Electronic Commerce and Database Issues Serge Abiteboul INRIA EDBT Summer School -- April 1999.
-
Upload
hope-farmer -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of Electronic Commerce and Database Issues Serge Abiteboul INRIA EDBT Summer School -- April 1999.
Electronic Commerce and Database Issues
Serge AbiteboulINRIAEDBT Summer School -- April 1999
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 2
Overview
1. Introduction 2. Business models
Web-catalog, procurement, auctions Portals
3. Enabling technologies Digital currency, cryptography, EDI
4. Active Views5. Conclusions and bibliography
1. INTRODUCTION
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 4
Electronic commerce
Commerce n. buying and selling, all forms of trading, including banking, insurance, etc.
[the Oxford dictionary]
Electronic commerce Commerce using computers and networks
[my definition]
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 5
Introduction: Goals
Increase the speed, efficiency of business transactions
Improve services and customer support
Decrease costs using computers and network technology
In short: increase profit
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 6
Introduction: Web catalog
Software to allow customers to buy some products on the Web
All kinds of goods Must manage everything
customer search for product provide all information about product ordering, billing, payment delivery customer support, etc.
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 7
Main goals of Web catalog
facilitate search for product enable small business to reach out marketing, promotions
personalized for more efficiency promote new brand/product
fast reaction: adapt to market, reduce inventory, get ride of old stuff
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 8
Process for a company of acquiring all products it needs
Based on special deals with specific partners
Based on the rules of the companies (and regulations for the government)
Search, order, approval, delivery, (internal/external) billing, support, etc.
Introduction: procurement
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 9
Reduce processing costs Reduce processing time Reduce errors
EC means connection between the computerized applications of all parties in business transactions all virtual / paperless business transactions
Introduction: procurement
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 10
What kind of data? Catalog: large amount of multimedia
data Distributed data Transaction data, e.g. orders Stock management User profile, temporal data Knowledge: on products and
customers
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 11
Legacy data and interoperability
Inventory and pricing: Relational Databases
Customer data: Specific Application Catalog: textual format
Payment systems: off the shelf boxes allowing a variety of payment modes
Existing ordering system
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 12
Simplified product data
Product-basic all productscategory=electronic, subcategory=sound,name=Gismo223, code=F2GHYYRF,selling-price=1200FF
Product-specific for Gismosvoltage=list(110,220), Gismo-norm=GHTF333
External resourcesdescription=http://m.ec.fr/cat/Gismoreviews=http://reviews.com/Gismo
Private databuying-price=100$, quantity-in-stock=20000, supplier=Camif, authorized-discount=30%
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 13
Same data in XML<product>
<basic> <cat> electronic <subcat >sound </subcat><cat> <n>Gismo223 </n><c>F2GHYYRF</c><sp currency=French-franc>1200</sp> </basic>
<specific><v>110</v><v>220</v> <Gismo-norm>=GHTF333</Gismo-norm> </specific>
<external> … </external><private>
<bp currency=dollar>100</bp> <qis>20000</qis>, <s>Camif</s> <ad>30</ad></private><\product>
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 14
What kind of data processing?
On Line Transaction Processing On Line Analytical Processing Data Warehouse Data Mining
Workflow Management Subscription, publishing, push
technology
2. BUSINESS MODELS
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 16
Business Models
B2C business to customer e.g., Web catalog
B2B business to business e.g., procurement
B2G business to government restrictive due to regulations
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 17
2.1 Some business modelsB2C: Web catalog
Customer
Third party (bank)
Vendor
Search
Billing
payment
OrderDelivery
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 18
More on Web catalogs Product description and search. Branch
out to external resources (news articles), annotations by customers, chat rooms
Interactivity. At least emails. Talks Dynamic updates: adjust prices in real
time, advertisements, promotions, etc. Personalized Logging
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 19
B2C: E-Mall
Customer
Third party (bank)
E-Mall
Search
Billing
VendorVendorVendorVendorVendor
Third party (bank)
Third party (bank)
Third party (bank)
Third party (bank)
payment
Order
Delivery
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 20
B2C: Comparative Shopping
http://www.addall.com
24 bookstores searched in about 10 seconds
between $42 and $78 that’s why people will use them!
