Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 1

8/10/2019 Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 1

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Nlccl Kltln @adabctaragbmab jkcltlrlckb nhmcckr4

]acln vk ]kr`lyk Durucu @adabcbb 90.97.0997 tarlf vk 07< saycDararlckhbaycabab, Nksckdl vk ]kdbld Kltln Hduc vk Duruncarbma damknkcl hcarad

yayjbcatrcab =0 acab vk 1


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l

ALDCANACAP ...................................................................................................................JP .......................................................................................................................................1PKBNK GAAC\K]-1 .....................................................................................................?1. ]KNKC KCKD]PD ............................................................................................................?

1.1. Kckdtrld Yrkbslpckrl.......................................................................................................?1.1.1. Athnub \aps(Kckdtrhb Ad, Nammk, Kcknkbt)..............................................?1.1.0. _tatld Kckdtrld ......................................................................................................71.1.?. Mlbanld (Farkdktcl) Kckdtrld ...............................................................................71.1.=. Kckdtrld Adn kltckrl ........................................................................................:1.1.;.cktdkbckr, \actdabcar, \ar cktdkbckr vk Mlrkbckr ............................................61.1.7. Kckdtrld Adnbb Kcmk Kmlcnk \btknckrl.......................................................19

1.1.:. Kckdtrld Adnbb Nkymaba Jktlrmll Ktdlckr ................................................... 101.0. Kckdtrld c @lrlnckrl...............................................................................................10

1.0.1. Jkrlcln Gard@lrlnl (Whct)................................................................................101.0.0. Adnlmmktl @lrlnl ( Anpkr ) ..........................................................................1=1.0.?. Mlrkb @lrln (Hfn)...........................................................................................1;1.0.=. J @lrlnl (Zatt) .............................................................................................. 17

1.?. Hfn Dabubu ..............................................................................................................161.=. Kckdtrld c Acktckrl .................................................................................................1 cktdkblb `hyu ( nktrk )

s >cktdkblb dksltl ( nn0 )

> cktdkblb z mlrkbol (. nn0/n )

rbkd5@adrmab yapcn`lr lcktdkblb `hyu 69 n, dksltl 9,; nn0 hcmuuba jrk lcktdkblbmlrkbolbl fksapcaybz. @adr llb > 9,916 . nn0/n mlr.


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19

zn5

P > 66,0;,9

69916,9

hcarad ùcubur.

1.1.7. Kckdtrld Adnbb Kcmk Kmlcnk \btknckrl

Kckdtrld adn `lr kckdtrhb farkdktlmlr. H facmk kckdtrld adn kcmk kmk`lcnkd llbkckdtrhbcar farkdktk jklrnknlz jkrkdlr. @ubub llb `lr duvvkt daybaba (kckdtrhnhthrduvvkt k.n.d.) jkrkd varmr. @u daybad `lrdakdlcmk kcmk kmlclr5

_rtnk lck@asbca

Ld lckLslckDlnyasac yhccaNabyktld yhcca

_rtnk lck Kckdtrld Kcmk Ktnk

Oan uùub vkya dkfrl arb dunaasrtcnksl lck kcmk kmlckb murjub kckdtrll vkyayanurcu favacarma ùcutcarb farkdktlyckhcuab srtbnkmkb mhab lnkd vk ycmrn

hcaycarb rbkd vkrk`lclrlz. kdlc 1.1=tksrtbnk lck kckdtrld kcmk ktnk jrcnkdtkmlr.

kdlc 1.1=5 _rtbnk lck kckdtrldckbnk

@asbca Kckdtrld Kcmk Kmlcnksl

Drlstac yapc àz nammkckr nkdabldàsb ktdlslyck kckdtrld adn nkmyabajktlrlrckr. kdlc 1.1; mk jrckokl jl l. @u

hcaya plkzzh kckdtrld hcay mkblr. @u hcaymabyararcabcarad drlstac nldrhghbcar yapcntr.

kdlc 1.1;5 @asbob kckdtrld kbkrelslbkmbn


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Ld lck Kckdtrld Kcmk Kmlcnksl5

zkrlbk d mknktl ybkctlcmllbmk àznammkckrmk kckdtrldckbnk àcar. kdlc 1.17ma

ù mbn kdlcck adcabntr. Ghth-kckdtrldcanàcarù prkbslpck acrcar. Aboad ù yhccakcmk kmlckb kbkrel hd dd hcmuubmabanpclgldatr mkbkb ydskctlolckrck duvvktckb-mlrlclr. Ghthskc canàcar, uzadtab dunabmacarrbkd vkrk`lclrlz.

