simple Mechanisms
� Habituation and Sensitization � A low-intensity stimulus, such as the ticking of a clock,
typically results in habituation, while a high-intensity stimulus, such as exploding artillery shells, typically results in sensitization.
� A stimulus of intermediate intensity often results in an initial period of sensitization followed by habituation.
� the adaptive (or evolutionary) significance of the stimulus. ¡ If a stimulus is extremely relevant, perhaps even
dangerous, we may even become sensitized to it. � From an evolutionary perspective, if a stimulus is irrelevant or “safe,”
we tend to ______ to it, whereas if a stimulus is perceived as a signal of danger we will become _________ to it.
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Simple Mechanisms
� Habituation and Sensitization � Habituation and sensitization represent two opposing
tendencies: weaker reactivity to a stimulus versus stronger reactivity. dual mechanism.
� How about emotion? � Suppose you purchase a lottery ticket during a visit home. Next
weekend, your mom phones to tell you the winning numbers, you discover that you have won $50,000! Wow! You are absolutely elated. Unfortunately, an hour later you receive another call from your mom informing you that she made a mistake on the numbers. It turns out that you only won $50. You are now extremely disappointed even though you are still $50 better off than when you climbed out of bed that morning.
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Opponent-Process Theory
� An emotional event elicits two competing processes. � The presentation of shock directly elicits a tendency for the
dog’s heart rate to increaseàa-process. (primary response) � Elicits a compensatory reaction that tries to decrease the
heart rateàb-process. (opponent response) � The purpose is to maintain a relatively balanced internal
state known as homeostasis. � The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a
strong emotional response is often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) ________ emotional response.
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Opponent-Process Theory
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Opponent-Process Theory
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Opponent-Process Theory
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� Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ____-_______________. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ____-_______________.
Opponent-Process Theory
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With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process increases in both strength and duration.
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Chapter 3
Classical Condititoning (CC)
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CC
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� research on digestive secretions as well as the neural mechanisms that control them.
� 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine � 20 years studying digestive system
Ivan Pavlov
CC
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� Discovered the CC just by coincidence. � Asistant-meat association � 30 years studying learning � Pavlovian conditioning
CC
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� What were dogs thinking or feeling? How did they know he was going to feed them? Did they see, smell or associate him with food?
� Examines the phenomenon objectively using experiments!
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CC
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� Unconditioned Stimuli and Response (UCS & UCR) ¡ UCS (food) & UCR (salivation) ¡ occurs naturally, automatically, unconditionally. ¡ NOT learned, like reflex
� USC (electric shock) à UCR (?) � USC (knee tapping) à UCR (?)
CC
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� Conditioned Stimuli and Response (CS & CR)
¡ CS (tone/bell) & CR (salivation) ¡ originally NEUTRAL stimulus, that, after
being paired with UCS, triggers CR. ¡ learned, NOT automatic. ¡ not naturally occurring.
CC
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CC
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CC
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Learning occurs through pairing in time and place of one stimulus with another stimulus that produces a response. Contiguity? The response is involuntary.
CC
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Difference between CR and UCR
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� CR and UCR differ from each other regarding ___? ¡ Amount of response (e.g. Drop of saliva) ¡ CR is less intense compared to UCR. ¡ Latency (UCR starts immediately after the presentation of
UCS)
CC-Examples
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� using a puff of air toward the eyeà? � eyeblinkà? � Susan wants to use classical conditioning to teach
her cat to come to her whenever she calls him. In this case, Susan’s voice would be the: (a) CS (b) US (c) CR (d) UR
� On the very first training trial, Susan’s cat walks toward her, the animal’s behavior would best be described as a: (a) CS (b) US (c) CR (d) UR
� The US is: (a) Susan’s voice (b) the animal’s reaction to Susan’s voice (c) both a and b could be the US (d) unknown
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CC-Examples
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� Onionàcrying � Whistleàcrying
� CS: a product (car) � UCS: attractive person � CR: being happy
¡ (an emotional response)
CC-Examples
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During conditioning Taste of lemon→sight of lemon→ physiological
responses
(……………) (………….) (….………) After conditioning sight of lemon→ physiological responses (…………….) (…………)
CC-Examples
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� Fear conditioning
CC-Examples
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� In a classical conditioning experiment, an experimenter declares a flash of light to be the CS, an electric shock as the US, and a fear reaction as the UR (as well as, eventually, the CR). The acquisition phase of this experiment would involve presenting:
(a) the shock by itself (b) the light by itself (c) the light with the shock (d) the shock with the fear
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Little Albert (Watson and Rayner)
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� Noiseàfear responses � Ratàfear responses
What’s learned in CC?
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� The critical association in classical conditioning is between the CS and the UCS, or even to several CSs.
� S-S Theory ¡ Establishing an association between UCS and CS. ¡ Once one is presented the CS, s/he remembers the UCS.
