electronic toll collector

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Guidelines for the preparation of Synopsis Report

USE COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING /INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY appropriately. The students of CS use

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING and the students of IT use

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY at appropriate locations every where.

Synopsis should contain certificates from the company (if live project), and yourselfindicating that the work is original and is not submitted elsewhere.

1. One Copy of the Synopsis is submitted to the department.2. Report must be Spiral Bound.

3. Size and font

Complete Synopsis Report including pages and chart.

(i) type of font: Times New Roman(ii) Chapter heading 14 points

(iii) Heading 12 point capital and bold

(iv) Sub heading 12 point capital(v) Text 12 point

4. Page Margin

Top Margin 1Bottom Margin 1

Left Margin 1

Right Margin 15. Line Spacing 1 line

6. Paragraph Spacing 1.5 line

7. All pages (except front page and certificates) shall be numbered at bottom

with center alignment.8. Only one side of the page will be written.

9. Each new chapter will start from a new page.

10. An appendix shall be added for technology used, functions implemented etc ifrequired.

11. Students should clearly mention what kind of testing and how is done in the

project.12. Students should carefully read their synopsis reports to remove wrong

spellings, grammatical mistakes, and repetition of words, Lines or paragraph

in the text. They are advised not to repeat the same text again and again just to

increase the size of the chapter in their report. However giving reference isallowed.

13. The lists of the chapters with subtopics are available below. Use The Chapters

and their sub topics as per your projects requirements.


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Table of Contents

Index Page No

Chapter 1. Introduction

11. 1 Aims, Objectives , Vision

Chapter 2.Project / Problem Selection

Chapter 3.Project Monitoring System

3.1 Gantt Chart3.2 PERT Chart

Chapter 4. System Study

4.1 Existing System along with limitations/deficiencies4.2 Proposed system along with intended objectives

4.3 Feasibility study

4.3.1 Operational4.3.2 Technical

4.3.3 Economic

Chapter 5. System Analysis5.1 Requirement Specification

5.2 System flowcharts5.3 DFDs/HIPOs/ERDs

5.4 Sources of dataChapter 6. Scope of the Project

Bibliography & Web References

A


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MAJOR REPORT

ON

ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION

SUBMITTED TO

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA

(M.P.)

In partial fulfillment for the requirement of VIII Sem of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

YEAR 2012-13

SUBMITTED BY

SHIVANI GUPTA

(0905IT091052)

GUIDED BY

SMITA DANDOTIYAAsst.Professor

Deptt. of IT

ITM, Gwalior (M.P)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHENOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY & MANAGAMENT

GWALIOR-474001


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INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY & MANAGAMENT

GWALIOR

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shivani Gupta(0905IT091052), students of Bachelor of

Engineering (Information Techonology) VIII semester has developed a major report on

Electronic Toll Collection under the guidance of Smita Dandotiya using Java

Technology for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering (Information

Techonology) and submitted a satisfactory Synopsis of the project. This work has not

been submitted in part or full to this or any other university for the award of any degree

or diploma to the best of my knowledge.

We wish their success in the future.

Rajend Singh Kushwaha External Examiner Smita Dandotiya

Head of Department Asst.Professor

CSE/IT Deptt. of CSE/IT

ITM,Gwalior(M.P.)


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1

Candidate Declaration

We Shivani Gupta (0905IT091052) students of Bachelor of Engineering

(Information Techonology) VIII semester, hereby declare that we have developed this

synopsis on Electronic Toll Collection. This major report is developed by us under the

guidance of Ms.Smita Dandotiya. using Java Technology. We submit this synopsis

report for the partial fulfillment of the VII semester of Bachelor of Engineering

(Information Techonology). This work has not been submitted in part or full to this or

any other university for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge.

Shivani Gupta(0905IT091052)


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Acknowlegment

We take this golden opportunity to convey our inner felt gratitude and whole hearted

thanks to our esteemed project guide Yogendra Rathore, Department of CSE & IT, for

his keen interest, immense guidance, valuable suggestions, excellent supervision and

constant encouragement at every stage of the project work.

