Electrical Power Engineering 1010
Transcript of Electrical Power Engineering 1010
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Training Systems or
Electrical Power EngineeringThe Smart Power Engineering Lab
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Contents
Qualications Through Quality
Training Systems or Electrical Power Engineering ........................................................................................................................... 4
Animated Presentation o Complex Training Material
Project-based Training Media Adaptable to any Training System .................................................................................................. 5
From Power Generation Through to Consumption
The Intelligent Electrical Power Grid o the Future .......................................................................................................................... 6
Networked Systems in the Power Engineering Lab ......................................................................................................................... 8
Well-equipped or the Future ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
SCADA Power-LAB Sotware ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
The Entire System at a Glance ................................................................................................................................................. 12
More Than Just a Training System
The Power Engineering Lab is a Complete Solution ...................................................................................................................... 14
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Contents
Fundamentals o Power Engineering ...................................................................................................................................... 16
DC, AC and Three-phase Technology (UniTrain-I) .......................................................................................................................... 20
Magnetism/Electromagnetism (UniTrain-I) ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Measurements with the Multimeter (UniTrain-I) ............................................................................................................................ 24
Mains Systems and Models (UniTrain-I) ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Current and Voltage Transormers ................................................................................................................................................ 26
Power Generation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Three-phase Synchronous Generators (UniTrain-I) ......................................................................................................................... 32
Automatic Generator Control and Synchronisation ....................................................................................................................... 33
Generator Protection ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Renewable Power Generation ................................................................................................................................................. 38
Photovoltaics (UniTrain-I) .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
Advanced Photovoltaics ................................................................................................................................................................44
Wind Power Plants ........................................................................................................................................................................48
Fuel Cell Technology (UniTrain-I) ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Advanced Fuel Cell Technology .................................................................................................................................................... 56
Transormers .............................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Three-phase Transormers (UniTrain-I) ........................................................................................................................................... 62
Investigating Transormers ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
Transormer Protection ................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Power Transmission .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Investigations on Three-phase Transmission Lines ......................................................................................................................... 70
Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines .................................................................................................................... 71
Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation ......................................................................................................................... 72
Transmission Systems with Synchronous Generator ...................................................................................................................... 73
Line Protection ............................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Power Distribution .................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Three-phase Double Busbar System .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Overcurrent Protection or Double Busbars ................................................................................................................................... 83
Power management ................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Complex loads, Power Consumption Metering and Peak Load Monitoring ....................................................................................88
Dynamic Loads .............................................................................................................................................................................. 89
Manually-operated and Automatic Reactive Power Compensation ................................................................................................90
Protection o Electric Loads ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
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Qualications Through Quality
Training Systems or Electrical Power Engineering
Advances in technology
The transition in the energy industry away rom coal, oil and
nuclear power towards renewable energy sources is gaining
momentum. Today, technology is so advanced that solar energy,
wind power, hydrogen power and biomass can be exploited as
environmentally riendly energy sources.
In order or this trend to continue, well-trained technicians and
specialists are needed all over the world.
In the wake o so-called intelligent (smart) power grids, people
all over the world are talking about power generation, transmis-
sion and distribution as well as the protection o power enginee-
ring acilities and the economic exploitation o energy.
are having a huge impact on trainingand education
Now, the Lucas-Nlle training system on power engineering
gives instructors the opportunity to demonstrate and convey
the technological context o power engineering to students in a
graphic and practice-oriented ashion.
Electrical power engineering includes the areas o power gene-
ration, transmission, distribution and electrical energy utilisation
as well as saety protective measures used in these areas.
The system is so extremely versatile that it can be adapted to
t all o the wide-ranging training requirements applicable to
skilled workers, technicians or even engineers.
Your benetsComprehensive, well-rounded program spanning power
generation and distribution techniques all the way to energy
usage and consumption
Integration o renewable energies into conventional power
engineering
System monitoring and controlling using SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Modularly designed experiment panel system or the step-
by-step, experiment-based exploration o system interde-
pendencies
Bus structure o all voltage levels permits rapid and trans-
parent experiment setup
Realistic simulation model o a 380-kV transmission line
with 300-km and 150-km sections
Use o conventional industrial components in cutting-edge
digital technology
High work-saety standards through the exclusive use o
saety sockets and saety connecting leads
Protective technology measures or all areas o power engi-neering
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Manuals
Manuals provide, in addition to detailed descriptions o the
experiments, also numerous projects, examples, exercises and
solutions.
Project-based Training Media Adaptable to any Training System
Multimedia courses
Many experiment instructions are available in the orm o mul-
timedia courses. This permits direct access to the measurement
results o many dierent instruments. The multimedia courses
contain:
Questions to monitor knowledge level and learning
Interactive experiment setups
Navigation bars
Animated sections devoted
to theory
Animated Presentationof Complex Training Contents
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From Power GenerationThrough to Consumption
Extremelyhigh voltage
High voltage
The Smart Electrical Power Grid o the Future
Using the Lucas-Nlle equipment sets, it is possible to model an entire power supply grid rom power generation
all the way to ultimate consumption.
Nuclear power plant
Coal-burning power plant
Industrial centre
Industrial power plant Medium-load power plant
Substation
Hydroelectric power plant
Tr
ansmissionnetwork
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Lowvoltage
Distributionne
twork
10001010101010110
Wind power plant Solar power plant
Smart-grid control centre
Municipal gridLocal grid
Industrial consumerIndustrial consumer
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1001010101011101010101010111101000001010101010001010111010101010001001000100101010
From Power GenerationThrough to Consumption
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Networked Systems in the Power Engineering Laboratory
The smart labThe power engineering equipment sets rom Lucas-Nlle GmbH can be combined with each other as required. Accordingly, you can,
or example, take the power obtained rom renewable energy sources and transmit this power via a line model, use a transormer
to step it up or down and distribute it to any number o consumers using the double busbar. Additionally, the bus systems o the
measurement and protective equipment can all be interconnected, centrally evaluated and controlled using SCADA or Power-LAB
sotware. Accordingly, all o the obstacles to the design and investigation o intelligent power grids in the lab have been overcome.
Generation
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01001010100101011100010101010100010101010000101001010010010000100101000101010101
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Transmission Distribution Consumption
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From Power GenerationThrough to Consumption
Lucas-Nlle
Well Equipped or the Future
Intelligent power mains or thesmart grid
In the uture, new technology will better equip the power grid
or the demands o tomorrow. More fexible grid management
should make the increasing proportion o renewable energy
sources compatible with conventional inrastructures associated
with the power stations.
