ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS

111305

THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE

• WINGS• FUSELAGE• EMPENNAGE• LANDING GEARS• CONTROL SURFACE• ENGINES

PARTS OF AEROPLANE

PARTS OF AEROPLANE

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION

• POSITION OF THE WING– LOW WING– MID WING– HIGH WING

• NUMBER OF WINGS– MONO PLANE– BI PLANE– TRI PLANE

• SHAPE OF THE WINGS– DELTA WING– DIAMOND WING– SWEPT WING– GULL SHAPED WING

• POSITION OF THE WINGS– CONVENTIONAL WING– NO TAIL OR TAILESS– HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL– CANARD TYPE

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR

– RETRACTABLE

– NON RETRACTABLE

– TAIL WHEEL– NOSE WHEEL

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

3. CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTSA. POWER PLANT TYPES

• PISTON ENGINE• TURBO PROP• TURBO SHAFT• TURBO JET• TURBO FAN• ROCKET

B. NUMBER OF ENGINES• SINGLE ENGINE• TWO ENGINE• MULTI ENGINE

C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES• NOSE• FUSELAGE• JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING• PYLON MOUNTING

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE

– ROUND

– SQUARE

– OVAL

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE

A. CIVIL

B. CARGO

C. MILITARY

I. BOMBERS

II. FIGHTERS

III. INTERCEPTORS

FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE

PRIMARY GROUP• AILERON• ELEVATOR• RUDDER

SECONDARY GROUP• TRIM TAB• SPRING TAB

AUXILIARY GROUP• WING FLAPS• SPOILERS• SPEED BRAKES• LEADING EDGE FLAP• SLOTS

AILERON• Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the

tail. Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll.  Roll is controlled by the ailerons.

ELEVATOR• Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.

Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch  is controlled by the elevator.

RUDDER• Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when

the aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is called yaw. Yaw is controlled by the rudder.

AIRCRAFT ENGINES

DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE

PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE JET ENGINE

• TURBOPROP

• TURBOFAN

• TURBOJET

• RAMJET ROCKET ENGINE

TURBOPROP

PUSHER

TURBOFAN

TURBOJET

TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER

ROCKET ENGINE

LIQUID FUEL

SOLID FUEL

AIRFOILAN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH WHICH IT MOVES

AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

• CHORD LINE• MEAN CAMBER LINE• ANGLE OF ATTACK• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT

DRAG

• DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING AIRFLOW).

• IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE DIRECTION OF MOTION.

• IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT

TYPES OF DRAG

DRAG POLAR

•Why should we study properties of atmosphere?•Variation of Temperature with Altitude• Variation of Pressure with Altitude•Variation of Density with Altitude•Tables of Standard Atmosphere

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Why should we study Atmospheric Properties

• Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine engines and rockets that will operate at various altitudes.

• They can not design these unless the atmospheric characteristics are not known.

• For example,

SV

LCL

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What is a standard atmosphere?

• Weather conditions vary around the globe, from day to day.

• Taking all these variations into design is impractical.

• A standard atmosphere is therefore defined, that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and general airplane design to a common reference.

• This common reference is called a “standard” atmosphere.

Powered Controls

May take one of two basic forms:

• Servo-assisted– Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator

which assists mechanical linkage to move surface.

– Linkage still available if power is lost but system then very heavy to operate.

• Fully power-operated– Control signals transmitted hydraulically,

electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

INTRODUCTION

• HISTORY– THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS– ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY– NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOT’S ABILITY TO

USE LANDMARKS

• FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

• ENGINE INSTRUMENTS

• NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTS

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

– ALTIMETER– AIRSPEED INDICATOR– VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR– HEADING INDICATOR – ATTITUDE INDICATOR (“ARTIFICIAL

HORIZON”)– TURN COORDINATOR

AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION

TRUSS

MONOCOQUE

SEMI MONOCOQUE

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