Elements of Music (Continued)
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Transcript of Elements of Music (Continued)
Elements of Music (Continued)
Melody
Melody
(General) the horizontal aspect of music; pitches heard one after another
(Specific) a series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole
Melody Characteristics
Direction – Curve, Line
Shape– Beginning, Middle, End
Continuity– How one pitch leads to another– Setting up expectations and fulfilling them
5 3 1 3 5 1
By the dawn’s ear-ly light
3 2 1 3 4 5
Oh, say can you see,
5 5 3 2 1 7
At the twilight’s last gleam-ing
6 7 1 1 5 3 1
What so proud-ly we hailed
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1Are you sleep-ing? Are you sleep-ing?
3 4 5 3 4 5
5 6 5 4 3 1 5 6 5 4 3 1
1 5 1 1 5 1
Bro-ther John? Bro-ther John?
Morn-ing bells are ring-ing. Morn-ing bells are ring-ing.
Ding, dong, ding. Ding, dong ding.
MOTIVE
A fragment of a melody, or short musical idea that is developed within a composition
A group of notes recognizable for its pitch and rhythmic formulation– Can be repeated in a number of ways and
contexts
PHRASE
Part of a melody A combination of motives forming a
longer connected unit Finished by a musical punctuation
called a CADENCE
CADENCE
Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody
Musical “punctuation mark” From Latin cadare meaning “to fall” 2 types
– INCOMPLETE or OPEN• Does not sound like you can end the piece here• Gives expectation of continuing (Usually SD 5)
– COMPLETE or CLOSED• Does sound like you can end piece here• Feels complete (Usually SD 1)
1 1 3 3 5 5 3 4 4 2 2 7 7 51 1 3 3 5 5 31 1 4 4 5 5
JOSEPH HAYDN Symphony No. 94 in G Major (the “Surprise”), Movement 2
.
motiveX
Y
X
Z
Motive X Y X Z
PHRASE
CADENCE
MELODY
A succession of phrases making a whole span of music
PARAGRAPH =
SENTENCE =
WORD =
Melody
Phrase
Motive
Punctuation Mark Cadence
5 5 5 3 4 4 4 2
5 5 5 3 6 6 6 5
3 3 3 1…
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1
.
motiveX
X’ repeatedand transposed down
X
X’ repeatedand transposed up
X’’ contracted and transposed
Beginning of MelodyOne
1712776 5 5 5 1
1712776 5 5 5 1
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1
.
Newmotive
Z
X’ from melody oneInverted in shape
NewMotive Zrepeated
X’ from melody oneInverted in shape
Beginning of MelodyTwo
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1
Motive “x” - the motive Beethoven called “fate knocking at the door” is constantly present in the whole movement
This motive appears in other 3 movements of symphony also
This motive IS the MAIN IDEA of work
THEME
Main idea of a composition Main idea that serves as a starting point for
an extended piece of music Something that unites and marks a piece
– Can be a motive– Can be a melody– Can be other musical elements
• Dynamics• Timbre, etc.
ANTON WEBERN Third piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra What is theme? What is main idea? Is it a motive or melody? What seems to be the focus or main
idea of this composition?
Melodic Articulations
STACCATO – short, detached, sharp-sounding
• Example: JOSEPH HAYDN Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major
LEGATO – smooth
• Example: J.S. BACH “Wachet Auf” Chorale from Cantata #140
CLIMAX
Highest pitch or emotional focus point in a melody or a larger musical work
1 3 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 1 5 123 2 1 7 6 5
5 1 5 6 3 4 3 2 1
J.S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7
.
Phrase 1, 2 & 3
5 5 4 3 2 1 5 5 4 3 2 1
2 3 4 3 5 6 7 1 5 1 5 6 3 4 3 2 1
J.S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7
.
Phrases 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8
Elements of Music (continued)
Harmony
Harmony
(General) Results when different pitches are sounded at the same time
(Specific) How chords are constructed and how they follow each other
Harmony Terms
INTERVAL– “Distance” in pitch between any 2 tones– Can also refer to 2 pitches sounded
simultaneously CHORD
– Combination of 3 or more pitches sounded at once
Main Concepts of HARMONY these are CULTURALLY DETERMINED
CONSONANCE (n.), CONSONANT (adj.)– Intervals or chords that sound:
• pleasant• relatively stable • free of tension
DISSONANCE (n.), DISSONANT (adj.)– Intervals or chords that sound:
• unpleasant• relatively unstable• full of tension
Examples
CONSONANCE– (1) JOSEPH HAYDN
Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major
– (2) J.S. BACH Chorale from Cantata #140 “Wachet Auf”
DISSONANCE– (1) ARNOLD
SCHOENBERG “Mondestrunken” (Moondrunk) from Pierrot Lunaire
– (2) ANTON WEBERN Third piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra
CHROMATICISM
Using pitches that are “in-between” the regular notes of the scale
Leads to greater amount of DISSONANCE in harmony
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
b2 b3 b5 b6 b7
#1 #2 #4 #5 #6
CHROMATICISM
Use of chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale but included in the chormatic scale (which has twelve tones); often found in Romantic music
Example: FREDERIC CHOPIN Nocturne in Eb Major
TRIAD
Main type of chord used in classical music
Often called “the common chord” Constructed of 3 notes each 1 step
apart on scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
MAJOR TRIAD
Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1,3, & 5 of a MAJOR SCALE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
MINOR TRIAD
Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1,3, & 5 of a MINOR SCALE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
KEY (tonality) - central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard
MAJOR KEY – music based on
major scale
MINOR KEY– music based on
minor scale