The variety and number o these decentralised power plantsrequire a revision in how we manage power grids the so-called
intelligent or smart grid:
Improving coordination o energy requirements and generation
Using modern IT technology, like internet, sensors, control
systems and wireless transmission devices
Smart metering digital current meters measure current
consumption at end points o the grid
Shiting household consumption away rom peak load periods
Starting fexible applications such as washing machines outside
the peak load periods initiated by the utility provider
The training systems rom Lucas-Nlle have been designed
in anticipation o these developments:
Smart measuring instruments which avail o various communi-
cation interaces (e.g. LAN, RS485, USB) and control elements
SCADA Power-LAB sotware or the intelligent control and
evaluation o the smart grid
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Lucas-NlleLucas-Nlle
Power-LAB Sotware
By Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), we mean the monitoring, control and data acquisition o technical processes
as they happen in real time. In electrical power engineering, SCADA is used to cover the entire spectrum rom power generation,
transmission including protection measures and power utilisation.
SCADA provides technicians with the opportunity o tracking and entering data into these processes. Measurement values are dis-
played on the screen in real time. Control signals can be modied during these processes. The SCADA system can also control these
processes automatically. The recording o so many measurement values permits not only better uture planning but also economic
optimisation. The system can also be remotely controlled using local access networks (LAN).
Your benetsAll o the Lucas-Nlle power engineering equipment components can be arranged as symbols on the screen
Measured values and operating states are displayed
Important parameters and signals can be controlled by the sotware
The measurement values o the equipment can be recorded and displayed in a time graph, evaluated and exported
Realisation and analysis o intelligent power grids (smart grid)
Automatic busbar change
SCADA
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The Entire System at a Glance
Generator protection
Generator-differential protection Overcurrent time protection Unbalanced load protection Reverse-power protection Over/undervoltage protection Stator-earth fault protection Rotor-earth fault protection
Transformer protection
Transformer-differential protection Time overcurrent protection
SCADA SCADA
SCADA SCADA
Protection of powerengineering facilities
Investigations on powerengineering facilities
Fundamentals ofelectrical engineering
EGP
Power generation
Three-phase synchronous generators Synchronisation circuits Automatic power factor and
power control
Renewable power generation
Wind power Photovoltaics Fuel cells
EUG
Transformers
Transformer operating at no-loadand with short circuit
Transformer with ohmic,
inductive and capacitive load Parallel operation of transformers Current distribution for various
vector groups
EUT
Basics of electrical engineering
DC technology AC technology Three-phase technology Magnetism/electromagnetism Measurements with the multimeter
ETP
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Line protection
Over/undervoltage protection Directional protection Overcurrent time protection Earth-fault protection Protection of parallel lines Distance protection
Busbar protection
Overcurrent protection fordouble busbars
Protection for electrical loads
Protection for electrical machines Motor management relays
SCADA SCADA SCADA
SCADA SCADA SCADA
Power transmission
Investigations on three-phase lines Investigations on parallel lines Investigations on lines with
earth-fault compensation Investigations on transmission
systems with synchronous generator
EUL
Power distribution
Three-phase double busbar system Manually operated busbar change Automatic busbar change with PC
EPD
Power grids and grid models
Transient processes in DC andAC grids
DC power grids
ENU
Current and voltage transformers
Current transformer for protectiveequipment
Voltage transformer for protectiveequipment
EUB
Power consumption
Complex loads Reactive power compensation Power consumption measurement
Peak load monitoring Energy management
EUC
ELP EDP ECP
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The Power Engineering Lab is a Complete Solution
More Than Just a Training System
Modern training media are used to graphically
present complex learning material
Renewable energies:
Wind power, uel cells, photovoltaics
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Fundamentals o
Power Engineering
DC Technology (UniTrain-I) ..................................................... 20
AC Technology (UniTrain-I) ..................................................... 21
Three-phase Technology (UniTrain-I) ....................................... 22
Magnetism / Electromagnetism (UniTrain-I) ............................. 23Measurements with the Multimeter (UniTrain-I) ...................... 24
Power Grids and Grid Models (UniTrain-I) ............................... 25
Current and Voltage Transormers .......................................... 26
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Fundamentals of Power Engineering
Fundamentals o Power Engineering
Multimedia-based and Practice-oriented Introduction to Power Engineering
Using the multimedia-based experiment and training system UniTrain-I, the student is guided through experiments and theoretical
sections accompanied by clearly structured course sotware which is enhanced by texts, graphics, animations and progress tests.
In addition to the learning sotware, the course comes with a set o experiment cards on which practical assignments are perormed.
With the aid o numerous experiments and animations, the UniTrain-I multimedia course gives the student insight into the latest
important issues relating to power engineering. The undamentals o DC, AC and three-phase technology as well as processes in dis-
tribution networks are some o the subjects dealt with in the various courses. Typical processes that occur in the generation and dis-
tribution o electrical power receive particularly close attention and are reproduced in the experiments using sae extra-low voltages.
Your benetsSystem trains theory and practice at same time and location
Student motivation boosted thanks to PC and new media
Structured course design leads to rapid learning success
Quick understanding achieved through animation-backed
theory
Hands-on practical skill through autonomous experimenting
Continuous eedback provided by comprehension questions
and tests
Guided ault nding using integrated ault simulator
Sae due to the use o protective extra-low voltage
Very wide selection o courses
Sample solutions or the instructor
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Fundamentals of Power Engineering
UniTrain-I system
Comprehensive, portable laboratory
Multimedia-based courses
High-tech measurement and control interace
Trains theory and practice at same time and location
LabSoft learning and experimenting software
Wide selection o courses
Comprehensive background theory
Animations
Interactive experiments with instruction guide
Free navigation
Documentation o measurement results
Tests available in the language o your choice
Integrated meters and power supply units
Multimeter, ammeter, voltmeter
2-channel storage oscilloscope
Function and signal generator
Three-old power supply unit or AC and DC Three-phase power supply unit
... and many more instruments
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DC Technology
Current, Voltage and Resistance Circuitry
Current, voltage, resistance learning the hands-on, practical side o the undamentals o electrical engineering. This colourul course
covers the basic laws o electrical engineering which are explored in numerous and easily understood experiments, animations and
texts.
Training contentsBasic concepts: electrical charge, electrical eld, current, voltage, resistance and power
How to work with power sources and measuring instruments
Experiment-based verication o Ohms and Kirchos laws
Measurements on series and parallel circuits as well as voltage dividers
Recording the characteristics o variable resistors (LDR, NTC, PTC, VDR)
Investigating the coil and capacitor inside a DC circuit
Troubleshooting
Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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AC Technology
Inductance, Capacitance, Oscillating Circuit / Transormer
How do coils and capacitors respond when an AC current is applied? What is an oscillating circuit and how does a transormer work?
Training contentsParameters o periodic and sinusoidal signals
How to work with vector diagrams
Determine reactance o coils and capacitors using
experiments
How to explain active, reactive and apparent power
Determine the requency response o simple lter circuits
Electrical oscillating circuit: resonance, quality, bandwidth
and cut-o requency
Measurement o the requency response o series and
parallel resonant circuits
Load, no-load and short-circuit measurements
Frequency response o transormers and transducers
Troubleshooting
Fundamentals of Power Engineering
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Three-phase Technology
Star-delta Circuit Conguration, Three-phase Generator
Three-phase systems are o critical importance in power engineering and drive technology, both in terms o generation and the
transmission o electrical power as well as the operation o high-powered industrial machinery.
