Electromobility for Heavy Duty Vehicles - … · Electromobility, Ola Styrenius . Volvo Group...
Transcript of Electromobility for Heavy Duty Vehicles - … · Electromobility, Ola Styrenius . Volvo Group...
Electromobility for Heavy Duty Vehicles
Volvo Group Truck Technology, Volvo Powertrain, AE Staffan Lundgren
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
2 March 24, 2017
Energy efficiency in four steps
xEnergy carrier
xEnergy usage
xEnergy recovery
xEnergy conversion
Electrification – zero or near zero emission LH
Diesel engine system efficiency
Autonomous drive
Digitalisation
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
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Volvo Full Electric & Hybrids examples
ATR – AVP eMobility Program 3
Volvo Buses Full Electric & Hybrids x One charging station in each
end of the line x 12 m Electric Hybrid bus - 150
kW charging station x Artic and electric buses - 300
kW charging station
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
x Volvo 7900 Hybrid Top ranked in fuel efficiency and uptime.
x Volvo 7900 Hybrid Articulated Adds hybrid performance to high capacity routes and BRT systems.
x Volvo 7900 Electric Hybrid Runs on electricity up to 70% of the route, and charging is done during the operation.
x Volvo 7900 Electric Charging is done during the operation on the route. 100% emission free.
Volvo Bus 7900 range Transform your city
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Optimum vehicle based on the operation
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Volvo Bus 7900 Hybrid
x More than 3,600 buses sold in 21 countries.
x Volvo hybrid product range: Hybrid and Articulated Hybrid.
x Reduces fuel consumption by up to 39%.*
x Reduces CO₂ by up to 39%.*
x Reduces hazardous emissions by close to 50%.
x Noise reduction at bus stops, silent take off in electric mode.
.
Offering - Reduce fuel consumption up to 39%
* Compared to a Euro 6 diesel bus.
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Volvo Bus 7900 Electric Hybrid
x Buses in regular operation in Gothenburg, Hamburg, Namur, city of Luxembourg.
x Allows indoor bus stops and operation in sensitive city centre areas.
x Runs in electric mode for up to 70% of the route – quietly and emission-free.
x Up to 75% fuel savings* and lower exhaust emissions.
x 60% total energy savings.
x Fast charging at bus terminal in just a few minutes.
Offering – Total energy savings 60%
* Compared to a Euro 6 diesel bus.
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Total energy savings
• Zero emissions when using renewable electricity.
• 80% energy savings.*
• Runs on electricity the whole route, silently and emission-free.
• Suitable for shorter routes in the city centre.
• Flexible urban planning.
Volvo Bus 7900 Electric
* Compared to a Euro 6 diesel bus.
80%
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x Advanced Driver support systems
x Superior braking system with electronically controlled disc brakes (ABS, EBS)
x World-class driver’s environment with visibility, superior HMI and minimised distraction
x Volvo I-Coaching
x Volvo Buses’ driver training
Driver in control
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Driveline Common driveline for Hybrid and Electric Hybrid
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I-Shift AT2412E gearbox 12 gears
Electrical machine generator/motor
800 Nm, 110 kW for 4x2 1200 Nm, 130 kW for Artic/Electric Hybrid
D5K240 diesel engine 918 Nm, 177 kW, 240 Hp
Euro 6 Compatible
Power electronics Electric Motor Drive
(EMD)
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Electromobility, Ola Styrenius
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Charging solutions for Volvo Electric Buses
x Volvo work directly with city stakeholders to implement new transport solutions based on electric vehicles.
x A complete system including vehicles, charging infrastructure and information services.
x Two different charging systems available: OPPCharge and CCS
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Bus charging schemes
Opportunity charging Depot charging
Buses operate on pre-defined routes, performing mass transportation with round the clock operation. Bus battery energy capacity impact the passenger capacity (range flexibility vs. transport capacity). Charging schemes will vary for different operations. Electric grid considerations are important.