kdlc 1.175 Ld kbkrelslblb, kckdtrldkbkrelslbk mbn

Lslck Kckdtrld Kcmk Kmlcnksl

dl ayr yapma namkb (pcatlb-dhbstabtab)`lr`lrlbk `lrcktlrlclp `lrcknk ykrckrlbmkbstcrsa kckdtrld adn hcuur. kdlc hcaradkdlc1.1: mk jstkrlcnltlr. rbklb ydskd mkrkokmksoadcdca acab grbcarb soadcdcar ù

hcaymab yaracabcarad yapcabtkrnhdupcmkblckbc acktckrlyck ccr.

kdlc 1.1:

Dlnyasac \hcca Kckdtrld Kcmk Ktnk

Ylc vk adckrlb vkrmldckrl kckdtrld kbkrelsldlnyasac kbkrelblb kckdtrld kbkrelslbk mbnksl

yhcuyca hcuur.kdlc 1.16 mk jrcm jl`l.

kdlc 1.16


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Nabyktld \hcca Kckdtrld Kcmk Ktnk

@yd jtk kckdtrld kbkrelsl jkrkdtlrkbykrckrmk kckdtrld kbkrelsl malna nabyktld yhccarktlclr. @u ybtkn kdlc 1.1


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vhctsa, kckdtrhbcar art uoa ltkb vk art dutup taragbmab kckdtrhbcar kdkb duvvkt h damar

`yd hcaoadtr. @lr rktkolb ucarba aco àcabm zanab rktkolb jkrlclnlbmk mnknkymaba jkclr. rktkolb ucarbma `lr aco vardkb saflp hcmuu jkrlclnk rktkolb acnajkrlclnl mkblr.

1.0.0. Adnlmmktl @lrlnl ( Anpkr )

@lr kckdtrld mkvrkslbmkb sablykmk adab kckdtrhb nldtarb jstkrkb `ydcdtr. @uykr mkltlrnk j dayba llbmk "-" mkb "+" ya mhru , mkvrk llbmk lsk "+" mab "-" ykmhru hcur. @uba kckdtrhb ad( adn ) mkblr.

Adnlmmktl `lrlnl anpkrmlr. Anpkr L farglyck jstkrlclr. @lr kckdtrld mkvrkslbmkb`lr sablykmk 7,06 xc916 kckdtrhb adyhrsa, ù mkvrkblb adn lmmktl `lr anpkrmlr.Kckdtrhbcar saynad nndb hcnambmab `lr anpkrl gardc kdlcmk tabncanad ma

nndbmr. @lr duchbcud kckdtrld yd 7,06.1916 kckdtrhba klttlr. Kkr `lr mkvrkmkb `lrduchbcud yd `lr sablykmk jklyhrsa mkvrkblb adn lmmktl 1 anpkrmlr. Mkvrkmkdl adnlmmktl anpkrnktrk mkblckb c acktckrlyck ccr.

Anpkrlb as datcar nlcl anpkr (nA) vk nldrhanpkrmlr (A). Anpkrlb st dat lskdlchanpkrmlr. Gadat dlchanpkr hd ydskd `lr mkkr hcmuu llb gazca duccabcnaz.

1nA > 9,991 A. 1A > 9,999991A

kdlc 1.005 _u mkvrksl

kdlc 1.00mk jrckb su mkvrkslbmk, su àsbo bkmkblyck vaba acmdtab shbra su

aamadl daà adnaya àcayaoadtr. @hrumadl ù farkdkt kckdtrld mkvrkckrlbmkdl kckdtrhbfarkdktlbk `kbzknkdtkmlr. Adab suyub fz mkphmadl suyub àsboba, `hrubub apba vkvababb acna hrabba àcmr. @uramadl vaba kckdtrld mkvrkslbmkdl abaftara, `hru lcktdkbk,mkph rktkok vk da` lsk acoya `kbzktlck`lclr.

Kckdtrld mkvrkslbmk kckdtrhb gazcacbyabl phtabslykc gardbsacayab vk kckdtrhbcarfarkdktk jklrkb `lr adn dayba (rktk) duccabcntr. Adn dayba su mkphsu jl`lkckdtrhb àsboyaratr.cktdkb fat kckdtrhb yhcubu hcutururdkb, abaftar lsk mkvrkyk kbkrelvkrnkd vkya mkvrkblb kbkrelslbl dksnkd llb dhbucnutur. rktkolb nkymaba jktlrmlljkrlcln, kckdtrld acosbb acnasb sacar. Acoy actrab, acomab jkkb kckdtrhbfarkdktlmlr.


