Electronics - Ifuuastee.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/6/10561538/electronics_-_i.pdf · 10 To study the...

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad – Pakistan Electrical Engineering

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SECOND SEMESTER

ELECTRONICS - I

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:

Engr. Yousaf Hameed Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri

Lecturer (Lab) Electrical, Senior Lab Engineer Electrical, Dean, FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad


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Name: ____________________________________________

Registration No: ____________________________________

Roll No: ___________________________________________

Semester: _________________________________________

Batch: ____________________________________________


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CCCOOONNNTTTEEENNNTTTSSS Exp No List of Experiments

1 STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE

2 TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE

3 MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PN JUNCTION

DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER

4 TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON

OSCILLOSCOPE

5 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE

6 INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE

7 TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE

8 TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE

9 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

10 To study the characteristics of zener diode

To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit

11 Series BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers

12 PARALLEL BIASED & UNBIASED Clippers

13 ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER/LIMITERS

14 Unbiased Clamper

15 Biased Clamper

16 Determine the type of transistor NPN or PNP and identifying the terminals (base, emitter and Collector)

17 EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NPN THROUGH EXPERIMENTS

18 EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PNP THROUGH EXPERIMENTS


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EXPERIMENT NO – 01

STUDY OF OSCILLOSCOPE:

Dual Trace Oscilloscope 20MHz (GW INSTEK GOS-620)


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Lab Task:

1. Generate the following signals from function generator and verify this on oscilloscope. Also

draw it below. S.NO Frequency Amplitude Wave Type

1 5 KHz 3 V P-Peak Sine Wave

2 10 KHz 5 V P-Peak Square Wave

3 50 KHz 7 V P-Peak Triangular Wave

4 Of your own choice Of your own choice Of your own choice

Example:


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TROUBLESHOOTING OF DIODE

Testing a diode is quite simple, particularly if the multi-meter used has a diode check function.

With the diode check function a specific known voltage is applied from the meter across the diode.

With the diode check function a good diode will show approximately 0.7 V or 0.3 V when forward

biased.

When checking in reverse bias the full applied testing voltage will be sent on the display.

An ohm-meter can be used to check the forward and reverse resistance of a diode if the ohm-meter has

enough voltage to force the diode into conduction. Of course, in forward biased connection low

resistance will be seen and in reverse biased connecting high.


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OPEN DIODE

In the case of an open diode no current flows in either direction which is indicated by the full

checking voltage with the diode check function or high resistance using an ohmmeter in both forward

and reverse connections.

SHORTED DIODE

In the case of a shorted diode maximum current flows indicated by 0V with the diode check

function or low resistance with an ohm-meter in both forward and reverse connections.


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MEASURE AND PLOT THE FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TYPICAL PN JUNCTION DIODE USING AN DIGITAL VOLT-METER

THEORY

Figure 1 Junction diode being impressed forward and reverse voltage

Semi-conductor diode allows the current to pass through in one direction but almost not in opposite

direction. Because while it has low forward resistance, high reverse resistance. All semi-conductor

diode generally has one-directional characteristic.

FORWARD CURRENT

The status connecting power to p side of pn junction diode with +, and to n side with – as Figure 1(a) is

called as being applied forward voltage or forward bias. At this time, current (forward current) flows

through the diode. The fact that the hole of p field flows to n field and the electron of n field to p field

vigorously makes big current I flowing from p to n.


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REVERSE CURRENT

The status adding external voltage to n side +, to p side – as Figure 1(b) is called as being applied

reverse voltage or reverse bias. At this time, very weak ‘reverse saturation current’ flows from n to p

field through diode. This current reaches to maximum value very easily and increasing reverse voltage

doesn’t increase this current more than that value. So we call it reverse saturation current.

Figure 2 Forward v-I characteristic of power-junction diode

PROCEDURE:

Figure 3


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1. Connect the circuits as shown in figure –a and figure –b

2. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode and establish the circuit as Figure 3(a)

to measure the forward current of diode. Measure the forward current (IF) as changing input

voltage as table 1 and record it.