Training contentsMeasurements o phase-to-phase and line-to-line variables in the three-phase mains
Experiment-based determination o laws between line-to-line and phase-to-phase voltages
Ohmic and capacitive loads in star and delta circuit conguration
Phase-shit between line and phase voltage
Measurement o the compensation currents in the neutral conductor
Eects o breaks in the neutral conductor
Current and voltage measurements o balanced and unbalanced loads
Power measurement at a three-phase load
UniTrain-I three-phase technology equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Magnetism / Electromagnetism
Magnetic eld, induction, components
Magnetism and electricity are very closely related. Many components in electrical engineering take advantage o electromagnetic
eects.
Training contentsMagnetism: magnetic poles, magnetic eld, eld lines and
eld intensity
Hard and sot magnetic materials, hysteresis
Investigation o the magnetic eld o a current carrying
conductor
Investigation o the magnetic eld o an inductor (air-core
coil, coil with core)
Electromagnetic induction and Lorentz orce
Design and operation o a transormer
Investigation o a transormer operating under various loads
Design and unction o electromagnetic components:
relays, reed switches, Hall-type switches
Investigation o application circuits
UniTrain-I magnetism/electromagnetism equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Measurements with the Multimeter
Current Measurement, Voltage Measurement, Resistors and Diodes
Taking measurements correctly and working saely in this course, training involves how to work saely with a conventional
multimeter on the basis o numerous measurement exercises and animations.
Training contentsFamiliarisation with the operating elements o the multimeter
Potential risks when measuring electrical circuits
Measuring electrical DC and AC voltages with the multimeter
Measuring electrical DC and AC currents with the multimeter
Measuring resistors and diodes
Zero balance and continuity testing
Measurement range adjustment
Identication o potential ault sources during measurements
Determination o components in an unspecied circuit using current and voltage measurements
UniTrain-I measurements using the multimeter equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Power Grids and Grid Models
Transient Processes in DC and AC Power Grids
Networks or grids used in the distribution o electrical power consist structurally o transmission lines connected in parallel or serial
conguration. In existing low-, medium- and high-voltage grids, there are two dierent processes that arise: stationary (constant
loads) and transient phenomena. Transient processes arise due to short circuits or other aults.
Switching operations can also lead to transient processes under certain circumstances. These typical processes, which require special
consideration during the generation and distribution o electrical power, are simulated and dealt with in experiments run with
protective extra-low voltages.
Training contentsLearning about the signicance o switching processes in
power grids
Listing the eects (hazards) o switching processes in power
grids
Experiment-based investigation o the current and voltage
characteristics in response to switching on a DC voltage
Investigation o the infuence o various loads (R, L, C) on
the signal characteristic
Experiment-based investigation o the current and voltagecharacteristics in response to switching on an AC voltage
Investigation o the infuence o the on and o switching
time
Signal characteristic measurements at various switch-o
times
Determination o the optimum switching time
Analysis o on and o switching processes and their eects
on complex loads (R, L, C) at dierent switching times
UniTrain-I transient processes equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Current and Voltage Transormers
Current Transormer or Protective Equipment
A wide spectrum o current and voltage transormers are used or various requirements in electrical power engineering. The
experiments include a practical hands-on investigation o transer response, over-current actor, absolute and phase angle error, as,
or example, under varying loads. In addition to this, standard operation requirements, short-circuit and asymmetrical aults can also
be explored.
Sample experiment Current transformer EUB 1
Training contentsSecondary transormer current as a unction o the primary current
Eect o the load on current ratio error
Check rated overcurrent actor
Transormer circuit in three-wire system
Transormer circuit in our-wire system
Determine zero residual current
EUB 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Voltage Transormer or Protective Equipment
Sample experiment Voltage transformer EUB 2
The protection o system acilities and components is not only dependent on selective protection equipment but also on the
detection and measurement o the lowest ault currents and voltages. Various types o measurement circuits have to be used or
dierent star-point circuit congurations in order to correctly detect and localise potential ault types.
Training contentsVoltage transormer characteristics
Calculation o voltage aults and class o accuracy
Eect o loads on the transormation ratio
Three-phase voltage transormer in a healthy grid
Three-phase voltage transormer in a grid with earth-ault on the primary side
EUB 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Source: Woodward SEG
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Power Generation
Synchronous Machines (UniTrain-I) ......................................... 32
Automatic Generator Control and Synchronisation ................. 33
Generator Protection ............................................................. 35
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Three-phase synchronous generators
In addition to the basic experiments on three-phase synchronous generators, the experiments in this area also cover manually-opera-
ted and automatic synchronisation circuits as well as automatic power actor control (cos-phi control) and power control. For that
reason, this module can be used to simulate both on-grid and o-grid power plant operation. Furthermore, generators need eective
protection against internal and external aults. The deployment o a variety o protective equipment is a prerequisite or this.
Power Generation
Power Generation
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Training systems
Our training systems cover the ollowing topic areas: UniTrain-I three-phase synchronous generators
Automatic generator control and synchronisation training
panel system
Generator protection training panel system
Servo machine test bench
An essential component o power engineering equipment sets
is the servo machine test bench a complete testing system
designed or the examination o electrical machines and gen-
erators. It consists o the digital control unit, a servo drive and
the ActiveServo sotware package. The system combines state-o-the-art technology with simple operation. In addition to the
drive and brake, working machine models can also be emulated
realistically. As such, machines, generators and drives can be in-
vestigated under industrial-like conditions inside the laboratory.
Three-phase synchronous generators
Electrical power is primarily generated using three-phase gen-
erators. This applies to both power stations as well as power
generating units and wind generators.
These generators must be protected against internal and exter-
nal aults using a wide range o protective devices.
Power Generation
Source: Woodward SEG
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Synchronous Machines
Slip-ring Rotor Machine, Synchronous Machine, Reluctance Machine
Reluctance motors are the motors o the uture. Today, three-phase machines with synchronous and slip-ring rotors are already in
widespread use.
Training contentsExplanation o the technology and its practical applications
Exploration o the basic physics needed to understand the technology
Starting machines with start resistors as well as variable requency
Open-loop speed control
Conduct various experiments on:
- Connection o motors with slip-ring rotors
- Infuence o open or wired rotor windings
- Eect o dierent exciter voltages
UniTrain-I synchronous machines equipment setLucas-Nlle
Power Generation
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Automatic Generator Controland Synchronisation
Manually operated Synchronising Circuits
Sample experiment Manually operated synchronising circuits EUG 1
Electrical power is primarily generated by three-phase generators. This applies both or power stations as well as power and wind
generators. In addition to perorming basic experiments on the three-phase synchronous generator, other experiments cover the topic
o manually operated synchronising circuits.