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1.0.?. Mlrkb @lrln (Hfn)

@lr nlclnktrk dark dksltlbmk vk 197,? on `hyubmadl `lr ova stububub 9 9O mkdlmlrkbolbk `lr hfn mkblr.

kdlc 1.05? Mlrkb

Mkvrkyk uyjucabab jkrlcln vk adn `lr utab mlkr uoa ucaboaya damar lzckmll yhcma`lrtadn zhrcudcarca darcar.kdlc 1.0? mk `hru apcarbb gardccmlrkbolb azcbyamahd hcmuubu adcanadtamr. @u zhrcudcar kckdtrhbcarb jkllbl ktdlckykb, sbrcayab vkyajkoldtlrkb duvvktckrmlr. @u duvvktckrk MLPKB mkblr. @aslt hcarad mlrkb kckdtrld adnbadar jstkrlckb zhrcudtur. Mlrkb P farglyck jstkrlclr vk `lrlnl hfn'mur. Hfn (hnhdubur), larktlyck skn`hclzk kmlclr.

Hfn'ub as datnlcl hfn mur, gadat az duccabcab `lr `ydcdtr. st datcarlsk dlchhfn (D ) vk nkja hfn (N) mur.

1 Dlch hfn (1 D) > 1999 1 Nkja hfn (1 N) > 1999 D > 1 999 999

P>r P>r1+r0

kdlc 1.0=5 Gardcbhdtacarmadl mlrkb jstkrnk.

Kckdtrhbld mkvrkckrmk mlrkb duccabrdkb mlrkbolb hfn hcarad mkkrlbk vk watthcarad jobk mlddat kmlcnkclmlr. Mlrkbckr AO vkya MO jkrlclnckrmk ayb zkccll jstkrlr.

@lr kckdtrld mkvrkslbmk, mkvrkyk uyjucabab jkrlclnlb, mkvrkmkb jkkb adnahrab malna sa`lttlr. Mkvrkmkdl fkr `lr aco ayr ayr mlrkb jstkrnkckrl kdlc 1.0=mk `uhcay `kclrtlcnltlr. Mkvrkyk uyjucabab jkrlcln arttda, mkvrkmkb jkkb adn ma artar.Mkvrkyk uyjucabab jkrlclnlb, mkvrkmkb jkkb adna hrabmkvrk mlrkbolbl vkrlr.


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Mlrkbolb tabnbmab ( P > [ / L ) ghrnc darca`lclr. @u ghrncmk (P)4 hfn hcarad

mkvrkblb mlrkbol, ([)4 vhct hcarad mkvrkyk uyjucabab jkrlcln, (L) lsk anpkr hcarad mkvrkmkbjkkb adnmr. _hbu hcarad, jkrlcln vhct, adn anpkr olbslbmkb vkrlclrsk, mlrkb hfnolbslbmkb ùcubur. @lr lcktdkblb mlrkbol `hyuba, dksltlbk, soadcba vk z mlrkbolbk àchcarad mkllr. H bkmkbck mkvrk hcuturucurdkb lcktdkb sklnlbk mlddat kmlcnkclmlr. kdlc1.0= tk su àcabtsyca mlrkb hcuturucnasjstkrlcnltlr.

kdlc 1.0;5 _uyub jstkrmll mlrkb

1.0.=. J @lrlnl (Zatt)

Kckdtrldskc j `lrlnl hcab Zatt,sdh nfkbmls Eanks Zatt'tab (1:?7 161< ) lslnacntr. Kckdtrldcl acocarb acnacar srasbma faroamdcar kbkrelyl lgamk ktnkdtkmlr.Kckdtrld kbkrelsl `lr l yapt srkok, `lr jok saflptlr. @lr acobb jobb `lclbnksl,duccabn ykrl vk kckdtrld tdktlnl faddbma `lcjl kmlbnknlzl sacar. @lr acobb vkyamkvrkblb jo4 mkvrkblb adnlmmktlblb vk jkrlclnlblb ùcubup arpcnasyca watt olbslbmkbkcmk kmlclr. Fksapcana ghrnc vk j faroanas kdlc 1.0:mk jstkrlcnltlr. @ubub llbmkvrkyk anpkrnktrk vk vhctnktrk àcabarad ta j cn yapca`lclr. Gadat jbnzmkkckdtrld jo watt nktrk mkmllnlz c acktckrlyck mlrkd damrabbmab hdubaradcck`lcnkdtkmlr.