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 21
B2B or B2C: Auction
Public sale in which each article is sold to highest bidder
Based on trust: auctioneer and 3rd party Both B2C and B2B Integration in corporate business process B2B predicated large growth Automatic selection of bids: game theory
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 22
Auction
Customer
Third party (bank)
Auctioneer
Search
Bidding
VendorVendorVendorVendor
Register
Notify
Many kinds of auctions: classic, Dutch, candle...
Payment
BillingDelivery
BiddingBiddingBidding
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 23
More Complex Models
Transaction attributes: quantity, packaging, delivery, support, insurance…payment attributes
Coupons, frequent flyers, promotions, cash back offers, 2 for 1, free trials, free samples, cross sales, upsales, contests, subscription, loyalty awards
Many more to be invented
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 24
2.2 Situation
B2B still limited to large companies large potential for growth must adapt to business rules of all partners growth with complex models such as auctions
B2G very big growth under pressure of US, EC, etc US: all bidding use EDI by 1999
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 25
Situation -- B2C
hard to install & need more personalization
about 400% growth per year last 4 years
Virtual: electronic magazines, X, insurance...
Products
computer products 32%travel 24%entertainment
19%gifts & flowers
10%food & drinks 5%
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 26
B2C
Stores big chains like wal-mart (US), camif (France) very dynamic SME’s
Services traditional banks, insurance, etc. new “virtual” ones (banks without physical
counters) Virtual malls
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 27
2.4 Portals
One stop shopping for any information inside or outside the company (shopping mall for knowledge)
Enterprise information portal Web portal (my.netscape.com or
my.yahoo.com)
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 28
Portals
Heterogeneityreports (word,ps,html,..), newsgroup, email, spreadsheets, newspapers, analytic tools, etc.
Data integration
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 29
Portals
Webbrowsers
Webbrowsers
Webbrowsers
Webserver
Publish&subscribe engine
Crawler&filter engineSecurity managerRequest brokerBusiness intelligenceOutput/Delivery
Information repository
Web access
DataWarehouse
OLAP
Imagevideo
reports
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 30
Some Portal Rules [from Wayne Eckerson]
Designed for casual users
Intuitive classification and searching
Collaborative sharing Intelligent routing Integrated tools:
query, report, olap, drill through to data
Server-based (many concurrent users)
API access Security & flexible
permissioning Easy to deploy (thin
client) Easy to customize
and personalize
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 31
Standard issues:Data conversion and integration
Wrapper technology -- data conversion Mediator technology -- data integration Data Warehouse -- consistency
maintenance
Fast data loading Management of replication, update
propagation Query rewriting & query optimization
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 32
Less standard issues
Task sequencing : looking for a biblio ref check first some selected sites if no success, look in others transform the biblio in BibTex format and
add to personal bibliography propose a search for the report in other
resources Change control: Query subscription
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 33
Query subscription: changes
Changes in label graphs : as in DOEM
Catalog
productcode
category
price
Gismos78
electronic
£234description
very nice
£278
sub
99/02/0101/05/03
99/09/09
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 34
Query subscription: changes
Change value of atomic vertex value Creation of new vertex Addition/removal of an edge
Change of the label on an edge: add/remove
Move a vertex: add/remove
annotations on edges and vertexes
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 35
Query subscription: queries
select P.code, P.description
from Catalog.product Pwhere P.price <changed>Q vertex annotation
where P.<added>description edge annotation
where P.price data in annotation<changed <old=Q’, date T>>Qand Q - Q’ > 100 and T > “99/04/03”
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 36
Query subscription: examples On the first of each month, send me the list
of all products in my interest list such that their price increased by more than 10%
Each time there are ten new employees, send me their names and departments
Notify me if the price of this house decreases
similarity on event when condition do action
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 37
Query subscription: management
Detect the event date, changes, combined changes
Evaluate the condition incremental evaluation
Perform the action Combined evaluation for thousands
of customers
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 38
Goals: in all cases
