ELECTRONIC RECORDS AGENDA PROJECT 1991 · PDF fileelectronic records agenda project 1991...
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ELECTRONIC RECORDS AGENDA PROJECT 1991 RESEARCH ISSUES AND RELATED
REFERENCES
NATIONAL HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS AND RECORDS COMMISSION
GRANT 2002-024
June 2003
State Archives Department Minnesota Historical Society
NHPRC Electronic Records Agenda
Table of Contents Introduction 1 1. What functions and data are required to manage electronic records in accord with archival requirements? Do data requirements and functions vary for different types of automated applications?
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2. What are the technological, conceptual, and economic implications of capturing and retaining data, descriptive information, and contextual information in electronic form from a variety of applications?
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3. How can software-dependent data objects be retained for future use? 12 4. How can data dictionaries, information resource directory systems, and other metadata systems be used to support electronic records management and archival requirements?
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5. What archival requirements have been addressed in major systems development projects and why?
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6. What policies best address archival concerns for the identification, retention, preservation, and research use of electronic records?
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7. What functions and activities should be present in electronic records programs and how should they be evaluated?
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8. What incentives can contribute to creator and user support for electronic records management concerns?
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9. What barriers have prevented archivists from developing and implementing archival electronic records programs?
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10. What do archivists need to know about electronic records? 61 Additional Questions 66
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NHPRC Electronic Records Agenda 1991 Research Issues and Related References Introduction This document is intended to provide some indication of the diversity of resources that pertain to the ten questions of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) “Research Issues in Electronic Records,” which were developed in 1991. Many sources span more than one of the ten questions for the following reasons: their subject matter lies at the intersection between questions, they cover more than one question, or the wording of the questions is so general as to be coextensive (i.e. not mutually exclusive). The attempt to place each citation in one and only one place is a helpful exercise, since it reveals places where the questions could possibly benefit from further refinement or elaboration. Considerable work on these issues over the past decade has provided us with a more precise vocabulary for discussing many of them. In addition to not being mutually exclusive, the original ten questions also do not seem exhaustive of the work relevant to electronic records. This document includes five additional questions (labeled A-E), which were not explicitly addressed in the research questions from the 1991 agenda. Although many of the references are to recent work, the list is not intended to represent only the current state of the art. For example, works listed under Question A on “current trends and practices in electronic recordkeeping” include descriptions, claims and findings about recordkeeping at the time they were published.
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A Technological Diffusion Approach." Management Science 36, no. 2 (1990): 123-39. Damodaran, Leela, and Wendy Olphert. "Barriers and Facilitators to the Use of Knowledge
Management Systems." Behaviour and information technology 19, no. 6 (2000): 405-13. Davis, Fred D., Richard P. Bagozzi, and Paul R. Warshaw. "User Acceptance of Computer
Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models." Management Science 35, no. 8 (1989): 982-1003.
Duff, Wendy. "Increasing the Acceptance of the Functional Requirements for Electronic
Evidence." Archives and Museum Informatics 10, no. 4 (1996): 326-51. Fichman, Robert G., and Chris F. Kemerer. "The Assimilation of Software Process Innovations:
An Organizational Learning Perspective." Management Science 43, no. 10 (1997): 1345-63.
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Frambach, Ruud T., and Niels Schillewaert. "Organizational Innovation Adoption: A Multi-Level Framework of Determinants and Opportunities for Future Research." Journal of Business Research 55 (2002): 163-76.
Gallivan, Michael J. "Examining Workgroup Influence on Technology Usage: A Community of
Practice Perspective." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research (SIGCPR), Chicago, Illinois, 2000. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/333334.333356
Grudin, Jonathan. "Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers."
Communications of the ACM 37, no. 1 (1994): 92-105. Jennex, Murray E., and Lorne Olfman. "Organizational Memory/Knowledge Effects on
Productivity: A Longitudinal Study." Paper presented at the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii, January 7-10, 2002.
Karahanna, Elena, Detmar W. Straub, and Norman L. Chervany. "Information Technology
Adoption across Time: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Pre-Adoption and Post-Adoption Beliefs." MIS Quarterly 23, no. 2 (1999): 183-213.
Keen, Peter G. W. "Information Systems and Organizational Change." Communications of the
ACM 24, no. 1 (1981): 24-33. Leonard-Barton, Dorothy, and Isabelle Deschamps. "Managerial Influence in the Implementation
of New Technology." Management Science 34, no. 10 (1988): 1252-65. Martin, Kingsley. "Show Me the Money: Measuring the Return on Knowledge Management."