We extend our most sincere thanks to Dr. Rajendra Singh Kushwaha, Head of the

Department, and CSE & IT for providing excellent academic atmosphere which made our

project a reality.


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ABSTRACT

Electronic toll collection (ETC), an adaptation of military identification friend or foetechnology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically.

ETC determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers forthose that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered car owners withoutrequiring them to stop.

In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner William Vickrey was the first to propose a

system of electronic tolling for the Washington Metropolitan Area. He proposed that each

car would be equipped with a transponder. The transponders personalised signal wouldbe picked up when the car passed through an intersection, and then relayed to a central

computer which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of

day and add it to the cars bill Electronic toll collection has facilitated the concession tothe private sector of the construction and operation of urban freeways, as well as made

feasible the improvement and the practical implementation of road congestion pricingschemes in a limited number of urban areas to restrict auto travel in the most congested

areas.

In the 1960s and 1970s, free flow tolling was tested with fixed transponders at the

undersides of the vehicles and readers, which were located under the surface of the

highway.

Norway has been the world's pioneer in the widespread implementation of thistechnology. ETC was first introduced in Bergen, in 1986, operating together with

traditional tollbooths. In 1991, Trondheim introduced the world's first use of completely

unaided full-speed electronic tolling. Norway now has 25 toll roads operating withelectronic fee collection (EFC), as the Norwegian technology is called (see AutoPASS).

In 1995, Portugal became the first country to apply a single, universal system to all tolls

in the country, the Via Verde, which can also be used in parking lots and gas stations.

The United States is another country with widespread use of ETC in several states,though many U.S. toll roads maintain the option of manual collection.

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoPASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verdehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vickreyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoPASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Verde


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1: LITERATURE SURVEY

1.1 ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTOR:

Figure 1.1: Electronic toll

Electronic toll is an inter-operate-ability system allowing cashless payment at toll booths

on national highways. It increases revenue, curbing leakages and ensuring smooth travel

across the country.

The problem without Electronic toll system is that most people have to wait in the queueof slow moving vehicles of the toll booth. Other problems include delay in reaching the

destination, time wasting, and cash exchange.

The main objective of E-toll project is to collect funds to finance the construction and

maintenance of road network. In addition E-toll facilitates the delivery of sophisticatedservices based on information that the systems able to collect. The services include

various things, from fleet management of private companies to directing traffic, avoiding

traffic congestion or informing drivers about traffic jams and road accidents ahead oftime. The E-toll system helps to avoid wasting of time. It will prove effective in tracking

of stolen vehicles and cash exchange. It also avoids the delay in reaching the destination.

Currently this technology is used in countries like U.S.A, Canada, Argentina, Mexico andChile.

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CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

AIM

Electronic toll collection (ETC), an adaptation of military "identification friend or foe"

technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roadsby collecting tolls electronically.

ETC determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program, alerts enforcers for

those that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered car owners without

requiring them to stop.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is collecting toll and reduce traffic and improve

service. The RFID card will be given to the user which contains the digital code, which

have to the corresponding details stored in the centralized database system which can be

accessed in the relevant office as and when required. Radio-frequency Identification

(RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying/storing and remotely retrieving

data using called RFID tags (Transporters). An RFID tag is an object that can imbibe into

a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Some

tags can be read from several meters and also can be used beyond the line of sight of the

reader. The model developed uses an active RFID technology and wireless communicator

as it helps to improve data transfer between the tag and the host database over a long

distance. The main objective of this module development is to implement an automated

check in and checkout in Electronic Toll collection system. Electronic toll collection

system (ETC) is one of the means that have been adopted by all developed countries to

solve jam problem by parking charge and improve service quality. However the system

can also be used in car alarms, warehouse inventory, security access control, personnel

access & tracking without the need to swipe each item individually.

VISION

Project vision encompasses enabling every rental vehicle residing within an electronic

toll collection system with the ability to pay for tolls automatically, whether transponder

or video toll based.

4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(road_usage)


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CHAPTER 3:

PROJECT/PROBLEM SELECTION

The problem without Electronic toll system is that most people have to wait in the queue

of slow moving vehicles of the toll booth. Other problems include delay in reaching thedestination, time wasting, and cash exchange.