personalization fast deploymentrobustness and correctness
3. ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 40
3.1 EDI -- B2B
EDI= Electronic Data Interchange Standard for business data exchange 2 standards:
ANSI X12 in US EDIFACT in world - UN committee
Collect elements in databasestranslate EDI transmit
90% of fortune 100; 10% others
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 41
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 42
<!DOCTYPE Book-Order PUBLIC "-//Editor//DTD Book Order Message//EN">
<Book-Order Supplier="4012345000094" Send-to="http://www.bic.org/order.in">
<title>Editor Lite-EDI Book Ordering</title> <Order-No>967634</Order-No>
<Message-Date>19961002</Message-Date> <Buyer-EAN>5412345000176</Buyer-EAN>
<Order-Line Reference-No="0528837">
<ISBN>0316907235</ISBN>
<Author-Title>Labaln, Brian/Chrome</Author-Title>
<Quantity>2</Quantity>
</Order-Line>
<Order-Line Reference-No="0528838">
<ISBN>0856674427</ISBN>
<Author-Title>Parry, Linda (ed)/William Morris</Author-Title>
<Quantity>1</Quantity>
</Order-Line><input type="checkbox" name="partial" value="allowed"/>
<text>Tick here if a delayed/partial supply of order is acceptable</text>
<input type="checkbox" name="confirmation" value="requested"/>
<text>Tick here if Confirmation of Acceptance of Order is to be returned by e-mail</text>
<input type="checkbox" name="DeliveryNote" value="required"/>
<text>Tick here if e-mail Delivery Note is required to confirm details of delivery</text>
<E-Address>E-mail address: <input name="e-address" size="25"></input></E-Address>
<Language>Please respond in:<select name="response-language">
<option value="EN" selected>English</option><option value="FR">Français</option>
<option value="DE">Deutsch</option> <option value="ES">Espagnol</option>
<option value="IT">Italian</option> </select></language>
<input type="submit" value="Press here to send completed form to supplier">
</Book-Order>
This data in XML/EDI
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 43
EDI
layers business application level (specific to
company ’s software) EDI standard layer -- data exchange communication layer (email, point to
point/telnet, www)
typically moving from email to www
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 44
EDI messages
Data element: purchase order number, quantity, unit price
Data segment: Group of data element that convey information. E.g., invoice term, shipping information
Transaction set: business document. E.g., purchase order (made of segments)
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 45
3.2 Digital Currency
Relies on network for transmission Relies on cryptography for security
in open network environment Relies on connections with standard
financial system
Goal: reduce costs, improve services
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 46
Digital Currency
« smart cards » require accounts credit card billing at end of billing cycle debit card/ payment at end of billing cycle debit card/ deposit $ deduct at each
purchase electronic money
micro/mini payment
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 47
Electronic Money
Digital cash or E-token should be bank certified exchangeable with other forms of payment tamper resistant storable
transactions via 3rd party (e.g., First virtual)
Bearer certificate (like cash) - whoever holds the certificate holds the value
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 48
Micro and Mini Payments
More than 80% of purchases are less than 20$
Micro < 0.15$ Issue is cost: Standard payment such
as credit card cost too much for those
Digicash, Netbill, Millicent, Payword, MicroMint, Agora...
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 49
Smart card
Processor, e.g. Java card Capable of loading/running several
applications -- one card with bank + digicash + frequent fliers + agenda + address book ...
Cryptography Personal data Mobile computing
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 50
3.3 Cryptography
Public Key Encryption 2 keys: public pK and secret sK to send a message M : send e(pK,M) sK is needed to decrypt the message,
i.e., d(sK,e(pK,M)) = M no need to send keys over the network Rivest-Shamir-Adlemam : prime
numbers
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 51
RSA
pK = (N,p), sK = (N,s) all integers M is a number less than N (break message)
e(pK,M) = Mp mod N d(sK,M’) = M’s mod N
d(sK,e(pK,M)) = Mps mod N use 3 large (100 bits) primes: s > x, y
N= xy & ps mod (x-1)(y-1) =1 Mps mod N = M
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 52
RSA
Feasible (not easy) to do arithmetic with big numbers
Feasible (not easy) to obtain 3 large prime numbers
N = xy and N is publicFactorizing N given p is not unfeasible
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 53
Other property of RSA
To obtain signatures
e(pK,d(sK,M)) = M to sign a message M,
we append d(sK,M)verification e(pK, d(sK,M)) = M
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 54
3.4 Verification
Verify the correctness of a business protocol the robustness of a mode of payment in
case of failure fairness of an auction system etc.