Y > [ x

[ > Y/L1 @J > :?7 Zatt

1 dZ > 1.?7 @J


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1:

kdlc 1.0:5 J fksapcana ghrnc vk j faroabnas

Hfn dabububma dl P > [ / L kltcllbl ùrama ykrlbk dhyarsad, `lr ghrncnz mafahcur5

Y > [ x L ya ma Y> P x L0 hcur.

rbkd 15 19 hfn mkkrlbmk `lr mlrkb 19 vhct cud `lr jkrlclnk àcabyhr. @u mlrkbolbjo bk hcnacmr8

[> P x L hcmuubmab ù mlrkbtkb 1 anpkr adn jktllbl jryhruz. @u mlrkbolb 1anpkr adtnasllb jobb,

Y > P x L0 mkb

Y > 19 x 1 x 1 19 watt hcnasjkrkdlr.

rbkd 05 009 W kflr k`kdkslyck acab `lr kckdtrld stosbb kdtll adn 7Amr.Lstobb job ùcubuz.

Y> [ x L

Y> 009 x 7 > 1?09 Z

rbkd ?5@lr hthnh`lc zkrlbmk duccabcab acobb mlrkbol ?mur. Acobb kdtll adnvkjo ùcubuz.

[> P x L Y> [ x L

L> [/P Y> 10 x =

L> 10/?> =A Y> =6Z


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1.?. Hfn Dabubu

kdlc 1.065 _uya mar `hazma jstkrlckbmlrkb

@lr kckdtrld mkvrkslbmk, adn,jkrlcln vk mlrkb arasbma `lr àbtnkvouttur. @u àbtyvkrkb dabuba hfndabubu am vkrlclr. 160: ycbma Jkhrj_lnhb Hfn taragbmab ùcubnuvk dkbmlamyca abcnadtamr. _uyub saflp hcmuu

phtabslykc kbkrelyk jstkrlckb mlrkb lckkckdtrld kbkrelslbk jstkrlckb mlrkb aybduracca adcaba`lclr. kdlc 1.06mkjrcm jl`l.

HFN DAB[B[5 Dapac `lrkckdtrld mkvrkslbmkb jkkb adn lmmktl,mkvrkblb jkrlclnl lck mhru, mlrkbol lck tkrshrabtcmr. Ghrnc hcarad jstkrlckokdhcursa ghrnck kmlcnksl kdlc 1.0

mlrkb

jkrl cln

L >

P

[

kdlc 1.0P xL 009 > ==9 x L L >==9/009 > 9.; anpkr hcmuubu jrrz.

rbkd 05@lr hthnh`lc zkrlbmk duccabcab acobb mlrkbol ? hfnmur. Acobb kdtll adnvk job ùcubuz.

[> L. P Y> [.L


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1 L. ? Y>10.=

L> 10/? > =A Y> =6 Zrbkd ?5 @lr hthnh`lc zkrlbmk duccabcab gar anpuc 79 Z jobmkmlr. Anpucb

kdtll adnùcubuz.

Y>[.L

79>10.L

L> 79 / 10 L> ; A

1.=. Kckdtrld c Acktckrl

1.=.1. Whctnktrk

kdlc 1.06

Whctnktrkckr abachj vk mleltac hcnad zkrk ldl tlptk yapcntr. kdlc 1.06mkjrcm jl`l.

Kckdtrldtk jkrlcln ckb acktckrk vhctnktrk mkblr. Whctnktrk kckdtrld mkvrkckrlbkYAPACKC hcarad àcabr. \abl mkvrkblb ldl uou arasbmadl phtabslykc gard cckoklbmkb

àcabtparackc yapcnacmr. Whctnktrkckr cnk anaoyca àcabmdcarmkvrkmk bkncl `lrmklldcld yapnanac vk cnk yapardkb gazca j sarglyat hcnanacmr. @ubu sacanadllb, mkvrkyk parackc àcabmdcarbmab lckrlbmkb jkkb adnb hd dd hcnas jkrkdlr.Adnb hd dd hcnas llb mk vhctnktrkckrlb lkrlslbmkdl `h`lb tkclblb lbok hcup, sarn

saysbb gazca hcnas jkrkdnkdtkmlr. @u bkmkbck vhctnktrkckrlb l mlrkbckrl hd `ydtr.\abccdca vhctnktrk mkvrkyk skrl àcabrsa l mlrkbckrl `yd hcmuubmab acobb bhrnacacnasba kbjkc hcur. Abachj vhctnktrkckrmk mbkr `h`lbcl `lr c acktlbl vhctnktrk hcaradduccabrdkb cnk acabb jkblcktnkd `yd jkrlclnckrl cnkd llb `h`lb sarjcarba skrlhcarad `yd mkkrcl `lr mlrkb àcabr. Anpkrnktrkckrmk duccabcab parackc mlrkbolb mkkrlhd dd hcmuu facmk, vhctnktrkckrmk duccabcab skrl mlrkbolb mkkrl hcmuda `ydtr.Whctnktrkckr abachj vk mleltac hcnad zkrk ldl tlptk yapcntr.kdlc 1.06mk jrcm jl`l.