3. Connect current meter in series with resistor and diode to establish the circuit as Figure 3(b) to

measure the reverse current of diode. Measure the reverse current (IA) as changing input

voltage as table 1 and record it.

4. Draw forward and reverse current characteristic curve using the measured value of Table 1.

(Graph 1 and 2)

Table-1 Current

Input Voltage

Ge Diode Si Diode

Forward (IF)

Forward (VF)

Reverse (IR)

Reverse (VR)

Forward (IF)

Forward (VF)

Reverse (IR)

Reverse (VR)

1V

2V

3V

4V

5V

6V

7V

8V


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Graph-1 (Si)

Graph-2 (Si)


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Graph-1 (Ge)

Graph-2 (Ge)


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TO CONSTRUCT A HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK ITS OUTPUT WAVEFORM ON OSCILLOSCOPE

THEORY

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

Rectifier is the diode used in converting AC to DC and this process is rectification. The basic way of

rectification is half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1. When the secondary voltage of

transformer is positive half period (V AB is +), diode D1 becomes forward bias. Because it represents

very low resistance value toward voltage source, so most of the secondary voltage appears both sides

of load RL . Silicon and germanium are representative forward biased diode. The step-down range of

silicon diode is from 0.5V to 1.0V and that of germanium diode is from 0.2V to 0.6V. Most of step-

down is ignored to make the interpretation of circuit simple. Especially when power supply is very

high, forward step-down of diode becomes very small toward output voltage.

Figure 1(b) explains the action of half-wave rectifier. Note that the fact that output becomes ‘0’ when

the voltage of transformer (V AB ) is negative (-). It is because diode becomes a backward bias (added

anode toward cathode). It is the same as open circuit ideally. Average DC voltage (V dc ) is the same as

0.318 times (0318 1. /= π ) of maximum value. Most of voltage meter displays average value. So it

indicates 0.318 times of maximum voltage toward half-wave rectifier. But effective value must be used

to calculate power. The effective voltage toward half-wave rectifier circuit is 0.5 times of maximum

1


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value.

In case of half-wave;

This 2 way of displaying voltage may cause some confusion. Fortunately, effective value and average

value is mostly equal in general DC current. Therefore you may not worry about that. Average current

I 0 is the current taken by dividing average voltage of load by load resistance.

Step-down is so small in forward bias. But maximum input voltage appears as the step-down of both

sides of diode in backward bias. We call it as Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV). Every diode has maximum

allowable PRV rating which must not be exceeded and when the exceeding is happens, the factor

extinguished. The voltage of diode VAC in Figure 1(b) follows VAB in backward bias. Therefore diode

has very high resistance value. And note that step-down (V AC ) is not ‘0’ but a small positive value. It

is a forward step-down of diode and generally it is less than 1V.

APPARATUS:

1. Low-voltage AC power supply

2. One 1N4001 diode

3. Resistance 100Ω

4. Oscilloscope

The diode need not be an exact model 1N4001. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are

suitable for the task


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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

FIGURE -2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the diode to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure. Note that the

resistor uses to limit the current.

2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.

3. Switch on the oscilloscope and the sinusoidal supply.

4. Sketch the input waveform

INPUT WAVEFORM


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5. Measure and record time T , peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity.

7. Sketch the waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode is conducting and those

when it is not. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of output

T= _______________ Vp: _______________

9. Confirm this Vp should be very nearly equal to the peak voltage of the alternating supply.


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________


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TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE CENTER-TAP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT & TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT & OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE

THEORY: More useful and effective way of converting AC to DC is using both positive and negative range of

AC input signal. There are 2 kinds of circuit to use to do this. Figure-1 shows a circuit among the two.

Because this method uses all of input wave type as DC output, it is known as full-wave rectification.

Center-tap rectifier in Figure-1 uses secondary winding having center-tap. When the polarity of

voltage is the same as figure, anode has a positive polarity toward cathode. So D1 becomes a forward

bias and conduction status. On the contrary, D2 becomes a backward bias and non-conduction status.

Therefore only D1 supplies the current to load.

