Electrification of Roadways for Wireless Power Transfer: Techno-

Economic Assessment and Environmental Impact

Jason C. Quinn1, Zeljko Pantic2, Paul Barr3, Regan Zane2

1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering2Electrical & Computer Engineering3Civil & Environmental Engineering

Utah State University

1

Acknowledgments

• Electric Vehicle & Roadway Research Group

• CERV conference organizers

• Ben B. Quinn, Braden Limb

2

Talk outline

3

Motivation

Foundational Modeling Details

TEA LCA Societal Impact

Future Work

Motivation

4

• Transportation represents a significant portion of US energy

• Dominant consumer of petroleum

– Large uncertainty in petroleum costs

Commercial18%

Transportation28%Industrial

32%

Residential22%

US Energy consumption

Petrolium, 93%

Natural Gas, 3%

Renewable Energy, 4%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

19

86

19

90

19

94

19

98

20

02

20

06

20

10

US

$ b

arre

l-1

Feasibility of WPT

• Dynamic wireless charging

– In motion charging

• Coil alignment and interaction time

– Requires high power devices

• High efficiency power transfer

• Safety

• Implementation

5

Conceptual Schematic

• Integrated WPT roadway and vehicle

• Range extending concept

6

Vehicle Modeling

7

Internal Combustion Engine-ICE

Light Duty Truck

Wireless Power Transfer

Enabled-WPT

Light Duty Truck

Energy requirements based on vehicle velocity, weight, 0% grade, frontal area

ICE WPT

Light Duty Truck Light Duty Truck

Weight (kg) 2000 20000 1400 20000

Frontal Area (m2) 1.35 11.5 1.35 11.5

Energy Delivery η 28% 28% 84% 84%

Mech Energy (Whr km-1) 264 870 238 870

Vehicle Costs

• Cost savings for the WPT vehicle are assumed– Decreased battery size– Decrease in vehicle complexity

8

ICE WPT WPT/ICE

Light Duty Light Duty Truck

Purchase price ($ vehicle-1) 34,410 24,807 250,000

Maintenance (% purchase price) 8 4 8

Vehicle life (yrs) 15 15 15

Roadway Modeling

• Roadway costs is $2.4 million per mile

• Roadway coverage

– 25 kW power pads

– 33% of the interstate (2 lanes, 1 per direction)

– 6% of urban roadways

– 50 yr life

• Large Roadway Cost Variability

9

Roadway, $1,200,000

WPT electronics,

$960,000

Grid connection,

$240,000

Modeled Scenarios

• Scenarios:– Interstate Systems– Interstate and Rural Systems

• Integration of WPT for Rural represents an economic challenge

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Rural, 60%

Interstate, 2%

Urban, 38%

Paved Roads in the US-2.6 million miles Miles Driven in the US-2.58 trillion miles

Rural, 14%

Interstate, 28%

Urban, 58%

Techno-Economics

• Societal level assessment– Return on investment (ROI)

• Assumes:– instant technology deployment

– Energy costs• Electricity $0.107 kWhr-1 (minimal change expected)

• Fuel $4.07 gal-1 (Low-$2.30, High-$5.89

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𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐼𝐶𝐸 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑊𝑃𝑇)

Life Cycle Modeling

• Limited to emissions associated with use

– Excluded manufacturing of vehicles and roadway system

• Life cycle inventory data from ANL GREET model

– Standard for life cycle modeling of transportation

• Emissions for electricity are based on std. US mix

– (Natural gas-27%, Coal-29%, Nuclear-18%, others-18%)

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Results

13

Foundational Vehicle Modeling- ICA and WPT

Light Duty Truck

Societal Level Results

Vehicle Level Results

Light Duty Truck

InterstateInterstate &

Urban

Vehicle economic & Life cycle inventory data

US transportation data & Roadway economics

Sensitivity Analysis

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

VOC CO Nox PM10 PM2.5 SOX CO2

GH

G E

mis

sio

ns

(g-C

O2

mi-

1)

Cri

ter

Po

luta

nt

(g m

i-1

)

ICE WPT

Vehicle Level Results-LCA

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Light Duty Results

• 99% reduction in VOC and CO, 75% reduction in PM10 and PM2.5, and 40% reduction in NOx.

Vehicle Level Results-TEA

• WPT has significant cost savings compared to ICE• 4 x difference in operation costs, light duty

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-

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

operation total (purchase, maint.,operational)

$ p

er m

ile

Light Duty

ICE WPT

-

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

operation total (purchase, maint.,operational)

$ p

er m

ile

Truck

ICE WPT

Results

16

Foundational Vehicle Modeling- ICA and WPT

Light Duty Truck

Societal Level Results

Vehicle Level Results

Light Duty Truck

InterstateInterstate &

Urban

Vehicle economic & Life cycle inventory data

US transportation data & Roadway economics

Sensitivity Analysis

Environmental Impact

17

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

0 5% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Mill

ion

To

n C

O2

Penitration

trucklight duty

• 134 million tons of CO2 saved at 20% penetration– 8% of the total CO2 emissions from coal

Criteria Pollutants

• Delta in the location of emissions

– WPT shifts criteria emissions to electrical generation cites

– PM2.5 and PM10 major contributors

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Cars & Trucks, 55%

Households, 8%

Commercial, 17%

Large Industry,

20%

SLC Emission

Societal ROI

19

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

5% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Soci

etal

Pay

bac

k P

eri

od

(yr

)

Market Penetration

Interstate Interstate & Urban

-1

4

9

14

5% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Soci

etal

Pay

bac

k P

eri

od

(yr

)

Market Penetration

Interstate

Interstate & Urban

Societal ROI

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• Initial analysis shows promising economics

• Small improvements in operational costs are magnified by 2.6 trillion miles per year

• Need for more detailed analysis

Future Work

• Development of dynamic vehicle models

• Evaluation and optimization of vehicle architecture

• Investigation of performance requirements for commercial viability

• Roadway infrastructure optimization

• Case studies-city bus routes, airports, DOD facilities, industrial processing

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Contact Information:Jason.Quinn@usu.edu

435-797-0341