WHC]NK]PK MKWPK\K _KP HCAPAD @AC A B N A U .


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Jkrlcln cnkd

Whctnktrkyl mkvrkyk parackc hcarad àcayb. Ad n sknk mnkslblckoklblz jkrlcln mhru lsk MO, actkrbatlgsk AO dhbunuba jktlrlb.

cckokd jkrlclnlb zkrlbmk `lr damknk skkrkd cnkyl yapb.

Mlddat5 Md damknkmk ydskd mkkrmk jkrlcln cnkd, l`rkblb fzca arpnasba sk`kphcarad vhctnktrkblb arzacabnasba yhc aar.

rbkd5kflrk`kdk jkrlclnl cnkd lstkblyhrsa

Adn sknk mnksl AO murunuba, dhntatr ?99 W murunuba jktlrlp tkst ucarmkvrk ucarba mkmlrlclr. 9? sdacasmlddatk acbr.

Whctnktrk ad vkya aco ucarbamlrkd àcabr. @u tr àcabtyaYAPACKC àcana mkblr. Mkvrkmkdlrktk lck vhctnktrkblb ayb dutupcardarcatrcr.

kdlc 1.0 L>L0 > L? >.......Lb

Mkvrkblb jkrlclnl 5 _krl àcacocarb ayrayrjkrlclnckrl thpcanba klttlr.

]hpcan jkrlcln 5 [ > [+[0+[? +....[b

Mkvrkblb jo, mkvrkyl hcuturab acocarb fkr `lrlblb jckrl thpcanba klttlr.

]hpcan j 5 Z> Z1+ Z0+ Z? ++Zb

]hpcan adnlmmktlbl L, fkr `lr mlrkb zkrlbmkdl para jkrlclnckrlbl [1 vk [0'yl vkthpcan jkrlclnl ([) fksapcaybz.

zn5 P > P+P0>?9+69 >119 hfn

L > [/P > 009W/119 > 0A

[>L.P>0A.?9 >79W

[0 >L.P0>0A.69 > 179W

[ > [+[0> 79W+179W > 009W

0.?. Yarackc MkvrkAco vkya rktkckrlb, parackc ldl fat zkrlbk ykrcktlrlcnkslyck kcmk kmlckb mkvrkyk

parackc mkvrk mkblr. Yarackc mkvrk hcutururdkb aco vkya rktkckrlb ayb dutupcarbb`lr`lrckrlbk àcabnas jkrkdlr. @u tr àcabtcar yapcrdkb jkrlclnckrl klt hcab aco vkyarktkckr sklcnkclmlr (kdlc 0. L1+L0+L?+.....+Lb

Adn (hfn) Dabubu lck L> P

[

lck P

[

> ?

?

0

0

1

1

P

[

P

[

P

[

kcmk kmlclr.

Jkrlcln cnckrl4 fkr `lr mlrkb zkrlbmk hcuab para jkrlclnckrlb, thpcan jkrlclnkklt hcmuubu jstkrlr.

[] > [1> [0 >[? >....[b


39/58

?;

kdlc 0.6

[tht > [1 > [0 > 10 W

tht > 1 + 0

tht > = A + ? A > : A

Yara jkrlclnckr, thpcan jkrlclnk klt hcmuu llb mlrkbckr para mlrkbckrlb paymacarthpcanlck kcmk kmlclr.

PbPPPP]

1...

?

1

0

1

1

11

Yratldtk parackc àcabn mlrkbckrlb fksa yapcrdkb thpcan mlrkbol dhcayoaùcnad llbubcarubutnanacyz5

Mkkrckrl klt ldl mlrkbolb thpcan mlrkbol mlrkbckrmkb `lrlblb mkkrlblb yarsba klttlr.

Yarackc àcabn ldl mlrkbolb thpcan mlrkbol4 mlrkbckrlb mkkrckrlblb arpnbb,

mlrkbckrlb mkkrckrlblb thpcanbb `cnbk klttlr. 1 0

1 0

.P PP]

P P

kdlc 0.< kdlc 0.19


40/58

?7

Yrh`ckn5 P1> ?9 vk P0 > 69 hfn cud ldl mlrkb parackc à cabn hcsub vk 009 W

jkrlclnck `ksckbslb. Lvk L0 adncarb, thpcan adnP1 vk P0 ykrlbk jkkb thpcan mlrkbolfksapcaybz.

zn5

L1 > [/P1 > 009/?9 L1 > :,?? A

L0 > [/P0 > 009/69 L0 > 0:,; A

L] > [/P] > 009/01,6 L] > 19,9< A

1/P] > 1/P1+1/P0 ya ma P] > 01

0.1

PP

PP

ghrncbmkb ùcubur.