Figure-1 Because the polarity of secondary voltage of transformer is inverted in the next half cycle of AC, so

everything is in opposition to above condition. Therefore, D1 becomes backward bias and D2 becomes

forward bias, then D2 supplies current to load. Because each diode is insulation status during only the

half cycle (by half cycle in turn), load current which is double the current of half-wave rectifying.

Figure -2 shows its output wave type. Note that double the increase of frequency appears in output


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substantially. It is because cycle of output wave type T is the half of AC input signal. Remember that

frequency is the reciprocal of cycle. ( f T=1/ ).

Center tap circuit has been the most general full-wave rectifying circuit but, bridge circuit becomes

most general owing to the appearance of silicon diode having low price, high reliability and small size.

Figure- 3: I/O waveforms of full wave rectifier


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The reason is in the fact that it enables to cut down the size of transformer needed in getting the degree

of output as well as center tap. Current flows in turn by dividing secondary side of transformer half and

half during each half cycle of main-sub in center tap circuit.

During this one cycle of the input sine wave, two positive DC pulses have been developed.

With this Condition, the output frequency has doubled. If the input frequency is 50 hertz, the positive

alternation will be present 50 times. After the full-wave rectification, there will be 100 positive pulses

at the output. If the DC output signal is measured with a multi-meter, the indication will be the

average value of the peak signal.

To determine the average value of a full-wave rectified signal, multiply the peak value by 0.636 Example:

VAVG = VP * 0.636

Input peak value = 10 V AC

10 V AC x 0.636 = 6.36 V DC


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APPARATUS:

1. Low-voltage AC power supply 2. Two 1N4001 diode 3. Resistance 1KΩ 4. Oscilloscope

The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.




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INPUT WAVEFORM 5. Measure and record time T , peak voltage Vp and peak to peak voltage Vpp of Input supply

T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________

6. With the oscilloscope DC. Coupled adjust the time-base and the Y amplifier sensitivity. 7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 is conducting

and when the diode D2 is conducting those. Time T depends upon the frequency of your power supply.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

8. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.

T= _______________ Vp: _______________


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COMMENTS:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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INTRODUCTION OF PROTEUS SOFTWARE


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TO CONSTRUCT A FULL-WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND TO CHECK AND MEASURE THE INPUT AND OUTPUTS WAVE FORMS ON OSCILLOSCOPE THEORY: A basic full-wave bridge rectifier is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Basic Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

A full wave bridge rectifier has one advantage over the conventional full-wave rectifier: the amplitude

of the output signal. The frequency of the positive pulses will be the same in either rectifier. When the

output signal is taken from a bridge rectifier, it is taken across the entire potential of the transformer;

thus, the output signal will be twice the amplitude of a conventional full-wave rectifier. For the first

half cycle of a bridge rectifier, refer to Figure 2.

Figure 2 Full Wave Bridge Rectifier (First Half-Wave Cycle Operation)


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During the first half cycle of the input signal, a positive potential is felt at Point A and a negative

potential is felt at Point B. Under this condition, a positive potential is felt on the anode of D2 and on

the cathode of D1. D2 will be forward-biased, while D1 will be reverse-biased. Also, a negative

potential will be placed on the cathode of D3 and the anode of D4. D3 will be forward-biased, while D4

will be reverse biased. With D3 and D2 forward-biased, a path for current flow has been developed.

The current will flow from the lower side of the transformer to Point D. D3 is forward-biased, so

current will flow through D3 to Point E, from Point E to the bottom of the load resistor, and up to Point

F. R3 is forward biased, so current will flow through D2, to Point C, and to Point A. The difference of

potential across the secondary of the transformer causes the current to flow. Diodes D3 and D2 are

forward-biased, so very little resistance is offered to the current flow by these components. Also, the

resistance of the transformer is very small, so approximately all the applied potential will be developed

across the load resistor. If the potential from Point A to Point B of the transformer is 24 volts, the

output developed across the load resistor will be a positive pulse approximately 24 volts in amplitude.