Training contentsDark synchronising circuit
Light synchronising circuit
Cyclic synchronising circuit
Active power generation
Inductive reactive power generation
Capacitive reactive power generation
EUG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Power Generation
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Automatic Generator Controland Synchronisation
Automatic synchronising circuits, automatic power control and power
actor control
Besides the experiments on automatic synchronisation circuits, there are also experiments included on automatic power actor
(cos-phi) and power regulation. Consequently, a power station can be simulated in o-grid and on-grid operation.
Sample experiment Automatic synchronising circuits EUG 2
Training contentsAutomatic synchroniser circuits
Putting into operation and parameter-
isation o the automation unit
Synchronisation in test mode
Synchronisation to the real power grid
Response o the automation unit to
aulty programming
Automatic power actor control
Parameterisation o the automatic
cos-phi controller
Synchronisation o the generator to
the power grid
Cos-phi control o the synchronous
generator
Cos-phi control o the power grid
Automatic power control
Parameterisation o the automatic
power controller
Synchronisation o the generator to
the power grid
Response o power controller to chan-
ge in control variable and disturbance
variable
Power controller sensitivity and direc-
tion o action
EUG 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Power Generation
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Generator Protection
Multiunction Relays
Sample experiment Generator protection EGP 1
Eective protection o generators against internal and external aults requires that a wide variety o protective devices be deployed.
The time overcurrent protection constitutes the reserve protection or the generator and can also be used or the detection o
external aults, such as short circuits and overload, or example. Earth-ault occurrences are detected with the stator-earth ault
protection. The investigation o reverse power and unbalanced load protection as well as overvoltage/undervoltage protection
concludes the experiment series titled EGP on generator protection.
Training contentsTime overcurrent protection
Operating response and release response or single-pole
and three-pole aults
Determining the tripping times
Unbalanced load protection
Operating and release response to unbalanced load
Determining the reset ratio and the tripping times
Determining the relay characteristic TA = (unbalance)
Reverse power protection
Synchronisation o the generator to the power grid
Detection and disabling o the generator in the case o
reverse power fow
Overvoltage and undervoltage protection
Reactions to phase ailure
Detection o starting and tripping times
Stator-earth ault protection
Detection o system voltages under normal operating condi-
tions or stator-earth ault occurrence
Measurement o tripping times
Calculation o the earth-ault current
EGP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Generator Protection
Generator Dierential Protection
Generator dierential protection which detects internal aults such as short-circuit, turn-to-turn and winding-to-rame shorts or
double earth aults, serves as primary protection.
Generator differential protection EGP 2
Training contents Calculating protection operating values
Fault recognition within the protection range
Testing tripping and reset or aults occurring inside and outside the protection range
Disconnection and de-excitation o the generator
Measurement o the operating (pick-up) currents o the protection device or symmetrical and asymmetrical aults
Comparison o measured values to set values
EGP 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Rotor Earth-ault Protection
Generator protection - rotor earth-fault protection EGP 3
The rotor earth-ault protection is used to determine earth aults in the exciter circuit o synchronous machines.
Training contents Putting the synchronous generator into operation
Investigation o normal operating conditions and rotor earth-ault occurrences
Measurement o the rotor earth-ault current
Rotor earth-ault relay during earth-ault operation:
- Connection and testing o the earth-ault relay
- Setting dierent rotor earth aults
- Testing the ault signal and disconnection
EGP 3 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Power Generation
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Renewable Power Generation
Photovoltaics (UniTrain-I) ........................................................ 42
Advanced Photovoltaics ......................................................... 44
Wind Power Plants ................................................................. 48
Small Wind Power Plants ....................................................... 52Fuel Cell Technology (UniTrain-I) ............................................. 54
Advanced Fuel Cell Technology .............................................. 56
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Inexhaustible, Sustainable, Real the Future is Green
The move away rom coal, oil and nuclear power to renewable orms o energy is gaining momentum. Today, technology has evolved
to a point where solar energy, wind power, hydrogen uel and biomass can be exploited as environmentally riendly energy sources.
In order to sustain this trend, the search is on to nd and train well-qualied technical sta worldwide.
Technologies are continuing to change rapidly, as are related requirements or training. Lucas-Nlle has the training systems to meet
increasingly complex educational demands.
Renewable Power Generation
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Fuel cells Long term energy storage elements
Used in zero-emission vehicles
Used widely as a standby power source
Used by co-generation units
A clean uture with wind energy
Forecast or Germany: By 2030, 25% o electricity will be
produced by means o wind power.
A 3.0-megawatt wind arm annually saves 13,000 barrels o
oil or 10,000 tons o CO2.
Sunny prospects with photovoltaics
Abu Dhabi has announced it will invest about two billion US
dollars in technology or manuacturing thin-lm photovoltaic
modules in Masdar.
The USAs largest solar power plant with a rated output o 25
megawatts is being established in Silicon Valley.
Photovoltaic acilities capable o generating a total o ve
gigawatts have already been realized in Germany. This output
is equivalent to that o ve modern power plant units. By2020, photovoltaic power generation capacity is to be increa-
sed gradually to 40 GW.
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UniTrain-I photovoltaics equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sunny prospects with the photovoltaics course
In times o soaring energy costs and increased environmental awareness, photovoltaic technology constitutes a very interesting alter-
native to traditional power generation. With the photovoltaics course, you can not only research the undamentals o solar cells, but
also simulate operation o a photovoltaic system in direct or storage mode.
Training contents Functions and operating principles o solar cells
Recording the characteristics o a solar module
Dependency o a solar modules current and voltage on
temperature, irradiance and angle o incidence
Series, parallel and other types o circuit or solar cells
Manuacture o solar cells
Various types o solar cell
Design o a rechargeable solar cell
Various types o solar plant
Setup o an o-grid power system with rechargeable
solar cells
Photovoltaics
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Multimedia course consolidates the experiment
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the UniTrain-I multimedia course
Complete equipment set including all relevant components
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
System operates with 12 V
System supports ault simulation
UniTrain-I Photovoltaics equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Advanced Photovoltaics
Lucas-Nlle
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EPH 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Project Work with Industrial Components
Training contentsInvestigating solar modules
Testing the optimum alignment o solar modules
Recording the characteristics o solar modules
Investigating response to partial shading
Investigating how bypass diodes operate
Learning about various types o wiring or solar modules
Setting up photovoltaic systems or o-grid operation
Installing PV systems
Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system in direct mode
Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system in storage
mode
Setting up and testing an o-grid PV system or generating
230-V alternating voltage
Setting up photovoltaic systems for grid-parallel operation
Installing, setting up and testing a PV system with network
eed
Measuring the energy produced by a PV system
Determining a grid-connected inverters eciency Investigating a PV systems response to mains ailure
The training system permits realistic simulation o paths taken by the sun. Emulators make it possible to conduct practical experi-
ments in the laboratory without the sun.