> 1/?9+1/69 P] > 01,6 hfn

0.=. Dard Mkvrk@lr kckdtrld mkvrkslbmk fkn parackc mkvrk fkn mk skrl mkvrk zkccldckrlblb fkr ldlsl

`lrcldtk ùcubuyhrsa ù tr mkvrkckr dard mkvrk hcarad amcabmrcr (kdlc 0.11).

Dard mkvrkckrlb fksapcabnasbma, parackc vk skrl mkvrkckrmk duccabcab kltcldckrduccabcr. Fksapcana yapcrdkb bok parackc mkvrk dsnznckblr. @u murunma mkvrk skrlmkvrkyk mbr. _krl mkvrk kltcldckrl duccabcarad mkvrkblb fksapcanastanancabr.

kdlc 0.11

0.;. Kckdtrld Mkvrkckrlbmk Whctae MnkslKckdtrld kbkrelsl rktkb mhru vk actkrbatlg adn kbkrel nkrdkzckrlbmk kckdtrld kbkrelsl,

a`hbkckrk damar lcktdkbckrck lcktlclr. A`hbkckrmk ù kbkrelmkb yararcabarad acocarbactrr.

A`hbkckrmkdl ù acocar, kbkrel matn nkrdkzlbk bk damar yadb hcursa h damarvkrlncl acr. Matn nkrdkzlbmkb uzadta hcab a`hbkckrmkdl acocarb tan vkrlnckacnamjrcr. Acocarb ùkdlcmk vkrlnslz acnacarbb sk`k`l jkrlcln mnmr.

rbkd hcarad kbkrel matn nkrdkzl d jkrlclnl 009 vhct lsk, nkrdkzmkb az uzadykrckrmkdl, a`hbkckrlb cckb jkrlclnl 01; vhct, mafa uzad a`hbkckrmk cckb jkrlcln169

vhcta damar mn hcsub. tk k`kdk d jkrlclnl lck kb uzadta hcab a`hbkblb jkrlclnl


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?:

arasbmadl 009169>=9 vhctcud jkrlcln, kbkrelyl lcktkb fatcarma mnvk day`hcnutur. @u

hcaya jkrlcln mn mkblr. Jkrlcln mnbb az hcnas llb lcktdkb mlrkbolblb az(dksltlblb `yd) hcnasjkrkdlr.

Actkrbatlg adnca matn yapab k`kdkckrmk jkrlcln mdcb bcknkd llbmatn nkrdkzl lck a`hbk arasba ara traghsu mkblckb traghcar duccabcnad surktlyck kbkrelnkrdkzl djkrlclnlblb kb shb a`hbk jkrlclnlbk kltcll sacabnhcnadtamr.

@lr mkvrkmk duccabcab lcktdkblb mlrkbol jkrlcln mnb hd ktdlcknkdtkmlr.cktdkblb mlrkbol lsk `hyuba, dksltlbk, olbslbk `ac hcarad mkllr. Dksltckrl vk olbsckrl aybhcab lcktdkbckrlb `hycarartrcaoad hcursa mlrkbckrl mk artar. Mlrkb lcktdkblb `hyu lck mhruhrabtchcarad artnadtamr.

@hycar ayb, dksltckrl gardc, ayb olbs lcktdkbckrlb dksltckrl dctcrsk, mlrkbckrlartnadta, dksltckrl `ytcrsk mlrkbckrl azacnadtamr. Mlrkb, lcktdkblb dksltl lck tkrshrabtchcarad mkllr.


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[\J[CANA GAAC\K]

ckn @asanadcar bkrlckr

Kckdtrldl skrl mkvrkdurubuz.

Kckdtrld naczknk satosbmab mkvrk naczknkckrlblacbz. (rktk, lcktdkb, sljhrta, abaftar, aco)

Mkvrkyl hcutururdkb dsa mkvrkblb hcnanasba mlddatkmlblz.

_krl mkvrkyl hcutururdkb acocar rktkolb ucararasba, `lr`lrl armsra `acaybz.

_krl mkvrk hcuturnad llb aamadl rkslnmkbgaymacabbz.

_krl mkvrk

Kckdtrldl parackc mkvrkdurubuz.

Acocarrktkolb ucararasba mlrkd hcarad `acaybz.

Yarackc mkvrk hcuturnad llb aamadl rkslnmkbgaymacabbz.