With the use ofElectronic Toll Collector (ETC) the throughput of the system can beincreased three times. For that reason, ETC systems might represent a more feasible

alternative than building additional toll lanes. One of the key factors for all the ETC

projects is to calculate the benefits that it might produce before the actual

implementation. There is a dearth of research done in integrating all the benefits for ETC.Previous studies show that the benefits for ETC are evaluated on an individual basis. In

addition, since most of these projects are relatively new, the benefit analysis has been

done with less accuracy.

The main objective of E-toll project is to collect funds to finance the construction and

maintenance of road network. In addition E-toll facilitates the delivery of sophisticatedservices based on information that the systems able to collect. The services include

various things, from fleet management of private companies to directing traffic, avoiding

traffic congestion or informing drivers about traffic jams and road accidents ahead oftime. The E-toll system helps to avoid wasting of time. It will prove effective in tracking

of stolen vehicles and cash exchange. It also avoids the delay in reaching the destination.

By using Electronic toll system in toll booth we will get the following benefits-

Increases patron convenience and safety with nonstop payment Improves traffic flow

Reduces patron commute time

Reduces traffic congestion Lowers patron fuel use

Reduces emissions which are a major cause of pollution

Reduces need for new roads Reduces operating costs for toll authorities

Provides proven reliability and unparalleled accuracy

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4.2 USECASE DIAGRAM

Admin

7

Registration

Autogen

Transaction

Balance

CardDetails


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CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM STUDY

5.1 EXISTING SYSTEM ALONG WITH LIMITATIONS/DEFICIENCIES

Exiting system is limited to Undetected Incorrect Reads referring to the incorrectread of a tag that the registration hardware or software does not catch. This scenario

constitutes either a free ride for the motorist, or an undeserved fine for failure to pay

which can be a hefty price.

Theft the tags are, in essence, electronic money and therefore there will be

motivation to steal them. Specially-designed tags that are permanently affixed to thewindshield have been created to deter anyone from trying to remove it without damaging

the tag.

A customers account can be subjected to hackers.

Job loss- attendants will be replaced with electronic tolls.

5.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM ALONG WITH INTENDED OBJECTIVES

User Friendly: We have tried to come up with the project which is as much user friendly

as it can. The administrator will have no problem in running the project.

Security: The Project determines whether the cars passing are enrolled in the program,alerts enforcers for those that are not, and electronically debits the accounts of registered

car owners without requiring them to stop..

Uniqueness: In this Project RFID tag will be a prepaid tag which will be affixed in theupper central portion of the vehicle's windscreen. It will work as a prepaid toll account

and there will be automatic toll deduction when the vehicle crosses a toll plaza.

The unique number of the Tag fitted on the windscreen of the vehicle would be read by

the 'readers' fitted in the dedicated "ETC" lanes of these plazas, and sent to the CentralClearing House.The user will get an instant SMS alert as well as email update. The

Clearing House pools the money collected electronically and later distributes among toll

plaza managements as per usage by vehicles.

5.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility study is carried out to test if the proposed system worth beingimplemented. Given unlimited resources and infinite time, all projects are feasible. Hence

it become booty necessary and prudent to evaluate the feasibility of the project at the

earliest possible time in order to avoid unnecessary wasted of time, effort andprofessional embarrassment over an all - conceived system. Feasibility study is a test of

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system proposed regarding its workability, impact on the organization ability to meet us

need and effective use of resources. It is usually carried out by the small group of peoplewho are familiar with the information system technique, understand the part of the

business or organization that will be involved or affected by the project, and are skilled in

the System Analysis and Design process. The purpose of feasibility study is not to solvethe problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.

Feasibility usually includes the following aspects:

5.3.1OPERATIONALIt is operationally feasible in its nature also, because it is developed in Java and Ms

Access of which Java provides user-friendly environment due to its features.

The System will provide them automatic reporting and checks on entries while storing aswell as entering. So the front end has been made user friendly for Administrator.

5.3.2 TECHNICAL

The Technical issues usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation

include these:-

Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested?Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use

the new system?

Can the system be expanded if developed?Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security?