Different customer operations (routes & operating conditions) will require different mix of energy storage capacity and charging methods
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Bus charging schemes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (h)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (h)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time (h)
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x The bus is automatically charged on route and in depot through the OPPCharge System.
x The Electric offers an extremely flexible charging pattern, with charging at end stops and/or in the depot.
x Silent and clean
OPPCharge Electric Hybrid and Electric
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Volvo Group Trucks Technology
x Open architecture means simple adaptations and freedom in choosing supplier of electrical equipment.
x Volvo is one of the main drivers behind the open architecture OPPCharge, a charging system and charging interface agreed on and recommended by the industry.
x Volvo cooperates with several leading suppliers of equipment for electrical power distribution.
x For more information https://www.oppcharge.org/
OPPCharge Open architecture
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x CCS is available for 7900 Electric.
x Charging is done easily by plugging in the connector manually to the vehicle.
x With this system, front charging comes as standard. For extra flexibility, side and rear charging are optional features.
x European Standard Connector
Combined Charging system (CCS) Electric
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Hybridisation Enables Efficient Trucks
ATR – AVP eMobility Program
Volvo Concept Truck: Electric hybrid powertrain • Recovers energy when driving downhill on slopes
steeper than one per cent, or when braking. • An enhanced version of Volvo Trucks' driver
support system I-See. • Using an advanced algorithm, based on the
road's elevation and expected speed, • The system calculates the most economical
and efficient use of both the diesel engine and the electric motor, as well as the optimal times to use the recovered energy.
• In long haul transportation the hybrid powertrain allow the combustion engine to be shut off 30 % of driving time.
• This saves between 5-10 per cent in fuel, depending on the vehicle and its drive cycle.
VIDEO
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Electrification & Automation yield energy and operational efficiency
ATR – AVP eMobility Program
• The LX1 electric hybrid wheel loader can deliver up to a 50% improvement in fuel efficiency.
• The machine also offers a significant reduction in emissions and noise pollution compared to its conventional counterparts
VIDEO
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
20 March 24, 2017
Energy efficiency in four steps
xEnergy carrier
xEnergy usage
xEnergy recovery
xEnergy conversion
Electrification – zero or near zero emission LH
Diesel engine system efficiency
Autonomous drive
Digitalisation
Many Elctrification alternatives
More than one solar energy path
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Solar energy boom Three pathway at least?
21 Date
CH
H2
80% efficiency in prototype plants claimed
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
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Addressing the CO2 challenge Long term energy supply
H2
Electricity Electric roads
Renewables HxCx
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Batteries: Maturity of technology. x Li-ion battery (graphite or silicon anode & liquid
electrolyte chemistry is evolving continuously but:
– Energy density slight increase, power cells closing up to energy cell
– Significant price drop, Durability increases
– Quality in layer production & control strategies improves
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Fuel cells vs. batteries for electrical vehicle
Anode material: Natural & Artificial graphite
or Silicon
Cathode material: NCA – Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2); NMC (NCM) – Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (LiNiCoMnO2); LFP – Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4); LMO – Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4); LCO – Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2).
Electrolyte material:
Liquid electrolyte: Solid eletrolytes?
Lithium salt in an organic solvent
E.g.: LiPF6
In ethylene carbonate
Production 2016: 104 GWh
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Solid-state batteries Many actors, e.g. Imec and Panasonic. Could this yield a significant step in power density?
How:
x Leverage state-of-the-art semiconductor knowledge.
x Novel solid nano-composite electrolyte (SCE) which is deposited from solution.
x The wet chemical preparation route allows the solid-state electrolyte to be casted into powder electrodes, where it solidifies while remaining mechanically pliable.
x This paves the way to batteries in flexible form factors.
What:
x A mesoporous silica monolith functionalized with specific surface chemistry and ionic salts.
x It has achieved Li-ion conductivities of 3 to 10 mS/cm at room temperature! which is exceptionally high for solid electrolytes applied via wet chemical coating.
x Demonstrated rechargeable solid-state Li-ion batteries with lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) as negative electrode and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as positive electrode.”
x Results presented at 58th Battery Conference in Fukuoka (Japan) (November 14-16), in the international
ATR MT Strategy Meeting - Sep 2016 24
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
25 Date
Fuel cells similar batteries ?
x Other technologies:
– Flow batteries: Power density, complexity of charging stations
– Lithium-Air ???
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Fuel cells: Maturity of technology. x Two main technologies;
– Proton Exchange Membrane and Solid Oxide: PEM and SOFC
PEM run on pure H2 (very sensitive to Sulphur) (system eff. 50-55%)
x Durability: High load ~ 5000 hours, steady state load ~10-20 000 hours (PowerCell)
x In small /medium volume production: Toyota, Hyundai Power cell, etc
x Very few membrane (MEA) suppliers, more integrators
SOFC run on Hydro Carbon fuel (Methane w. mild reforming) (system eff. 50-60%)
x Durability: less mature , but 40 000 power plant applications
x In small volume production for Nissan with Ethanol as fuel
x Limited number of solid electrolyte producers
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Fuel cells ?
