Electromagnetism Chapter 8. Summary of Important Equations to understand for the HW: 1. V o N o ---...
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Transcript of Electromagnetism Chapter 8. Summary of Important Equations to understand for the HW: 1. V o N o ---...
ElectromagnetismChapter 8
Summary of Important Equations to understand for the HW:
1. Vo No
--- = --- Vi Ni
2. v = c = λ · f
3. λmax = 0.0029/T
Magnetism and The Magnetic Field
Understanding introduction to magnetism (10 mins)
Standard Deviants on Earth's magnetic field (10 mins)
Earth's geographic north precesses and magnetic north also moves around Transparency 1: Fig. 8.6 on p. 280
Electricity and Magnetism Moving electric charges (currents) produce magnetic fields (Right-Hand
Rule) Examples: solenoids, electrons in orbit around nucleus, protons and
electrons spinning around, etc. When electron domains align (say, with external H), ferromagnet
becomes magnetic Magnetic Field exerts force on a current carrying wire (that's
perpendicular) Electricity and Magnetism are both different manifestations of the
same thing -- charge! Magnetic fields used to trap plasmas and in particle accelerators A moving magnet produces a circular electric field in the space around
it Coil of wire in motion will have current induced in it --
Electromagnetic Induction This is the principle behind AC generators
Coil of wire is rotated in a magnetic field and produces an electric current
Electromagnetism
Changing Electric Field (or moving charges/current) induces a magnetic field
Changing Magnetic Field induces an electric Field
Changing can mean direction or strength
Transformers (more than meets the eye): Steps up or down AC Voltages Two coils close to each other AC in the input coil induces an oscillating magnetic field
through both coils This changing magnetic field produces an AC current in the
output coil DC current would produce a steady magnetic field in the
input coil and would not induce a current in the output coil Each loop of the output coil has same induced voltage Therefore, more loops (in output coil) == more output
voltage (and vis versa) Ratio of number of turns in the coils determines ratio of input
and output voltages Vo No--- = --- Vi Ni
In Class Exercise #1: A transformer is required to take a 120-V input voltage to a
600-V output voltage. If the input coil has 200 turns then how many turns should the output coil have?
Known Unknown
Vi = 120V
Ni = 200turns
No = ?turns
• Vo/Vi = No/Ni
Vo = 600V
Electromagnetic Waves Introduction Imagine a charge is pushed forward and backward
someplace (oscillates) What does the Electric Field look like? Pushed forward and
backward (increases then decreases) Since we know E extends out to infinity, an oscillation increases
then decreases this whole field (remember, field drops off in magnitude the farther out it is since E = F/Q)
But we know changing electric fields induce magnetic fields But this induced magnetic field also increases and
decreases (also oscillating since it's induced by the oscillating electric field)
And we know changing magnetic fields induce electric fields Thus, an endless "loop" is established -- this combination of
oscillating electric and magnetic fields is a transverse wave called an electromagnetic wave
EM Waves (contd.)
Transverse because both fields oscillate perpendicular to direction of propagation
Electric Field wave and Magnetic Field wave cannot exist separately
Travel at the speed of light (so-called because it was first measured for visible light), c = 3 x 108m/s c stands for celeritas, which is Latin for swift
velocity = v = c = frequency * wavelength = f λ Amplitude is the maximum value of the electric field and is
proportional to the strength of the wave Standard Deviants on Electromagnetism and light, spectra,
etc.
In Class Exercise #2: What is the wavelength, λ, of an EM wave broadcast by
the radio station 95.5 FM?
velocity = c = λ * f
Known Unknown
f = 95.5MHz λ = ?m
c = 3 x 108m/s
BlackBody Radiation
Temperature affects amount and types of radiation emitted Every object emits EM radiation because of the thermal
motion of its atoms Blackbody: perfect absorber and emitter of radiant energy
For each Temperature, T, the distribution of radiant heat emission is characterized by a curve with a characteristic peak at a certain wavelength, λ
The size and shape of the radiation curve changes with the object's temperature
The peak also changes with temperature: λmax = 0.0029m-K/T
Mainly IR emitted… All objects emit many types of radiation; the amount
of each increases with temperature IR can be emitted or reflected, just like all light, but
IR light is the peak wavelength emitted by all objects with a Temp between about 9 K and 700 K (see here and problem 14)
Sample IR photographs of objects emitting, or reflecting, IR radiation (courtesy of http://www.holly-cam.com/): http://holly.mine.nu:8080/holly/irfairyreaching.jpg http://holly.mine.nu:8080/holly/iralmondchurchnew.jp
g
http://holly.mine.nu:8080/holly/irstatuenew.jpg
In Class Exercise #3: Assuming that the human body is a blackbody with a
temperature of 310 K, at what wavelength, λ, does it radiate the most energy?
λmax = 0.0029m-K/T
Known Unknown
T = 300K λpeak = ?m
Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form (very optional) Note: the integrals should be closed integrals εo ∫ E • dS = q → says that charges (q) produce
electric (E) fields ∫ B • dS = 0 → says there are no such things as
magnetic charges/monopoles ∫ B • dl = μo (εo dΦE/dt + i) → says magnetic fields
are produced both by currents (i) and by changing electric fields
∫ E • dl = -dΦB/dt → says electric (E) fields are produced by changing magnetic fields
Differential Form (Optional) In differential form (see here and here for more): · E = ρ ⁄ εo = 4πρ (in cgs)
· B = 0 × B = μoεo ∂E ⁄ ∂t + μo J = 1⁄c ∂E ⁄ ∂t + 4π⁄c J (in
cgs) × E = - ∂B ⁄ ∂t = - 1⁄c ∂B ⁄ ∂t (in cgs)