Processor used in this project is Intel Core i3 CPU M370 @ 2.40GHz, 3.2GBRAM.

System type- 64 bit operating system.

Software like Java, Ms-Access, Text pad and operating system WINDOWS-7 HomeBasic were already installed on the existing computer system. So no additional hardware

and software were required to purchase and it was technically feasible.

The aspects of our study included the following factors.

1. FRONT-END SELECTION:

It must have servlet, swing and concepts of multithreading that

assists employees that are not from IT background.

Scalability and extensibility.

Flexibility.

Robustness.

According to the organization requirement and the culture.


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Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing

support.

9

Platform independent.

Easy to debug and maintain.

Event driven programming facility.

Front end must support some popular back end like SQL Server.

According to the above stated features we selected JDK as the front-end for developing

our project.

2. BACK-END SELECTION:

Ms-Access

Multiple user support.

Efficient data handling.

Provide inherent features for security.

Efficient data retrieval and maintenance.

Stored procedures.

Popularity.

Operating System compatible.

Easy to install.

Various drivers must be available.

Easy to implant with the Front-end.


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According to above stated features we selected Ms-Access as the backend. The technical

feasibility is frequently the most difficult area encountered at this stage. It is essential thatthe process of analysis and definition be conducted in parallel with an assessment to

technical feasibility. It centers on the existing computer system (hardware, software etc.)

and to what extent it can support the proposed system.The technical requirement for our proposed system is economic and it does not use any

other additional Hardware and software.

5.3.2 ECONOMIC

Economic feasibility is the study of both whether or not the technology can be

afforded and whether it is cost-effective, meaning the benefits out weight the costs.

The proposed system is economically feasible because the cost involved inpurchasing the hardware and the software are within approachable. The personal

cost like salaries of employees hired are also nominal, because working in this

system need not required a highly qualified professional.. The less time involvedalso helped in its economical feasibility.

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CHAPTER 6:

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

6.1 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

i. Hardware Specification

Processor : Pentium 4 or Later.

Memory : 1 GB RAM.

Hard disk : 160 GB.

RFID(Radio frequency indentifier) Kit

ii. Software Specification

Operating System : Windows XP/7/8.

Front End : Java, Servlet, Swing.

DataBase : Ms-Access.


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11

6.2 FLOWCHART

Keep reading rfid

reader

SUFFICIENT

BALANCE?

No

Yes

START

READ RTC

B

CONFIGURE KEYPAD

Enter password to

recharge card

Update the same to EEPROM for that

CARDparticular

A


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12

6.3 DFDS/HIPOS/ERDS

Data Flow Diagram

The Data flow Diagram shows the flow of data. It is generally made of symbols given

below:

(1) A square shows the Entity: -

(2) A Circle shows the Process: -

(3) An open Ended Rectangle shows the data store: --

(4) An arrow shows the data flow:-

The DFD can be up to several levels. The 0 level DFD states the flow of data in the

system as seen from the outward in each module.The first level DFD show more detail, about the single process of the 0 level DFD

The second level DFD can show even more details and so on.


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13

DFD 0

TransactionRegistration

Registered user

have

transaction

Generate

Card No

Autogen

Have

Card Details Balanc

Have

Update

Balance


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14

DFD 1

cid

Tid

Cid

Registration Process tostore data

Autogen RFID Devic

Registration

Database

Process to

Generate ID

Transaction

Database

Transaction

Process to

store data

Get ID when

car Passes

CarDetailsDeduceBalance

Balance

Database

Update

Balance


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15

Entity Relationship Diagram

An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the

interrelationships between entities in a database. ER diagrams often use symbols torepresent three different types of information. Boxes are commonly used to represent

entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to

represent attributes.

Entity Relationship (ER) diagram:

This diagramming technique is used to visually present a database schema or data

model and was original proposed by Chen in the 1970s. There are many different data

modeling notations; some are very similar to UML class diagrams (with the exception ofoperations). However, the notation the used here is slightly different, as proposed by

Elmasri, et al.

The database schema for this system is shown in figure. The table object has been left out

of the diagram because the table management feature set had been dropped from therequirements before this stage of the design process.