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Storage of Hydrogen 350 or 700 bar
Liquid tanks
Molecule carrier tanks – re-fueling
Power density (700 Bar)
CO2 aspects = to Energy aspects
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Nikola One fuel cell
ATR – AVP eMobility Program
Fans keep the truck, batteries, cab, fuel cell, motors
320 kilowatt hour (kWh) battery pack.
Power Electronics, 800 V 200 kW Fuel cell
300 kW High pressure tanks 1200 miles
Double electric motor (Meritor?) & gear box 4 motors (1000 Hp)
Aluminium Fifth wheel
Front wheel drive Two motors & gearbox Torque vectoring .
Tanks Battery Fuel cell Power Electronics Front wheel drive???
x 2 Mirai 114 kW: 228 kW fuel cell
– Cell power density 3,1kW/ liter
– Voltage step-up transformer
– Electric motor: 670 horsepower and 1325 pound feet of torque
x Battery buffer 12kWh
x Weight capacity is 80,000 lbs.
x 70 Mpa Carbon fiber reinforced tanks
x Driving range is 200 miles ~32 EU mil per fill – (Passenger car Mirai: Fuel consumption
equivalent 3,5 L /100 km ~ equal to normal hybrid car)
Toyota fuel cell
Fuel Cell Truck examples
A battery buffer between the fuel cell and electric engine is essential for durability
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Example: Swiss Coop/Hydrogen, Powercell 100 kW Prototype
Swiss Coop: • 34 tons max Weight • Fuel cell: 100 kW, 55% efficiency • 250 kW Electric motor • 120 kWh Battery • Storage cooler APU: el driven • 400 km H2-range • H2 tanks: 7 unit 350 bar • H2 Capacity of 34,5 kg. Refuling10 min
Passenger car application
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New Electric powertrain technology and its Infrastructure dependence, based on Solar-el power base
”Zero emissions”, (zero or H2O) ”Near zero emissions” (Calif. emissions + renewable CO2
)
Plug-in charging
El- roads
H2 production
filling station
H-carrier Production
/filling station
Large battery
Small battery
Pick-up
H2 tanks
Fuel tank
Return tank e.g. Barium-Hydroxide Methanol-Amin Hydrogen-Peroxide
Electric Propulsion only
(Serial)
Solar electric to Methane base
LNG tank
CNG tank
Methane production
(Light weight)
~30%
~5%
~ 5%
~ 10% ~ 10%
PEM Fuel Cell
SOFC Fuel Cell
~ 50%
~ 50%
~5-10%
~3%
~30%
~30%
~30-50%
Solar electric base
Battery ~ 10-20%
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”Zero emissions”, (zero or H2O) ”Near zero emissions” (Calif. emissions + renewable CO2
)
Plug-in charging
El- roads
H2 production
filling station
H-carrier Production
/filling station
Large battery
Small battery
Pick-up
H2 tanks
Fuel tank
Return tank e.g. Barium-Hydroxide Methanol-Amin Hydrogen-Peroxide
Electric Propulsion only
(Serial)
Solar electric to Methane base
LNG tank
CNG tank
Methane production
(Light weight)
~30%
~5%
~ 5%
~ 10% ~ 10%
PEM Fuel Cell
SOFC Fuel Cell
~ 50%
~ 50%
~5-10%
~3%
~30%
~30%
~30-50%
Solar electric base
Battery ~ 10-20%
ICE
TWC Lambda=1
Methanol tank
Ethanol tank
Medium battery
Methane based
production ~30% ~ 10%
~ 40%
New Electric powertrain technology and its Infrastructure dependence, based on Solar-el power base
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
BEV Long haul Truck are possible!
(Large battery make Installation limitations vs US tractor possibility)
EU operation example 300 km range, charging at lunch 18-28 min
Battery size example:
• 450 kWh usable, @ 120 kW average use • 643 to 900 kWh need for energy or power
optimized battery �2,5 to3,6 M3 and 6,4 - 9 ton weight
Picture of Tesla Tractor for US market
Claes Nilsson, President Volvo Trucks, commented on the announcement:
x “Electromobility is fully in line with Volvo Truck’s long term commitment for sustainable urban development and zero emissions.
x We belive in full electrification for urban distribution as a first step. However we are working with electrification for other transport applications. This is only the beginning.
Battery evolution defines
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
Example: Electrification of the railway. From steam to Electrification…
x Rapid growth timing ~1890- ~1920 : ~30 Years
x Electric standard still not in place..
x Electrification still not complete!
x Combustion engines are still as of Today propelling 40% of the operations….
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In summary 1: Transitions takes time when infrastructure is involved….
Modern train engine
Volvo Group Trucks Technology
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Thanks for your attention!