Law Library Resource Xchange: LLRX.com, 15 October 2002. http://www.llrx.com/features/kmroi.htm
Orlikowski, Wanda J. "Learning from Notes: Organizational Issues in Groupware
Implementation." Paper presented at the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Toronto, Canada, November 1-4, 1992. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/143457.143549
Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press, 1995. Szulanski, Gabriel. "Exploring Internal Stickiness: Impediments to the Transfer of Best Practice
within the Firm." Strategic Management Journal 17, no. Winter Special Issue (1996): 27-43.
Teng, James T. C., Varun Grover, and Wolfgang Güttler. "Information Technology Innovations:
General Diffusion Patterns and Its Relationships to Innovation Characteristics." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 49, no. 1 (2002): 13-27.
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Wisconsin Data Administrators Group (WIDAG). "Enterprise Repository Business Case." Wisconsin Department of Administration, 1998. http://www.doa.state.wi.us/dtm/btpp/reposit.pdf
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9. What barriers have prevented archivists from developing and implementing archival electronic records programs?1 Allen, Thomas J., Michael L. Tushman, and Denis M. S. Lee. "Technology Transfer as a
Function of Position in the Spectrum from Research through Development." Academy of Management Journal 22, no. 4 (1979): 694-708.
Bälter, Olle. "Keystroke Level Analysis of Email Message Organization." Paper presented at the
Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, The Hague, Amsterdam 2000. Barry, Richard E. "Report on the Society and Archives Survey." Barry Associates, 2003.
http://www.mybestdocs.com/barry-r-soc-arc-surv-report-030129toc.htm Bikson, Tora K., and Erik. J. Frinking. "Preserving the Present: Toward Viable Electronic
Records." The Hague: Sdu Publishers, 1993. Burrows, James H. "Information Technology Standards in a Changing World: The Role of the
Users." Computer Standards and Interfaces 20, no. 4-5 (1999): 323-31. Charlesworth, Andrew. "Legal Issues Relating to the Archiving of Internet Resources in the UK,
EE, USA and Australia: A Study Undertaken for the Jisc and Wellcome Trust." JISC and Wellcome Trust, 25 February 2003. http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/archiving_legal.pdf
Cox, Richard J. "Searching for Authority: Archivists and Electronic Records in the New World
at the Fin-De-Siécle." First Monday 5, no. 1 (2000). http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_1/cox/index.html
Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA).
http://www.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/hr2281.pdf Eason, Ken. "Understanding the Organizational Ramifications of Implementing Information
Technology Systems." In Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, edited by Martin Helander, Thomas K. Landauer and Prasad V. Prabhu, 1475-95. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1997.
George, Joey F., Suzanne Iacono, and Rob Kling. "Learning in Context: Extensively
Computerized Work Groups as Communities-of-Practice." Accounting, Management and Information Technologies 5, no. 3-4 (1995): 185-202.
Gilliland-Swetland, Luke J. "The Provenance of a Profession: The Permanence of the Public
Archives and Historical Manuscripts Traditions in American History." American Archivist 54 (1991): 160-75.
1 This list includes readings on barriers to information technology development and adoption more generally. Many of the considerations from this literature are relevant to electronic records.
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Gladney, Henry M. "Are Intellectual Property Rights a Digital Dilemma? Controversial Topics and International Aspects." iMP Magazine (2000). http://www.cisp.org/imp/february_2000/02_00gladney.htm
Grosso, Andrew. "Why the Digital Millennium Copyright Act Is a Failure of Reason."
Communications of the ACM 45, no. 2 (2002): 19-23. Hofman, Hans. "Recordkeeping in the New E-Conomy." Paper presented at the Records
Management Association of Australia National Convention, Sydney, Australia, 4 December 2000.
Humeston, Helen. "Archives, Optical Disks, and the Copyright Act of 1976." Archival Issues 18,
no. 1 (1993): 15-30. Klein, Katherine J., and Joann Speer Sorra. "The Challenge of Innovation Implementation."
Academy of Management Review 21, no. 4 (1996): 1055-80. Landauer, Thomas K. The Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity.
Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995. Leonard-Barton, Dorothy. "Experts as Negative Opinion Leaders in the Diffusion of a
Technological Innovation." Journal of Consumer Research 11, no. 4 (1985): 914-26. Levy, Sidney J., and Albert G. Robles. The Image of Archivists: Resource Allocators'
Perceptions. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1984. Litman, Jessica. Digital Copyright. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2001. Oz, Effy, and John J. Sosik. "Why Information Systems Projects Are Abandoned: A Leadership
and Communication Theory and Exploration Study." Journal of Computer Information Systems 41, no. 1 (2000): 66-78.
Patterson, Giovanna, and J. Timothy Sprehe. "Principal Challenges Facing Electronic Records
Management in Federal Agencies Today." Government Information Quarterly 19, no. 3 (2002): 307-15.
Pederson, Ann. "Understanding Ourselves and Others: Australian Archivists and Temperament."
Paper presented at the Australian Society of Archivists Conference 1999. http://www.archivists.org.au/events/conf99/pederson.html
Penn, Ira A. "Records Management: Still Hazy after All These Years." Records Management
Quarterly 27, no. 1 (1993): 3-4, 6-8, 20. Samuelson, Pamela. "Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science." Science, 14 September 2001,
2028-31.
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Shapiro, Carl, and Hal Varian. Information Rules. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999. Tenner, Edward. Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended
Consequences. New York: Knopf, 1996. Tyre, Marcie J., and Wanda J. Orlikowski. "Windows of Opportunity: Temporal Patterns of
Technological Adaptation in Organizations." Organization Science 5, no. 1 (1994): 98-118.
Walch, Victoria Irons. "Where History Begins: A Report on Historical Records Repositories in
the United States." Council of State Historical Records Coordinators, 1998. http://www.coshrc.org/surveys/HRRS/hrrsdocs.html
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10. What do archivists need to know about electronic records? Abell, Angela. "Skills for Knowledge Environments." Information Management Journal 34, no.
3 (2000): 33-38, 40, 41. Bailey, Catherine. "Archival Theory and Electronic Records." Archivaria 29 (1990): 180-96. Bantin, Philip C. "Strategies for Managing Electronic Records: A New Archival Paradigm? An
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Management Journal 33, no. 2 (1999): 36-40, 42. Blaha, Michael R., and Ian Benson. "Teaching Database Reverse Engineering." Paper presented
at the Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, November 23-25 2000.
Brown, Thomas Elton. "A Decade of Development: Educational Programs for Automated
Records and Techniques within the Society of American Archivists." American Archivist 56 (1993): 410-23.
--------. "Myth or Reality: Is There a Generation Gap among Electronic Records Archivists?"
Archivaria 41 (1996): 234-43. Chase, Charles G. "Rim: A Liberal Arts Model." Information Management Journal 35, no. 3
(2001): 10, 12-14, 16, 17. Cook, Michael. "Guidelines on Curriculum Development in Information Technology for
Librarians, Documentalists, and Archivists: A RAMP Study." Paris: UNESCO, 1986. Couture, Carol. "Education and Research in Archival Science: General Tendencies." Archival
Science 1, no. 2 (2001): 157-82. --------. "Today's Students, Tomorrow's Archivists: Present-Day Focus and Development as
Determinants of Archival Science in the Twenty-First Century." Archivaria 42 (1996): 95-104.
Cox, Richard J. "Educating the American Archivist for the Twenty-First Century." Special issue
of Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 34 (1993). --------. "Employing Records Professionals in the Information Age." Information Management
Journal 34, no. 1 (2000): 18-20, 22, 23, 26-28, 30, 32, 33.
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--------. The First Generation of Electronic Records Archivists in the United States: A Study in Professionalization. Edited by Lawrence J. McCrank. Vol. 3, Primary Sources and Original Works. New York: Haworth Press, 1994.
--------. "The Roles of Graduate and Continuing Education Programs in Preparing Archivists in
North America for the Information Age." American Archivist 56 (1993): 444-57. Davis, Kathi Hogshead, and Peter H. Aiken. "Data Reverse Engineering: A Historical Survey."
Paper presented at the Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, November 23-25 2000.
Duff, Wendy M. "Compiling Warrant in Support of Functional Requirements." Bulletin of the
American Society for Information Science 23, no. 5 (1997): 12-13. Eastwood, Terry. "Educating Archivists About Information Technology." American Archivist 56
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http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/records/edarchivists.html Education Committee, Association of Canadian Archives. "Guidelines for the Development of
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Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network (ERPANET).
http://www.erpanet.org/ European Training Programme on Electronic Records Management (E-TERM).