Code verification, model checking, etc.
4. ACTIVE VIEWS
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 56
Active Views
System developed at INRIA Core technology for portals Long term goals:
Declarative specification of data intensive applications
Ease of use and fast deployment (Automatic) verification
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 57
ArchitectureArchitecture
O2 O2
XMLrepositoryXMLrepository
Java ClientJava Client
Java RMIJava RMI
Web BrowserWeb Browser
O2 NotificationO2 Notification
JAVAJAVAAVApi
Java applicationJava application
DOM
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 58
Motivations Database Applications:
passive behavior closed systems persistence, concurrency, access control
New needs e-Commerce, cooperative work reactive behavior fast deployment activity control, ...
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 59
Architecture
AVServeur
AVServeur
AVClient
AVClient
DB application
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 60
Illustration of activities in ActiveViews
Notification Change control
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 61
Notification
AVServer
AVClient
AVClient
AVServer orderorder
notifynotify
notifynotify
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 62
Change control
AVServer
AVClient
AVClient
1 Read
2 Read
3 Modification
4 Write
5 Notification
6 Notification
AVServer
7.Read
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 63
Choices
All XML XML repository XML query language XML views
Declarative specification almost no code to write compilation to an executable application active rules
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 64
Important Aspects
Activities and workflow active rules logical traces notifications
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 65
On-going Research
XML storage under non generic form XML query language Update detection and incremental
propagation Rule management
5. CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 67
Main characteristics
Like all Web stuff, very rapidly growing Very competitive business Too expensive to install for small
businesses Too complicated to modify/react Little/No personalization Not user friendly
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 68
Some technical challengesData
Management of heterogeneous data: conversion, integration
Management of semistructured data (irregularities), XML-query & optimization
Management of changes (detection, propagation, consistency, etc.) and temporal aspects
Management of large number of user views (personalized)
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 69
Some technical challenges:Knowledge
knowledge description by vendors who are not computer scientists product description business rules
specification of applications by non computer scientists
customization/personalization
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 70
Some technical challenges: control
Rule management large number of users
Management of Distribution Scalability
Declarative specification of applications
Program Verification
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 71
Some technical challenges:user interfaces
Very flashy Web interfaces Very powerful tools: XSL, cascading
stylesheets Automatic translation, language
recognition, etc.
Systems still often very hard to use.Interfaces very hard to develop.
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 72
Bibliography Electronic commerce, N. Adam et
al, Prentice Hall, 1999 Frontiers of electronic
commerce, Kalakota and Whinston, Addison Wesley, 1996
Digital money, D.C. Lynch and L. Lundquist, John Wiley, 1996
(RSA) A method for obtaining digital signatures and public key cryptosystems, Rivest et al Communications ACM, 1978
Sabre, D.G. Copeland et al, IEEE Annals of History of Computing, 1995 (airline reservation system)
Some Web catalogs http://www.amazon.com http://www.dell.com http://www.wal-mart.com
http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/Floor/5815 (xml/edi)
http://www.w3.org (web consortium,xml…)
http://www.sewp.nasa.gov (example of procurement)
digital currencies http://www.firstvirtual.com http://www.digicash.com
http://www.computerworld.com/ecommerce (surveys)
04/99 Electronic commerce - Serge A. 73
More EC resources
E-Commerce Times: http://www.ecommercetimes.com/
Net Business: http://www.techweb.com/netbiz/ allECommerce: http://www.allEC.com Thomson EC Resources: http://www.ecresources.com/ ZDNet: http://www.zdnet.com/enterprise/e-business/ Association for internet commerce:
http:://www.commercenet.net Data warehouse institute: www.dw-institute.com http://www.addall.com comparative shopping