Permitting PC-supported evaluation o measurement data, the advanced photovoltaics multimedia course is designed to convey both
theoretical inormation and practical know-how.
Sample experiment Advanced photovoltaics EPH 2
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Advanced Photovoltaics
EPH 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
A Little Sunshine or your Lab
Interactive Lab Assistant Step-by-step instructions in multimedia ormat
Explanation o physical principles using easily comprehensible
animations
Quiz and assessment tools or testing progress made during
the course
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
Virtual measuring instruments can be started directly rom the
experiment manual
Solar module with altitude emulator The suns angle can be adjusted as a unction o position
(latitude), date and time
The solar modules inclination can be adjusted
10-W polycrystalline solar module
500-W halogen lamp with dimmer
Realistic emulation o the suns path
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EPH 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Solar emulator Three independent solar emulators permit experiments even
without sunlight
Adjustable light intensity or each emulator
Bypass diodes are included or connection into the circuits
120 VA power
Industrial components Solar charge controller
O-grid inverter
Grid-connected inverter
Simple operation and investigation o industrial components
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant
Use o industrial components
Flexible experimentation by means o a real solar module or solar simulation model
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
Integration into energy technology systems
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Wind Power Plants
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Double-ed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Training contents Understanding the design and operation o modern wind
power plants
Exploring physical undamentals rom wind to shat
Learning about dierent wind power plant concepts
Setting up and operating a double-ed asynchronous wind
generator
Operating the generator at varying wind orce levels as well
as adjustable output voltages and requencies
Determining optimum operating points under changing
wind conditions
Investigating responses to ault-ride-through grid mal-
unctions
EWG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
This equipment set is designed or investigating modern wind power plants incorporating double-ed induction generators. The wind
can be emulated realistically by means o a servo machine test stand and WindSim sotware. A PC can be connected or convenient
operation and visualization during the experiments. The associated multimedia course titled Interactive Lab Assistant imparts theory
besides supporting experiment procedures and evaluation o measurement data.
Sample experiment Wind power plant EWG 1
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Wind Power Plants
EWG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Fresh Wind in the Laboratory
Interactive Lab Assistant Step-by-step instructions in multimedia ormat
Explanation o physical principles using easily comprehensible
animations
Quiz and assessment tools or testing progress made during
the course
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
Virtual measuring instruments can be started directly rom the
experiment manual
Wind emulatorWind and airoil geometry serve to drive the generators at a
real wind power plant. In the laboratory, this task is perormed
instead with the help o a servo machine test stand and Wind-
Sim sotware. This permits precise laboratory simulation o
conditions prevailing at a real wind power plant.
Realistic emulation o wind and airoil geometry
Speed and torque are matched automatically to wind strength
and pitch
Independently adjustable pitch and wind strength
Wind proles can be specied Mechanical and electrical variables can be recorded
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EWG 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Double-ed induction generator with control unit Control unit with two controlled inverters
Generator control in sub-synchronous and super-synchronous modes
Integrated power switch or connecting the generator to the network
Automatic control o active and apparent power, requency and voltage
Manual and automatic synchronization
Measurement and display o all system variables
Experiments on ault-ride-through
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant
Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine
test stand
The microcontroller-operated control unit or the double-ed induction generator permits user-riendly operation and
visualisation during experimentation
State-o-the-art technology incorporating ault-ride-through
Integration into energy technology systems
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Small Wind Power Plants
Decentralized Electricity Supply
Training contents Understanding the design and operation o small, modern
wind power plants
Exploring physical undamentals rom wind to shat
Learning about dierent wind power plant concepts
Setting up and operating a small wind power generator
Operation at varying wind orces in storage mode
Energy storage
System optimization
Setting up an o-grid system or generating 230-V alter-
nating voltage
Investigating hybrid systems or autonomous power supply
using wind power and photovoltaic systems
Small wind power plants with outputs ranging up to 5 kW are deployed today or decentralized electricity supply. These plants
generate direct voltages. The energy can be stored in batteries via charge controllers. Inverters produce alternating voltages to supply
electrical consumers in the grid.
The eects o wind power and the mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated down to the last detail using the servo
machine test stand and the WindSim sotware.
EWG 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Small wind power plant EWG 2
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EWG 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Convincing Product Characteristics
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant
Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine
test stand
The laboratory generators response is identical to that o one orming part o a real system
The realistic, small wind power plant is suitable or outdoor operation and includes an integrable mast set
Interactive Lab Assistant Step-by-step instructions in multimedia ormat
Explanation o physical principles using easily comprehensible
animations
Quiz and assessment tools or testing progress made during
the course
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
Virtual measuring instruments can be started directly rom the
experiment manual
Synchronous generator Wind power and mechanical design o wind power plants can
be emulated accurately and in detail using the servo machine
test stand
The laboratory generators response is identical to that o one
orming part o a real system
The small wind power plant is suitable or outdoor operation
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Fuel Cell Technology
Design and Operation o Fuel Cells
Training contents Functions and operating principles o uel cells
Recording the characteristics o a uel cell
Understanding the electrochemical processes o electrolysis
(Faradays rst and second laws)
Determining a uel cells Faraday and energy eciencies
Series and parallel connections o uel cells
Power aspects o uel cells
Functions and operating principles o electrolysers
Recording an electrolysers UI-characteristic
Determining an electrolysers Faraday and energy
eciencies
Renewable energies are already considered a solution or dealing with expected energy shortages in the 21st century. The hydrogen-
based uel cell is part o this solution. As a complementary technology, it will be used in uture energy systems to generate clean
energy rom renewable hydrogen.
UniTrain-I fuel cell equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Multimedia Course Consolidates the Experiment
UniTrain-I fuel cell equipment setLucas-Nlle
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant
Compact device with PEM double uel cell and PEM electrolyser including a gas storage element
Sae handling o hydrogen
2V/2.5A or supplying power to the integrated electrolyser
Diverse loads (lamps, ans)
Variable load or recording characteristics
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Advanced Fuel Cell Technology
Independent Electricity Supply with Fuel Cells
Training contents Design and operation o a uel cell
Design and operation o an electrolyser
Design and operation o a metal hydride storage cell
Fuel cells thermodynamics
Fuel cells characteristic and power curve
Eciency
Components needed or autonomous power supply
Power electronics and voltage conversion
Generation o electrical energy using uel cells continues to develop into a signicant area with diverse potential applications in elec-
trical and automotive engineering. Allowing sae handling o hydrogen and uel cells, this experimentation system can be used or
a number o interesting investigations and is suited or demonstrations as well as practical lab work. The Interactive Lab Assistant
includes animated theory, experiment guidelines and result evaluation elds.