CS -------à mental representation of UCS -----àCR
S-S learning
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UCS
CS
UCR
Appetitive vs. Aversive Conditioning
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� When UCS is a pleasant stimuli, it’s called appetitive conditioning (e.g. Food, water, addictive drugs, sexual stimuli), whereas
� When UCS is an unpleasant stimuli, it’s called aversive conditioning (e.g. Electric shock, painful bite, unpleasant odor).
� Example: conditioned suppression or conditioned emotional response (CER)
� Pressing the levelà Food � 30" Tone: 1" Shock à Fear (stop pressing the level)
NS US UR
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Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Conditioning
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� Excitatory: NS is associated with the presentation of a UCS. ¡ Rat is consistently shocked when a tone is presented. ¡ Tone will become an excitatory stimulus for shock. ¡ excitatory CS is usually labeled a CS+
� Inhibitory: NS is associated with the absence or removal of a UCS. ¡ if the rat is never shocked when a tone and a light are
presented together, the light will become an inhibitory CS for shock because it explicitly signals the absence of shock.
¡ the inhibitory CS is labeled a CS−.
Chapter 3&4
Classical Condititoning (CC)
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Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� Delayed Conditioning
interstimulus interval or ISI
Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� Trace Conditioning
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Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� Simultaneous Conditioning
Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� Backward Conditioning
Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� Backward Conditioning
When the NS is a “biologically relevant” stimulus for fear, backward c. might work. If instead of a tone as the NS for shock, we use the sight of a snake, then backward conditioning might occur.
Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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Temporal Arrangement of Stimuli
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� I feel a bite and then see the dog that bit me. This is an example of a _____ conditioning procedure which is _____ to be effective. ¡ backward; likely ¡ delayed; unlikely ¡ delayed; likely ¡ backward; unlikely
Feeling a bite and then noticing the dog is an example of a(n) ____ conditioning procedure, while briefly noticing the dog and then later feeling a bite is an example of a(n) ______ conditioning procedure.
Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
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� Acquisition is the process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of NS and UCS.
� more-intense USs produce stronger and more rapid conditioning than do less-intense USs. (e.g. a large amount of food or a highly preferred food)
Acquisition,
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The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place
, Extinction,
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� A conditioned response (CR) can be weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented in the absence of the US.
� Once a CR has been extinguished, one should not assume that the effects of conditioning have been completely eliminated.
Bellà No salivation “NS” —
� Although CS loses its power through extinction, it is no longer a pure neutral stimulus.
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and Spontaneous Recovery
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following a rest period after extinction. � This phenomenon indicates that extinction involves
learning something new to inhibit the occurrence of the CR in the presence of the CS. E.g. the dog learns to inhibit the response of salivation to the bell.
� Disinhibition is the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a novel stimulus is introduced.
Bell à Weak salivation (Partial extinction) CS CR (Presentation of the novel humming noise in background) Novel humming noise { Bell à Salivation CS CR
and Spontaneous Recovery
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�
� Each time the response recovers, it is somewhat weaker and it is extinguished more quickly than before.
Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
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Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
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� Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the CS.
White Rat Fear White Rabbit Fear White mask Fear
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Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
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� Semantic generalization: the generalization of a conditioned response to verbal stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS.
sight of the word car Fear automobile or truck Fear bar or tar NO Fear response
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination
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� Stimulus discrimination: the tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another.
2,000-Hz tone has become an excitatory CS (or CS+ ),whereas 1,900-Hz tone has become an inhibitory CS (or CS–).
Two Extensions of CC
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Higher-order conditioning: a stimulus that is associated with a CS can also become a CS.
Taste of milk Miaow! Sight of milk Miaow! Milk bowl Miaow! Newspaper Miaow! You J Miaow! Taste of milk (UCS) Sight of milk(CS1) Milk bowl (CS2) A piece of Newspaper (CS3) You (CS4)
CS2 generally elicits a weaker response than the CS1.
Two Extensions of CC
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Higher-order conditioning
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Two Extensions of CC
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Sensory pre-conditioning: When one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another stimulus it was previously associated with can also become a CS.
It happens although toolshed was never directly associated with a wasp sting.
Two Extensions of CC
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Unlike NS-US pairings in normal conditioning, NS-NS pairings in sensory preconditioning can produce stronger conditioning when the two stimuli are presented (sequentially/simultaneously) _________.
Two Extensions of CC
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� You are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best described as an example of _______ ¡ sensory preconditioning. ¡ blocking. ¡ occasion setting. ¡ higher-order conditioning.
Two Extensions of CC
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� When Juan’s childhood friend became a famous movie star, Juan also became something of a town celebrity. This is most analogous to the process of ¡ sensory preconditioning. ¡ higher-order conditioning. ¡ overshadowing. ¡ latent inhibition.