Yarackc mkvrk

[\J[CANA GAAC\K]


43/58

? ;9v ldkb L> 9,; anpkr hcuyhrsa.[0> 199v ldkb adn da anpkr hcur8

A) 1A

@) 9,;A

O) ;A

M) 9,1A

6.=, 7, 10 hfn cud mlrkb parackc `acabmbma kmkkr mlrkb da hfn hcur8

A) ? hfn

@) 7 hfn

O) ; hfn

M) 0 hfn


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Kckdtrllb nabyktld vk dlnyasac ktdlsl mkbkylbl kckdtrld vk kckdtrhbld mkvrkkcknabcardatachdcarba vk stabmart mkkrckrlbk uyjub yapa`lckokdslblz.

kltcl kckdtrhnabyktld prkbslpckrk jrk acab paracar faddbma `lcjlkmlbkrkd rktnkb vk ardamacarbza `lr raphr faclbmk sububuz.

?. NAB\K]UNA WK K_A_CAPL?.1. Nabyktld Acabb ]abnWk zkccldckrl

Hthnh`lc zkrlbmk ùcubab vk kckdtrldck acab ya ma actrcab `tb ackt vkmhbabnb yadcad % :9'l nabyktlzna prkbslpckrlbk jrk acr. Fkrfabjl `lr ndbatsbktdl acabba nabyktld acab mkblr. uùd ndbatsb duzky (B) vk jbky (_) ya ma bkjatlg vk

phzltlg mlyk amcabmrcab dutupcar varmr. Ndbatsb kvrkslbmk lsk, nabyktld duvvktfatcarbmab hcuab `lr nabyktld acab ùcubur.

Ndbatsb l dsnbma _ mkb B dutùba, mdsnbma lsk B mkb _ dutùba mhru jzckjrknkmllnlz nabyktld duvvkt fatcar varmr. @ufatcar saycanayaoad damar hdtur. Nabyktld duvvktfatcar B mkb dp _ dutùba jkclr vk ùramabndbatsb llbk jlrkrkd ylbk B dutùba mhru `lrmkvrk hcuturur. @u zkccld fkr ndbats llb aybmr.Nabyktld duvvkt fatcarbb dutupcar lck hcablcldlslblb shbuou hcarad ayb amc dutupcar `lr`lrlblltkr vk zt dutupcar ma `lr`lrlbl kdkr.

kdlc ?.1

Nabyktld Acab Fatcar5

Mta B mkb _ yk mhru kb dsa yhcmab adnad lstkr.

@lr`lrckrlbl fl dksnkzckr, aboad sdcaa`lclr.

@tb olslnckrmkb jkkr, kb gazca mlrkbol fava jstkrlr.

Duvvkt fatcarbb yhccarbàda `lr nabyktld duvvkt fattmkltlrk`lclr.

PKBNK GAAC\K]?

ANA

APA]LPNA


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=;

Ut Dutupcar @lr`lrlbl kdkr AybDutupcar @lr`lrlbltkr

kdlc ?.0

DacoNdbatscd

\unuad mknlrmkb yapcn, `lr naczknk `lr ndbatsb duvvkt fatcar llbmk

`radcrsa ndbatscabr. Gadat naczknk duvvkt acabbmab ayrcr ayrcnaz dazabnhcmuundbatscb `yd `lr dsnb day`kmkr. \unuad mknlr nabyktld acab llbmk `radcptkdrar jkrl acbrsa nhckdcckrlblb aboad `lrda tabksl nabyktld mzkbmk daca`lclr. @u `lrdanhckdc mk hd zayg `lr ndbatscd nkymaba jktlrlr. @uba dacondbatscd mkblr.

?.0. Kckdtrld Acabbb Nabyktld Ktdlslzkrlbmkb adn jklrlckb `lr lcktdkblb ktragbma `lr nabyktld acab hcuur. @u nabyktld

duvvkt fatcar lcktdkbk mld `lr mzckn llbmkmlr. Nkymaba jkckb duvvkt fatcar ndbatstabgardcmr. zkrlbmkb adn jklrlckb lcktdkbmkdl nabyktld fatcarb jlrlp daoa dutupcaryhdtur. cktdkbmkb jklrlckb adn hacmda nkymaba jkckb kckdtrhnabyktld acabduvvktckblr, ktdlckykokl acab `yr vk ù nabyktld acab lcktdkb `hyuboa klt vk mzjb

hcarad yaycr.kdlc ?.?

a `

kdlc ?.? Mz `lr lcktdkb zkrlbmkb adn jktllbmk, nabyktld acab hcuur.

