Electronic-E Chart
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![Page 1: Electronic-E Chart](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022020519/577cc04c1a28aba7118f94a9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
(IBS) / Electronic Charts
Capt. Taner ALBAYRAK
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Electronic Chart Display
and Information
Systems
ECDIS
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Objectives:
1. Become familiar with the principal types of
electronic charts.
2. Understand the difference between an ECDIS
and an ECS.
3. Understand the different Electronic Chart
formats and their advantages and
disadvantages.
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Objectives: 4. Become familiar with the display characteristics of
an ECDIS System.
5. Understand the limits of an ECDIS based on the
performance limits of sensors.
6. Understand the risk of over reliance on an ECDIS
System.
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Background
Electronic databases, operating systems,
computer technology and the widespread
deployment of Digital technology has made it
possible to employ electronic charts at sea.
In addition, the advent of continuous and
automated positioning systems (such as GPS),
have made it possible to take maximum
advantage of electronic charting.
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The benefits of the integrated system
GPS and chart data in digital format
include:
- Real time position .
- Automated plotting of the navigation.
- Reduce Manning
- Minimizing Human error .
- Alert to navigation dangers.
- dramatically increase awareness in low
visibility.
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Electronic Charting Systems
These advances in technology have made it possible to replace the traditional paper charts with Electronic Charting Systems. All electronic charting systems fall into two categories. The two categories are:
• ECDIS (Electronic Charting and Display System)
• and ECS (Electronic Charting System).
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Electronic Chart Display & Information
System (ECDIS)
“means a navigation information system which, with adequate back-up arrangements, can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart requirements by regulation V/20 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, by displaying selected information from a system navigational chart (SENC) with positional information from navigation sensors to assist the mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and by displaying additional navigation-related information if required.”
Sec. 2.1 IMO PS
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And that means????
The short explanation: An ECDIS is a
system that is able to display electronic
chart information with automatic position
updates, contains a built in redundancy that
will assist the mariner in all aspects of
Navigation. It is the legal equivalent of a
paper chart.
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It is Not an ECDIS if…..
Equipment is not legally approved.
Does not have adequate electronic chart coverage.
Does not have chart updating capability.
Even though an ECS may perform many of the same functions as an ECDIS, it is not the legal equivalent of an ECDIS. It may only be used for “situational awareness”.
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What makes up an ECDIS or ECS?
1. Position inputs (GPS, DGPS, LORAN, Radar,
gyro, fathometer, etc.)
2. Electronic Navigation Charts (ENC)
3. System Electronic Navigation Charts (SENC)
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Color Display
Computer AISGyrocompass
ENCDepthsounder Currents
Updates
Radar/ARPA(GPS, LORAN)Nav Sensors
Water level
Ice info
ECDIS COMPONENTS
SENC
XTD
SPD
CSE
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Electronic Navigational Chart
(ENC) “Is the database, standardized as to content,
structure and format, issued for use with ECDIS on the authority of government-authorized hydrographic offices. The ENC contains all the chart information necessary for safe navigation, and may contain supplementary information in addition to that contained in the paper chart (e.g., sailing directions) which may be considered necessary for safe navigation.”
Sec. 2.2, IMO PS
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So What?
An ENC is a database, not a chart as
you think of it. As such, there are:
• different types of EC data
• various formats
• differences in the level of content
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System ENC (SENC)
“Is the database resulting from the transformation of the ENC by ECDIS for appropriate use, updates to the ENC by appropriate means, and other data added by the mariner. It is this database that is actually accessed by ECDIS for the display generation and other navigational functions, and is the equivalent of an up-to-date paper chart. The SENC may also contain information from other sources.”
Sec. 2.3, IMO PS
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ENCENC
Data
Updates
#1
#2
#3
SENC
#1
#3
#2
+
+
+
SENC
SENC
SENC
1
2
3
IHO S-57 Performed in ECDIS
Software
IHO S-52 Colors & Symbols
Display
System Electronic Navigational Chart (SENC)
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NextNext
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Not all charts are equal….
• Many different formats exist for electronic charts.
• The two major types are vector based and raster charts.
• Raster charts are scanned paper charts.
• Most vector charts are digitized paper charts, thereby inheriting any errors (and possibly introducing some!)