EHY 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment 50-VA fuel cell stack with loads EHY 1
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Fuel cell stack 50-VA stack
Hydrogen supply fow meter
Variable-speed an or uel cell ventilation
Measurement o all relevant variables
Your benets Theoretical knowledge and practical know-how are conveyed using the Interactive Lab Assistant
Simple introduction to the subject o uel cells
Sae experimentation with hydrogen
50-VA uel cell stack
Connection or pressurized hydrogen tank
High-perormance electrolyser
Wide variety o loads
Variable load or recording characteristics
50-VA fuel cell stack
Interactive Lab Assistant Step-by-step instructions in multimedia ormat
Explanation o physical principles using easily comprehensible
animations
Quiz and assessment tools or testing progress made during
the course
PC-supported evaluation o measurement data
Virtual measuring instruments can be started directly rom the
experiment manual
EHY 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
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Transormers
Three-phase Transormers (UniTrain-I) ..................................... 62
Investigating Transormers ..................................................... 63
Transormer Protection ........................................................... 64
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Transorming and Protecting
In power engineering, transormers are used to connect the various voltage echelons o the power grid to each other. In transormer
stations, electricity rom the regional distribution grid with a medium voltage level o 10 to 36 kV is transormed to supply power to
low-voltage end customers in the local grid where 400 V or 230 V is used. The heart o a transormer station is the transormer itsel
which also requires protective equipment. By carrying out hands-on measurements and ault simulations with the training system, it
is possible to gain an understanding o these complex systems in the classroom.
Lucas-Nlle
Transormers
Transformers
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Training systems
Our training systems cover the ollowing topic areas: UniTrain-I three-phase transormer
Transormer investigations training panel system
Transormer protection training panel system
Transormer protection
Dierential protection or transormers (starting rom approx.
1 MVA), combined with time overcurrent protection, can be
investigated using measurement techniques in normal operation,
ault occurrences in various winding circuit congurations (star,
delta), in various vector groups and as a unction o star-pointtreatment (foating, direct or earthed using earth coils). In the
case o dierential currents, the tripping criteria is determined
based on characteristic sensitivity.
Transormers
Transormers are electrical machines which serve to transorm
alternating or three-phase currents to higher or lower voltages.
Three-phase transormers are o particular importance in the
transmission o electrical power.
In power engineering, transormers are used to connect die-
rent voltage levels within the power grid to each other.
Lucas-Nlle
Transformers
Source: SIEMENS
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Three-phase Transormers
Models, Connection Types, Load Response
Transormers are electrical machines which serve to transorm alternating or three-phase currents to higher or lower voltage levels.
Three-phase transormers are o special importance in the transmission o electrical power.
Training contentsLearning about the transormer principle and equivalent circuit diagram
Investigating the load response o single-phase transormers in single- and our-quadrant operation
Recording current and voltage with and without loads
Investigating the transormation ratio
Investigating loads or dierent vector groups
Investigating dierent vector groups in connection with unbalanced loads
Determining the short-circuit voltage
UniTrain-I three-phase transformer equipment setLucas-Nlle
Transformers
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Investigating Transormers
Transormers
In power engineering, transormers are used to connect dierent voltage levels o the power grid to each other. In the experiments,
the transormers equivalent circuit diagram is examined and its parameters are determined by means o measurements.
Training contentsMultiphase transormer operating at no-load and short-circuit
Multiphase transormer with ohmic, inductive and capacitive load
Parallel operation o multiphase transormers
Current distribution or dierent vector groups
Determining zero impedance
Investigating the transormation ratio
EUT equipment setLucas-Nlle
Transformers
Sample experiment Investigating transformers EUT
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Transormer Protection
Transormer Dierential Protection
Dierential protection or transormers (starting rom approx. 1 MVA), combined with time overcurrent protection, can be
investigated using measurement techniques in normal operation and ault occurrences in various winding circuit congurations
(star, delta), and in various vector groups and as a unction o star-point treatment (foating, direct or earthed using earth coils).
Training contentsDetection and disconnection o transormer or internal aults
Detection o peak inrush currents (RUSH) without disconnection
Faulty tripping due to incorrectly dimensioned transormers
Selection o tripping characteristics with dierential currents taken into account
ETP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Transformers
Sample experiment Transformer differential protection ETP 1
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Time Overcurrent Protection
The time overcurrent protection supplements the saety protection measures contained in transormer dierential protection.
It protects the transormers against short circuits outside the protection range and against overloading.
Training contentsSetting the parameters o the time overcurrent relay while taking the current transormation into consideration
Detection o operating values or symmetrical and asymmetrical aults
False tripping o the protective device during transormers switch-on response
Transormer switch-on response in terms o protection
ETP 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Transformers
Sample experiment Time overcurrent protection ETP 2
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Power Transmission
Investigation o Three-phase Transmission Lines ..................... 70
Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines .............. 71
Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation ................... 72
Transmission Systems with a Synchronous Generator ............. 73Line Protection ....................................................................... 74
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Transmission Lines and Measures to Protect Them
High-voltage networks are usually operated with voltages in the region o 110 kV to 380 kV, whereby urban areas and large-scale
industrial acilities are supplied with 110 kV, and 380 kV is used or long-distance transmission lines. The line simulation system
is designed or operation at model voltages between 110 V and 380 V. Various voltage levels and line lengths can be selected via
corresponding overlay masks. Examinations with the training system can be perormed o-load, in normal operating mode, in the
presence o a short-circuit or earth ault, with or without earth-ault compensation. The system also permits assembly o complex
networks by connecting the line simulation models in parallel or series. The voltage can be supplied via a xed grid or synchronous
generator.
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Power Transmission
Power Transmission
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Training systems
Our training systems cover the ollowing topics:
Experiment panel group - Transmission lines
Experiment panel group - Line protection
Lucas-Nlle
Innovative protection technology
In practice, medium-voltage and high-voltage networks are
equipped with protective mechanisms connected via current and
voltage transormers.
Use o compact, original relays incorporating cutting-edge
digital technology
Use o industrial saety relays rom prestigious international
manuacturers
Monitoring o protective eatures by means o SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
A relay test option permits the relays to be checked individually
High-voltage lines
Your benets:
For your saety, the 380-kV transmission lines are investigated
and connected at a low-voltage level without detracting rom
the characteristics o a real high-voltage line.
Realistic simulation o a 380-kV transmission line with a length
o 300 km or 150 km
Innovative switchover between line lengths by means o over-
lay masks Earth-ault compensation by means o a Petersen coil
Ability to simulate symmetric and asymmetric aults
Power Transmission
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Transmission Lines
Investigations on Three-phase Transmission Lines
For your saety, the 380-kV transmission lines are investigated and connected at a low-voltage level without detracting rom the cha-
racteristics o a real high-voltage line. This realistic simulation o a 380-kV transmission line switches over automatically between line
lengths o 300 km and 150 km once the overlay mask has been put into place.