Mz lcktdkbmk nkymaba jkckb nabyktld duvvkt fatcarbb yb _A KC D[PACLlck ùcubur.

_a kclb à parna lcktdkbmkb jkkb adnb ybbjstkrkokdkdlcmk lcktdkb tutucur, mlkr parnadcarb lcktdkbk sarcnayb nabyktld duvvkt fatcarbb ybb jstkrlr (kdlc ?.=).

kdlc ?.=


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kdlc ?.;

Duvvkt lzjlckrl ayb ybmkmbkr, ù lzjlckr `lrckkrkdfacdabb nkrdkzlbmk duvvktcl `lr

nabyktld acab nkymaba jktlrlr. kdlc?.;/7

kdlc ?.7

dl lcktdkb yab yaba dhbur vk ldlslbmkb mkayb ybmk adn jklrlclrsk nkymaba jkckokdnabyktld acabb yb mk ayb hcur. @yckok ldlnabyktld acab `lrckkrkd fkr ldl lcktdkbl kvrkckykbmafa `yd `lr nabyktld acabhcuturur. @yck `lrmurun fkr ldl lcktdkblb `lr`lrlbk mhru kdlcnkslbkyhc aar. cktdkbckrmkb jkkb adnb yb zt

hcursa lcktdkbckrmk hcuab nabyktld acabcar ma ztybc hcur vk lcktdkbckr `lr`lrlbmkb tkyk ltlclr. @u

prkbslp kckdtrld nhthrubub acnasb sacayabprkbslpckrmkb `lrlmlr vk hthnh`lc zkrlbmk ùcubabnarnhthru ma ù prkbslpck acr.kdlc ?.:

kdlc ?.:

Kckdtrld lck ndbatscabna `lr`lrl lck yadb lcldlsl hcab gardc ldl `ydcdtr. @uzkccld ndbatscar ktragbma nkymaba jkckb nabyktld duvvkt fatcar lck adn jklrlckblcktdkb da`chbub kvrkslbmk hcuab nabyktld duvvkt fatcar arasbmadl `kbzkrcld lck jkrkd

`lrkdlcmk hrtaya dhba`lclr. Ndbatscar duccabcnad surktlyck kckdtrld kcmk kmlck`lcmll jl`l,

kckdtrld adn duccabcnad surktlyck mk ndbatscd dhcaycdca kcmk kmlck`lclr. @lr lcktdkbmkbkckdtrld adn jklrlcmll zanab lcktdkblb kvrkslbmk nutcada `lr nabyktld acab nkymabajkclr. @u nabyktld acabblmmktl jkkb kckdtrld adnbblmmktlbk àcmr. Adnb artnasnabyktld acabduvvktckbmlrlr.

?.?. KckdtrhndbatscarKkr lcktdkb `lr `h`lb nkymaba jktlrkokdkdlcmk sarcnsa adn `tb sarncarmab

ayb ybmk jkkokdtlr. @u ma `h`lbmk B vk _ dutupcar hcuturur. Malnl ndbats zkcclljstkrkb ù ndbatsa KCKD]PHNLDBA]L_ mkblr (kdlc ?.6 ?.


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saysba vk `h`lbmkb jkkb adnblmmktlbk `acmr. Nabyktld acabb duvvktl anpkr-sarn

lck lgamk kmlclr.

kdlc ?.6 kdlc ?.


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=6

[\J[CANA GAAC\K]

ckn @asanadcar bkrlckr

]kd lcktdkb mkbkyl yapbz.

Mkbky llb jkrkdcl hcab naczknkckrl kckdtrldnaczknk satocarbmab acbz. (rktk, lcktdkbu`ud, naacda`ch, darthb, mknlr thzu)

Naacda`chyu rktkolb ucarba `acaybz.

Mlddat5 Duccabmbz rktk ad lsk ucarb`lr`lrlbk tknas ktnknkslbk mlddat kmlblz.

Nabyktld acab hcuturaoabz lcktdkbl darthbmabmkckrkd jklrlblz. Darthb zkrlbk mknlr thzcarbskrplblz.

A- Adn \hd @- Ad n War

Da`chbub mlkr ucarblcktdkbk tknas kttlrlblz.

Mknlr thzcarbb farkdktckrlbl dhbtrhc kmkrkdjzcknckrlblzl bht kmlblz.

lgt lcktdkb mkbkyl yapbz.

Mkbky llb jkrkdcl hcab naczknkckrl kckdtrldnaczknk satocarbmab acbz.

lgt lcktdkb mkbkyl- adn yhd

cktdkbckrl yab yaba dhyubuz. Da ch ucarb

[\J[CANA GAAC\K]


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Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 1

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