• Countries are producing unique digital charts based on their interpretation of IHO standards.
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ENC
DNC® BSB
ARCS
C-MAP
Navionics
Transas
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The Types of EC Formats are:
Raster and Vector
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NIMA
Digital Nautical
Chart (DNC®)
IHO S-57
Electronic
Navigational Chart
(ENC)
NOAA
Raster Nautical
Chart (RNC)
Digital Chart Formats
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The Basic Difference
• Raster charts are simply bitmap images
created by scanning a paper chart
• Vector charts portray charted features as
points, lines, or areas with amplifying
information (attributes) found in an
associated database
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Raster Charts
• A set of colored pixels representing chart information as a picture on computer screen
• Simply an array of pixels arranged in rows and columns
• Pixels are color coded, but do not represent features explicitly
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The Appeal of Raster
• Looks like a paper chart
(appeals to traditionalists)
• Cheap and easy to produce
(scan existing paper chart)
• Runs easily on PC
• World-wide availability
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Vector Charts: More detail
• A set of accurately
positioned lines (vectors),
points and areas, with
associated attributes (e.g.
“shoreline”, “buoy - red”)
organized in a database
accessed by clicking on
displayed symbol
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Paradigm Shift
• Looks “different” from a
paper chart
• Underlying database allows
queries and layer selection
• Zooming reveals detail
• Complex, expensive, and
time-consuming to produce
• Needs more powerful
computer and expensive
display to meet IHO/DoD
requirements
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USN Approach is to use NIMA’s Digital
Nautical Chart (DNC), a vector based format.
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Some Other Examples...
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Raster Chart
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ECDIS Workspace (Raster Chart)
IMO/IHO
Compliant
Display
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DNC with Base data only
showing (Less clutter)
Standard Display with Depth Contours
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The user defines what features
are necessary!!!
Standard Display with Spot Soundings
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DNC with User defined Color
All Features
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NOAA BSB Vector Chart
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Combined BSB and DNC display
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The Advantages of Vector Charts
• Information on Chart can be linked to
specific points. (Click on light and you can
retrieve more info, like a picture of the
light)
• Allows the user to display the information
that is necessary for the ship’s current
mission.
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Raster Concerns
• High scan resolution required for detailed
chart….lot’s of CPU memory required and
slower refresh rates.
• Zooming degrades quality.
• Mixed pixels—is it water or land?
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Raster Model
Land
Shoreline
Water
Vector Shoreline
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The State of Raster Systems
• Here to stay—most popular chart format
• Expanded capabilities:
Quilting • Multiple raster charts at multiple scales are provided • RCDS/ECS system selects largest scale chart available • Chart boundaries are zoomed to same scale, and made as
seamless possible
Overlays
• RNC provides the basic backdrop chart layer • Vector overlays - route planning and recorded track histories • (Digital) radar overlays can be displayed
Ancillary information
• Tides, currents
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Radar Overlay (Raster)
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Visual Bearing LOP Fix
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Radar Range LOP Fix
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Piloting Guidance
Automatically calculates:
• cross-track error
• recommended course to
steer accounting for
set/drift
• nearest hazard
• next navigation aid
• depth
• distance and time to turn
Military standard navigation report
Tabular turnpoint solution data
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Piloting Guidance – Turn Bearings
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Tide and Current Information
Displayed on the chart…
…and graphically in
pop-up windows.
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Collision Avoidance
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Litton Sperry VMS
•ECDIS-N system
•Part of Smart-Ship and Smart Gator
Integrated Bridge Systems (IBS)
•Supports all electronic chart types.
•Equipped with voyage planning, radar
overlay, automatic navigation and track
keeping system, voyage data recorder, and
software that estimates future position.
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Radar Overlay
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Future Position Estimate
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The Risks of ECDIS
• ECDIS is only a tool that helps a mariner
safely and effectively navigate a ship.
• It is not the end-all be-all to ship navigation.
• One of the biggest risks with the transition
to ECDIS is an over reliance in the
information provided
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Some things to consider…
• Poor GPS performance
• DGPS used/not used
• ECDIS malfunction
• installation setup
• ENC compilation errors (e.g., datums)
• chart (errors, omissions, out-dated)
• survey errors
• human error