Training contentsVoltage increases on open-circuit lines
Voltage drop as a unction o line length
Voltage drop as a unction o cos-phi
Capacitive and inductive power losses on a line as a unction o U and I
Phase shit on a line
EUL 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Investigations on three-phase lines EUL 1
Power Transmission
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Parallel and Series Connection o Transmission Lines
Joint use o several line simulation models connected in parallel or series permits complex networks to be assembled.
Training contentsDistribution o power and current among parallel-connected lines o equal length
Distribution o power and current among parallel-connected lines o unequal length
Distribution o power and current among series-connected lines o equal length
Distribution o power and current among series-connected lines o unequal length
Load distribution, power fow
Voltage distribution
Quantitative and qualitative evaluations o operational relationships
EUL 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Investigations on parallel lines EUL 2
Power Transmission
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Transmission Lines
Transmission Line with Earth-ault Compensation
Earth-ault compensation in electric power supply networks is designed to oset earth leakages occurring in outer conductors.
Restricted to three-phase systems, earth-ault compensation makes use o a special Petersen coil named ater its inventor and which
is also known as an earth-ault quenching coil. This coil compensates the electric current at the earth-ault point, thereby preventing
consequential malunctions in the electrical system.
Training contentsEarth ault on a line with an isolated star point
Response to earth aults
Earth-ault compensation
EUL 3 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Investigations on lines with earth-fault compensation EUL 3
Power Transmission
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Transmission Systems with a Synchronous Generator
The objective here is to measure characteristic power transmission parameters on simulated, three-phase, parallel-connected lines ed
via a xed network or a generator, and perorm quantitative as well as qualitative assessments o operational relationships.
Training contentsPower and current distribution in a line network ed by a generator
Parallel operation o a generator and line via the network
Control o active power eed
Control o reactive power eed
EUL 4 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Investigations on transmission systems with a synchronous generator EUL 4
Power Transmission
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Line Protection
Overcurrent Time Protection or Lines
Items covered in this experiment series include overcurrent time relays whose time characteristic is independent o the current and
which are usually employed on single-wire (branch) lines.
Training contentsDesigning and parameterising overcurrent time protection
Determining the reset ratio in the case o single-, double- and triple-pole short circuit
Determining a relays shortest release time
Checking a circuit breakers release behaviour in the event o a ailure
ELP 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Overcurrent time protection for lines ELP 1
Power Transmission
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Auxiliary Line Protection Equipment
ELP 2/3/4/5 equipment setLucas-Nlle
ELP 2 Directional overcurrent time protection
Training contents
Designing and parametrizing overcurrent time protection
Determining the reset ratio in the case o single-, double-
and triple-pole short circuit
Forward and reverse protection
ELP 3 Overvoltage and undervoltage protectionTraining contents
Determining rise and all times
Determining the reset ratio
Determining the inherent time
Setting and testing various characteristics
ELP 4 Directional power protection
Training contents
Determining rise and all times
Implementing protection against reverse loads
Interaction with overcurrent time relays
ELP 5 Earth-ault voltage protection
Training contents
Measuring voltages in a sound, three-phase network
Measuring voltages in a three-phase network experiencing
earth aults
Determining rise and all times
Determining the inherent time
Relay responses to momentary and permanent earth aults
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Line Protection
Protection o Parallel-connected Lines
Used mainly or protecting parallel-connected lines, the directional overcurrent protection relay is tested through ault simulation
here, besides being analyzed and investigated experimentally in terms o selectivity and speed.
Networked via a bus system, the protective relays can be operated and evaluated by means o the SCADA Power-LAB sotware.
Training contentsProtecting parallel-connected lines with dierent overcurrent time relays
Parallel operation in the ault-ree state
Determining minimum response values or non-directional overcurrent time relays
Determining directions o protection or directional overcurrent time relays
Determining minimum response values or directional overcurrent time relays
Time grading or overcurrent time relays
Checking selectivity through combined overcurrent and directional measurements
Networking protective measures
ELP 6 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Protection of parallel lines ELP 6
Power Transmission
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High-speed Distance Protection
Various aults can be analyzed in the case o the high-speed distance protection relay employed or more complex networks. This
type o protection permits aults to be isolated in dependence o their distance. Besides preparation o a grading schedule, selectivity
can be set and tested in a practical manner.
Training contentsPreparation o a grading schedule
Relay parameterisation
Tests o triggering characteristics in the event o various aults inside and outside the lines protective domain
Operating a distance protection relay with current and voltage transormers
Tests o triggering characteristics in the event o various aults inside and outside the protective domain:
- Distance protection
- Overcurrent time protection
- Voltage protection
- Frequency protectionAutomatic reactivation
ELP 7 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment High-speed distance protection ELP 7
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Electric Power Distribution
Three-phase Double Busbar System ........................................ 82
Overcurrent Protection or Busbars ......................................... 83
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Busbars at high-voltage switching stations
Electrical power at large switching stations is distributed almost exclusively using double busbar systems. These stations incorporate
switching matrices or connecting the two busbars, the incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles as well as the measurement elds.
The incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles as well as the switching matrices are urnished with circuit breakers and one disconnector
or each busbar terminal. For saety reasons, a particular switching logic must be strictly adhered to here. The double busbar model
incorporates all unctions o practical relevance. Integrated instruments or measuring currents and voltages permit direct analyses o
switching operations.
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Electric Power Distribution
Electric Power Distribution
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Training systems
Our training systems cover the ollowing topics: Experiment panel group - Three-phase double busbar system
Experiment panel group - Overcurrent protection or busbars
Lucas-Nlle
SCADA
Devices are monitored and controlled by means o the SCADA
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. All devices
belonging to Lucas-Nlles energy technology programme can
be arranged as desktop icons and linked together. Measurement
values and operating states are indicated. Important parametersand signals can be controlled via the sotware. Measurement
values and operating states can be recorded, displayed as
unctions o time, and analyzed. Automatic switchover between
busbars can be perormed via the PC.
Double busbar systems
The compact modules named Incoming and outgoing eeder
cubicles and Switching matrix oer the ollowing advan-
tages:
Flexible arrangement o the various elds
Operation and monitoring rom a PC
Networking capability thanks to an RS-485 interace
Manual operation
Integrated microcontroller or preventing incorrect operation
Registration o all characteristic parameters such as current,
voltage and switching states
Electric Power Distribution
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Three-phase Double Busbar System
Central Distribution and Control
Busbars serve as central distributors o electrical energy, all incoming and outgoing lines being connected to the busbars. Busbars
comprise incoming and outgoing eeder cubicles, switching matrices and converter panels.
As part o Lucas-Nlles equipment sets, these unctions are grouped into switching elds containing circuit breakers, disconnectors
and data loggers.
