Electronics 1 mohamed ibrahim
Transcript of Electronics 1 mohamed ibrahim
Introduction to Electronics
History
In 600 BC Greeks discovered static electricity by rubbing wool against amber which would attract objects.
Amber is the common name for fossil resin or tree sap that is appreciated for its inherent and interesting mixture of colors and it is widely used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. Although not mineralized, it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-fossil amber is called copal.
Introduction to Electronics
Types of Electricity
Two forms of electricity Static and Produced
Static Electricity is an electrical charge at rest.
Produced Electricity is produced by either magnetism, chemicals, light, heat, or pressure.
Introduction to Electronics
Types of Electricity
Magnetism – Generator
Chemical – Battery
Light – Photocell (solar cell)
Heat – Thermocouple (nuclear power)
Pressure - Crystals
Review
The study of electronics can be broken down into four basic steps:
Step 1 – Basic Electricity
Step 2 – Electronic Components
Step 3 – Electronic Circuits
Step 4 – Electronic Systems
Step 1: Basics of Electricity
Current
Voltage
Power
Resistance
• Step 1: Basics of Electricity
Current – Andre’ Ampere’
Voltage – Alessandro Volta
Resistance – George Ohm
Power – James WattAndre’ Ampere’
Alessandro Volta
Georg Ohm
James Watt
Step 2: Electronic Components
Current
Voltage
Power
Resistance
Co
mp
on
en
ts
• Step 2 Electronic Components
Switches and Keyboard
Semiconductors
Transducers
Resistors
Capacitors
Electron Tubes
Magnetic
Nikola Tesla
Thomas Edison
Step 3: Electronic Circuits
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Cir
cu
its
• Step 3: Electronic Circuits
Signal Generators and Timers
Amplifiers
Digital Circuits
Power Supplies
Detectors and Mixers
Filters
Phase-locked Looks
Converters
Data Acquisition
Synthesizers
Charles Wheatstone
Gustav Kirchoff
Robert Noyce
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
• Step 4: Electronic Systems
Communications
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and Measurement
Biomedical
Step 4: Electronic Systems
• Communications Systems
Radio
Telecommunications
Television
Data Communications
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
Circuits
Systems
Communications
Heinrich Hertz
Guglielmo Marconi
Lee DeforestJohn Baird
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
ComponentsCircuits
Systems
Communication
Computers
• Computers
Data Terminals
Computer Systems
Data Storage
Input/Output Devices
George Boole
John von Neuman
Alan TuringCharles Babbage
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
CircuitsSystems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
• Consumer
Video Equipment
Audio Equipment
Personal
Automobile ElectronicsWilliam Shockley
Chester Carlson
Jack Kilby
Nolan Bushnell
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
Components
CircuitsSystems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
• Industrial
Manufacturing Equipment
Computer-Aided-Design
and Engineering CAD/CAE
Management
Charles Steinmetz
Werner Von Siemens
James Joule
Carl Gauss
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
• Test and Measurement
General Test and
Measurement Equipment
Automated Test Systems
Components
CircuitsSystems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and MeasurementSir Isaac Newton
RAdm Grace Harper
Benjamin Franklin
John Napier
Step 4: Electronic Systems
Current
Votlage
Power
Resistance
• Biomedical
Patient Care
Diagnostics
Circuits
Components
Systems
Communication
Computers
Consumer
Industrial
Test and Measurement
Biomedical
Luigi Galvani
Henry Cavendish
Sir John Fleming
Electrons
The smallest amount of electrical charge having the quality called negative polarity.
Electrons orbit the center of atoms.
Protons
The proton is a basic particle with positive polarity.
Protons are located in the nucleus of atoms along with neutrons, particles which have neutral polarity.
Conductors
Have 1 valence electron
Materials in which electrons can move freely from atom to atom are called conductors.
In general all metals are good conductors.
The purpose of conductors is to allow electrical current to flow with minimum resistance.
Insulators
Have 8 valence electrons
Materials in which electrons tend to stay put and do not flow easily from atom to atom are termed insulators.
Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electricity.
Insulating materials such as glass, rubber, or plastic are also called dielectrics, meaning they can store charges.
Dielectric materials are used in components like capacitors which must store electric charges.
Semi-Conductors
Have 4 valence electrons
Materials which are neither conductors nor insulators
Common semi conductor materials are carbon, germanium and silicone.
Used in components like transistors
Harnessing Electricity
First we must separate the + & -charges in matter.
Changing the balance of forces produces evidence of electricity.
Example: A battery. Its chemical energy separates electric charges to produce an excess of electrons on one lead, and an excess of protons on the other.
Voltage
1 volt is a measure of the amount of work required to move 1C of charge
Potential refers to the the possibility of doing work.
Any charge has the potential to do the work of attracting a similar charge or repulsing an opposite charge.
The practical unit of potential difference is the volt (V)
The Symbol for Charge
The symbol for charge is Q which stands for quantity.
The practical unit of charge is called the coulomb (C).
One coulomb is equal to the amount of charge of 6.25X1018 electrons or protons stored in a dielectric.
Current
When a charge is forced to move because of a potential difference (voltage) current is produced.
In conductors - free electrons can be forced to move with relative ease, since they require little work to be moved.
So current is charge in motion.
The more electrons in motion the greater the current.
Amperes
Current indicates the intensity of the electricity in motion. The symbol for current is I (for intensity) and is measured in amperes.
The definition of current is: I = Q/T
Where I is current in amperes, Q is charge in coulombs, and T is time in seconds.
Resistance
Opposition to the flow of current is termed resistance.
The fact that a wire can become hot from the flow of current is evidence of resistance.
Conductors have very little resistance.
Insulators have large amounts of resistance.
Ohms
The practical unit of resistance is the ohm designated by the Greek letter omega: Ω
A resistor is an electronic component designed specifically to provide resistance.
People To Research
Andre Ampere Alessandro Volta
Georg Ohm James Watt
Nikola Tesla Michael Faraday
Joseph Henry Thomas Edison
Charles Wheatstone Gustav Kirchoff
Rene Descartes Robert Noyce
Guglielmo Marconi Lee Deforest
Heinrich Hertz John Baird
People To Research
George Boole John von Neuman
Charles Babbage Alan Turing
William Shockley Jack Kilby
Chester Carlson Nolan Bushnell
Charles Steinmetz Werner von Siemens
James Joule Carl Gauss
John A. Napier Grace Hopper
Benjamin Franklin Luigi Glavani
Henry Cavendish John Flemming