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/e-term/ Farnum, Chris. "Information Architecture: Five Things Information Managers Need to Know."
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Archival Periodical Literature." Archival Issues 17, no. 2 (1992): 95-112. --------. "From Education to Application and Back: Archival Literature and an Electronic
Records Curriculum." American Archivist 56 (1993): 532-44. --------. "Graduate Archival Education and the Professional Market: Perspectives on Data and
Data Gathering." Archival Issues 23, no. 2 (1998): 91-115.
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Ginn, Mary Lea, ed. Rim Industry Competency Requirements: A Baseline for Education. Prairie Village, Kansas: ARMA International, 2000.
"Guidelines for a Graduate Program in Archival Studies." Society of American Archivists, 2002.
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Hedstrom, Margaret. "Teaching Archivists About Electronic Records and Automated Techniques: A Needs Assessment." American Archivist 56 (1993): 424-33.
Hedstrom, Margaret, Tom Mills, and David J. Olson. "National Association of Government
Archives and Records Administrators." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science 20, no. 1 (1993): 24-25.
Henry, Linda J. "An Archival Retread in Electronic Records: Acquiring Computer Literacy."
American Archivist 56 (1993): 514-21. "Historians and Archivists: Educating the Next Generation." Bloomington, Indiana: Joint
Committee on Historians and Archivists of the American Historical Association, Organization of American Historians, and Society of American Archivists, 1993. http://www.oah.org/pubs/archivists/historiansandarchivists.pdf
Houle, Cyril Orvin. Continuing Learning in the Professions. 1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-
Bass Publishers, 1980. Kaplan, Elisabeth, and Jeffrey Mifflin. "'Mind and Sight': Visual Literacy and the Archivist."
Archival Issues 21, no. 2 (1996): 107-27. Kesner, Richard M. "Employing the Case Study Method in the Teaching of Automated Records
and Techniques to Archivists." American Archivist 56 (1993): 522-31. --------. "Teaching Archivists About Information Technology Concepts: A Needs Assessment."
American Archivist 56 (1993): 434-43. --------. "Whither Archivy?: Some Personal Observations Addressed to Those Who Would
Fiddle While Rome Burns." Archivaria 20 (1985): 142-48. Mann, Joan. "It Education's Failure to Deliver Successful Information Systems: Now Is the Time
to Address the It-User Gap." Journal of Information Technology Education 1, no. 4 (2002): 253-67. http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol1/v1n4p253-267.pdf
Myburgh, Susan. "Information Systems and Records Management." Records andInformation
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http://coshrc.org/nface/
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National Research Council Committee on Information Technology Literacy. Being Fluent with Information Technology. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6482.html
Nesmith, Tom. "'Professional Education in the Most Expansive Sense': What Will the Archivist
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1996." American Archivist 60, no. 2 (1997): 202-14. Piggott, Michael. "Educating for Recordkeeping and Information Mangement." Archives and
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Support Archival Work with Electronic Records." American Archivist 56 (1993): 546-59. Schulz, Constance B. "Analysis of the Marketplace for Educated Archivists: State Archives as a
Case Study." American Archivist 51 (1988): 320-29. Slavin, Timothy A. "The Delaware Project." Paper presented at the National Association of
Government Archives and Records Administrators (NAGARA) Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, July 8-11, 1998. http://www.nagara.org/1998_Meeting/abstracts/slavin/
--------. "Training Traditional Records Managers to Be Electronic Records Managers." Paper
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Sloane, A. "The Standards Process: Tools and Methods for Standards Tracking and
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Thomassen, Theo. "Teaching the Appraisal and Disposal of Electronic Records." Paper presented at the DLM-Experts' Meeting, Tampere, Finland, 11-12 November 1999. http://www.narc.fi/dlm/9a.pdf
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Additional questions:
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Information Society 9, no. 2 (1993): 124-44. Blanton, Tom, ed. White House E-Mail: The Top-Secret Computer Messages the Reagan/Bush
White House Tried to Destroy. New York: New Press, 1995.
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Bolter, David J. Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991.
Bridges, Anne E., and Russell T. Clement. "Crossing the Threshold of Rocket Mail: E-Mail Use
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Hedstrom, Margaret, and Sheon Montgomery. "Digital Preservation Needs and Requirements in RLG Member Institutions." Research Libraries Group, 1998. http://www.rlg.org/preserv/digpres.html
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