Training contentsBasic circuits o a three-pole, double busbar system
Three-phase, double busbar system with load
Busbar changeover without interruption o the branch
Preparation o algorithms or various switching operations
Busbar coupling
EPD equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Three-phase double busbar system EPD
Electric Power Distribution
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Overcurrent Protection or Busbars
Due to the busbars dierential protection, the input and output currents are added up via a current transormer. In the case o
dierential currents, the characteristic sensitivity serves as a basis or determining trigger criteria.
Training contentsRegistration o currents in normal operating mode
Registration o currents in the event o single-, double- or triple-pole short circuit
Faults outside the protective domain
EPD equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Overcurrent protection for busbars EPD
Electric Power Distribution
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Energy Management
Complex Loads, Power Consumption Measurement
and Peak Load Monitoring ..................................................... 88
Dynamic Loads ....................................................................... 89
Manual and Automatic Compensation o Reactive Power ...... 90Protection o Electric Loads .................................................... 91
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Intelligent networks and loads
For economic and environmental reasons, a rational use o energy is becoming increasingly important. Exercises on manual and
automatic compensation o reactive power as well as experiments on reducing peak loads through measurements with active-current
and maximum-demand meters demonstrate how the load on a mains supply network can be reduced and evenly distributed over a
24-hour period. An analysis o the power supply grid and connected consumers (loads) is necessary or eective use o the involved
measurement techniques. Accordingly, each experiment permits a detailed investigation o static, dynamic, symmetric and asym-
metric loads. Protection o electrical consumers is another important training subject.
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Energy Management
Energy Management
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Training systems
Our training systems cover the ollowing topics:
Experiment panel group - Complex loads, energy consumpti-
on measurement and peak load monitoring
Experiment panel group - Dynamic loads
Experiment panel group - Manual and automatic compensa-
tion o reactive power
Experiment panel group - Protection o electric machines
Experiment panel group - Motor protection / management
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Protecting electrical consumers
Malunctions in electrical systems resulting rom short circuits,
overload etc. must be prevented or at least restricted by means
o appropriate protective measures, and the aulty devices
disconnected selectively rom the network. For the protective
eatures to be properly implemented and correctly dimensioned,it is necessary to know their trigger characteristics and times, as
well as their operational characteristics. This experiment series
provides detailed treatment o how to protect three-phase
motors by means o a motor protection switch, temperature
monitoring in the coils, and triggering via a thermistor device.
An experiment on ull motor protection with a digital device can
also be conducted. The handling and parametrization o the
digital motor protection device are the ocus o training in this
experiment.
Smart metering
All energy technology kits contain intelligent measuring devices
possessing a variety o communication interaces (e.g. LAN,
RS485, USB) and control elements. Consequently, consumers
can not only be monitored, but also intelligently controlled. An
automatic load management program can be realized with the
eatures listed below:
Monitoring o the specied power limit
Enabling and disabling o consumers in accordance with a
dened priority list
Activation o consumers during minimum load periods
Energy Management
Source: SIEMENS
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Energy management
Complex Loads, Power Consumption Measurement and Peak Load
Monitoring
Experiments on reducing peak loads through measurements with active-current and maximum-demand meters demonstrate how the
load on a mains supply network can be reduced and evenly distributed over a 24-hour period. An analysis o the power supply grid and
connected consumers (loads) is necessary or eective use o the measurement techniques involved. Accordingly, each experiment
permits a detailed investigation o static, dynamic, symmetric and asymmetric loads.
Training contentsThree-phase consumers with star and delta connections (R, L, C, RL, RC and RLC loads)
Measurement with active and reactive energy meters:
- or symmetric and asymmetric RL loads
- in the event o a phase ailure
- in the event o over-compensation (RC load)
- or active loads
- in the event o energy-fow reversal
Determination o the rst and second power maxima
Determination o the power maximum in the event o an asymmetric load
Recording o load proles
EUC 1 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Measuring the power consumption of complex loads EUC 1
Energy Management
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Dynamic Loads
In this case, a three-phase asynchronous motor coupled with the servo machine test stand is used as a dynamic load. The active and
reactive powers (motors cos-phi) depend on the motor load and are thereore not constant. The servo machine test stand can be used
to drive the asynchronous motor, thereby eeding active power into the three-phase network.
Training contentsDynamic, three-phase load (asynchronous motor)
Power measurement in the case o energy-fow reversal
EUC 2 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Investigations on dynamic loads EUC 2
Energy Management
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Energy Management
Manual and Automatic Compensation o Reactive Power
Reactive power compensation in alternating voltage networks is designed to reduce undesirable reactive current and resultant reac-
tive power o consumers. In this process, capacitive loads are connected to all inductive loads via a central eed point. The opposing,
capacitive reactive power arising here is ideally o the same magnitude as the installed, inductive reactive power. This reduces unde-
sirable reactive currents, and none o the systems needed to supply the reactive current has to be over-dimensioned.
Training contentsOperating an asynchronous machine and recording its characteristic parameters
Calculating parameters or compensation capacitors
Compensation using various capacitors
Determining stage power
Manual compensation o reactive power
Automatic identication o a reactive power controllers connections
Automatic compensation o reactive power
EUC 3 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Sample experiment Automatic compensation of reactive power EUC 3
Energy Management
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EEM 4.6 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Protection o Electric Loads
Three-phase Asynchronous Machines
Squirrel-cage motors are designed or operation under constant load conditions. Changes in load or excessively high starting currents
can cause such motors to heat up beyond permitted levels. Sensors are thereore used to monitor the motors temperature and
current consumption.
As required, these sensors activate protective eatures such as the motor protection switch, motor protection relay and thermistor
relay.
Sample experiment Protection of electric machines EEM 4.6
Training contentsSelecting, installing and setting various motor protection systems
Motor protection switch
Motor protection relay
Thermistor protection
Eect o various operating modes on motor heating
Trigger characteristics o protective systems
Protection against impermissible load states
Energy Management
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EDT 51 equipment setLucas-Nlle
Protection o Electric Loads
Eective Motor Protection Preventive Maintenance
Used as part o modern automation technology, motor management systems make it possible to optimally protect, control and monitor
drives and related equipment. Parameters such as motor temperature, voltage and current can be registered in this way. Linkage to
higher-level process automation via eld bus systems (e.g. PROFIBUS) makes the motors operation more transparent. As a result, the
motors utilization level and energy consumption can be monitored without having to perorm in-situ measurements.
Sample experiment Motor management relay EDT 51
Training contentsPC-supported operation o a motor management system
Programming o unctions such as direct start, star-delta start, reversible-pole motor start, motor protection
Parametrization o overload variables and switch-o response under various loads
Measurement o dynamic processes during starting
Preventive maintenance
Energy Management
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Training Systemsor Electronic Equipment
Supplementary experiments on electrical power engineering can be