Some important database design decisions are as follows:_ To store the total price of an order with the order rather than calculating it on the fly

when looking at past orders. This is because the price of menu items could change at any

time, so the total price at the time of ordering must be stored so that the total price is notincorrectly calculated in future.

_ Similar to the previous point, the order receipt is stored as a hard-copy and notregenerated when reviewing past orders because things such as the restaurant name or

VAT percentage are subject to change. Receipts stored need to be exactly the same as the

customer copy in case of dispute.


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16

ER DIAGRAM

Registration

Cust-idCname

Reg_No

V-type

Licen-

no

Have Autogen

Cust-id Tran-id

Have

Transaction

Rech_dat

e

Cust-id

Cardno

Tran-id

AmountBalance

Balance Cust-id

Cardno

AddBalance


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17

MODEL USED

ITERATIVE MODEL

An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of

requirements. Instead, development begins by specifying and implementing just part of

the software, which can then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. Thisprocess is then repeated, producing a new version of the software for each cycle of the

model.

For example:

In the diagram above when we work iteratively we create rough product or product piecein one iteration, then review it and improve it in next iteration and so on until its

finished.Diagram of Iterative model:

Advantages of Iterative model: In iterative model we can only create a high-level design of the application before

we actually begin to build the product and define the design solution for the entire

product. Later on we can design and built a skeleton version of that, and then evolvedthe design based on what had been built.

In iterative model we are building and improving the product step by step. Hence

we can track the defects at early stages. This avoids the downward flow of thedefects.

In iterative model we can get the reliable user feedback. When presenting

sketches and blueprints of the product to users for their feedback, we are effectivelyasking them to imagine how the product will work.

In iterative model less time is spent on documenting and more time is given for

designing.

Disadvantages of Iterative model:

Each phase of an iteration is rigid with no overlaps.

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Costly system architecture or design issues may arise because not all requirements

are gathered up front for the entire lifecycle.

When to use iterative model:

Requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood. When the project is big.

Major requirements must be defined; however, some details can evolve with time.

TESTING USED

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

White box testing (a.k.a. clear box testing, glass box testing or structural testing) uses an

internal perspective of the system to design test cases based on internal structure. Itrequires programming skills to identify all paths through the software. The tester chooses

test case inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines the appropriate outputs.

In electrical hardware testing, every node in a circuit may be probed and measured; anexample is in-circuit testing (ICT).

Since the tests are based on the actual implementation, if the implementation changes, the

tests probably will need to change too. For example ICT needs updates if component

values change, and needs modified/new fixture if the circuit changes. This adds financialresistance to the change process, thus buggy products may stay buggy. Automated optical

inspection (AOI) offers similar component level correctness checking without the cost of

ICT fixtures; however changes still require test updates.

While white box testing is applicable at the unit, integration and system levels of the

software testing process, it is typically applied to the unit. While it normally tests paths

within a unit, it can also test paths between units during integration, and betweensubsystems during a system level test. Though this method of test design can uncover an

overwhelming number of test cases, it might not detect unimplemented parts of thespecification or missing requirements, but one can be sure that all paths through the test

object are executed.

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CHAPTER 8

SYSTEM DESIGN

8.1 SNAPSHOT

Admin Login

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Registration

Customer Details

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Customer Details Updation

Customer Details Deletion

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Transaction Details

Transaction Updation

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Transaction Deletion

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REFERENCES

1. Ariponnammal, S. and Natarajan, S. (1994) TransportPhonomena of Sm Sel X Asx, Pramana Journal of Physics Vol.42,

No.1, pp.421-425.

2. Barnard, R.W. and Kellogg, C. (1980) Applications of Convolution

Operators to Problems in Univalent Function Theory, Michigan Mach, J.,

Vol.27, pp.8194.

3. Shin, K.G. and Mckay, N.D. (1984) Open Loop Minimum Time Control

of Mechanical Manipulations and its Applications,

Proc.Amer.Contr.Conf., San Diego, CA, pp. 1231-1236.

Name Address and Email:

1.Nishigandha KhandaitThaipur Gwalior(M.P),

[email protected]

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electronic toll collector

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