Figure 3. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier (Second Cycle Operation) When the next alternation of the input is felt (Figure 3), the potential across the transformer reverses

polarity. Now, a negative potential is felt at Point A and a positive potential is felt at Point B. With a

negative felt at Point C, D1 will have a negative on the cathode and D2 will have a negative on the

anode. A positive at Point D will be felt on the anode of D4 and the cathode of D3. D1 and D4 will be

forward-biased and will create a path for current flow. D3 and D2 will be reverse-biased, so no current

will flow. The path for current flow is from Point A to

Point C, through D1 to Point E, to the lower side of the load resistor, through the load resistor to Point


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F, through D4 to Point D, and to the lower side of T1. Current flows because of the full potential being

present across the entire transformer; therefore, the current through the load resistor will develop the

complete voltage potential. The frequency of the output pulses will be twice that of the input pulses

because both cycles of the input AC voltage are being used to produce an output.

APPARATUS:


2. Four 1N4001 diode

3. Resistance 1KΩ

4. Oscilloscope

The diodes need not be exact model 1N4001 units. Any of the "1N400X" series of rectifying diodes

are suitable for the task, and they are quite easy to obtain.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the diodes to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output/Load Resistance of a circuit.




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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________


7. Sketch the output waveform and label it to show the periods when the diode D1 and D4 are

conducting and when the diode D2 and D3 are conducting those. Time T depends upon the

frequency of your power supply.

8. Sketch the output waveform during positive Half Cycle


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9. Sketch the output waveform during negative Half Cycle

10. Sketch the output waveform

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

11. Measure and record time T and peak voltage Vp of an output supply.

T= _______________ Vp: _______________

12. Compare Input and output voltages.


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________


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TO CHECK THE EFFECTS OF FILTER CAPACITANCE ON DC OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND RIPPLE ON OSCILLOSCOPE

THEORY:

The Capacitor Filter

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is very

limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies that require very

little load current from the supply. This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple

frequency is not critical and can be relatively high.

The simple capacitor filter shown in figure 1 consists of a single-filter element. This capacitor (C) is

connected across the output of the rectifier bridge in parallel with the load. The RC charge time of the

filter capacitor (C) must be short and the RC discharge time must be long to eliminate ripple action

when using this filter. In other words, the capacitor must charge up fast with preferably no discharge at

all. Better filtering also results when the frequency is high; therefore, the full-wave rectifier output is

easier to filter than the half-wave rectifier because of its higher frequency.

Figure 1. - Full-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter

The value of the capacitor is fairly large (several microfarads).

When the pulsating voltage is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor charges rapidly and almost

reaches the peak value of the rectified voltage within the first few cycles. The capacitor attempts to

charge to the peak value of the rectified voltage anytime a diode is conducting, and tends to retain its


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charge when the rectifier output falls to zero. (The capacitor cannot discharge immediately). The

capacitor slowly discharges through the load resistance (RL) during the time the rectifier is not

conducting.

The rate of discharge of the capacitor is determined by the value of capacitance and the value of the

load resistance. If the capacitance and load resistance values are large, the RC discharge time for the

circuit is relatively long.

When the circuit is energized, the diode conducts on the positive half cycle and current flows through

the circuit allowing C to charge. C will charge to approximately the peak value of the input voltage.

The charge is less than the peak value because of the voltage drop across diodes.

If fewer ripples are desired under heavy-load conditions, a larger capacitor may be used.

APPARATUS:


2. Four 1N4001 diode

3. Capacitor


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4. Oscilloscope


A larger capacitor value is fine to use in this experiment, so long as its working voltage is high enough. To be safe, choose a capacitor with a working voltage rating at least twice the RMS AC voltage output of the low-voltage AC power supply

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Construct the bridge rectifier circuit by using rectifying diodes and RC smoothing circuit and

connect it to the low-voltage AC power supply as shown in a figure.

2. Connect CH1 of Oscilloscope to Input and CH2 to Output of a circuit.




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INPUT WAVEFORM


6. Check the output waveform when filtering capacitance is not connected and Sketch it.

7. Now connect filtering capacitance on Output side and check the output on oscilloscope and

sketch it.


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8. By changing RC change the Load and checks the effect on output waveform also sketches the

output waveform.

COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________


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SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Verify Experiment 4 (Half Wave Rectifier), Experiment 5 (Full Wave Center tapped

Rectifier), Experiment 6 (Full Wave Bridge Rectifier), Experiment 8 (Full Wave Bridge

Rectifier with RC filter circuit) by the use of Proteus also submit a printout of a proper labeled

schematic.


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ZENER DIODE

OBJECTIVES:

To study the characteristics of zener diode

To study the voltage regulation in zener diode regulating circuit

APPARATUS:

1. DC Power supply


3. Zener Diode 6V,9V

4. Resistance 0.1K, 1K, 3.3K

5. Oscilloscope

Part A: Zener diode characteristics PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit of figure. Set the DC supply to 0V and record the measured value of R

Figure-1

2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 1 and measure both VZ and VR.

Calculate the zener current, IZ using Ohm’s law given in the table and complete the table.

3. Plot IZ versus VZ using data in table 1 on graph paper.


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R (Measured) = ________________________

Table:

Volts 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

VZ (V)

VR (V)

IZ = VR / Rmeas (mA)

Graph:


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Part B: Zener diode Regulation 1. Construct the circuit of figure-2. Record the measured value of each resistor.

Figure -2

2. Measure the value of VL and VR. Using the measured values, calculate the value for current

through R, IR and RL, IL and current through zener diode IZ.

3. Checks the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch the output waveform.

R (measured) = __________________ RL (measured) = __________________

VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________

IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________

IZ = IR - IL = __________________


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4. Change RL to 3.3Kohm and repeat step 2.

5. After changing load resistance Check the output waveform on oscilloscope also sketch it

Change RL to 3.3K ohm

RL (measured) = __________________

VR (measured) = __________________ VL (measured) = __________________

IR-VR/R = __________________ IL = VL / RL = __________________

IZ = IR - IL = __________________

6. Comment on the results obtained in steps 2 and 3.

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

PROTEUS Instruction

1. Construct the circuit in fig 2 using PROTEUS

2. Find the Values of VL, VR, IZ, IL and IR when RL=1K ohm.

3. Change RL to 3.3K ohm; find the same values as step 2.


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SERIES CLIPPERS

Part-A: Series Un-Biased Clipper.

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode

3. Resistors(100-ohm, 1k-ohm)

4. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure-1

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________


7. Sketch the output waveform.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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Part-B: Series Biased Clipper.

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode


4. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure-2

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________



OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a

printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.


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ASSIGNMENT

Construct the circuit in Figure-1, 2, 3 &4 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of

a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.

Figure-1

Figure-2

Figure-3

Figure-4


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Parallel Clippers

Part-A: Parallel Un-Biased Clipper.

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode


4. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure-1

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________



OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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Part-B: Parallel Biased Clipper.

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode


4. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure-2

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________



OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Construct the circuit in Figure-1 & Figure-2 by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a

printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.


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ZENER DIODE AS CLIPPER

APPARATUS:


2. Zener Diode 6V,9V

3. Resistance 100 Ohm, 1K

4. Oscilloscope

Note: Zener diode can use for limiting just as normal diode. The difference to consider for a zener

limiter is its zener breakdown characteristics.

PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure.

Figure

2. Connect CH1 of oscilloscope on Input. Checks the input waveform on oscilloscope also sketch

the input waveform.


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3. Connect CH2 of oscilloscope on output side and checks the output waveform on oscilloscope

also sketch it.

COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a

proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.


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Unbiased Clamper

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode

3. Resistor 1k-ohm

4. Capacitor

5. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________



OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a

proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation.


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Biased Clamper

APPARATUS:


2. One 1N4001 diode

3. Resistor 1k-ohm

4. Capacitor

5. Oscilloscope


Circuit Diagram

Figure

PROCEDURE:







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INPUT WAVEFORM


T= _______________ Vp: _______________ Vpp _______________



OUTPUT WAVEFORM


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COMMENTS:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Construct the circuit in Figure by the use of Proteus Software also Submit a printout of a proper labeled schematic. Include hand calculation

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