Electonic Wireless and Wired Voting Machine

8/22/2019 Electonic Wireless and Wired Voting Machine

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I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major Project Report

entitled Design ofElectronic Voting Machine (Wired & Wireless), in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication

Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of

Arni University is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from March

2013 to June 2013 (8th

semester) under the supervision of Mr.,ECE Department.

The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by us for the

award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature of Student (S)KHEM RAJ

BHARAT BHUSHAN SANKHYAN

GAURAV SHARMA

ABHISHEK SAMBYAL

VIVEK SHARMA .

This is to certify that the above statement made by the student(s) is correct to the best ofmy knowledge.

Signature of Supervisor(s)MR. Sharad Prasad .

HOD,


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep

regards to our guide Mr. Sarad Parsad for his exemplary guidance,

monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of

this project. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to

time shall carry us a long way in the journey of life on which we areabout to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to

our University management team to provide us such a platform

where we can give directions to our ideas.The success of this project

is one of the the result of this platform..

We have immense pleasure in expressing our thanks and deep sense

of gratitude to my rpp

I am obliged to staff members of Electronics and communication, forthe valuable information provided by them in their respective fields.

I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of myassignment.

Lastly, we thank almighty, our parents and friends for their

constant encouragement without which this assignment would not

be possible.

BHARAT BHUSHAN SANKHYAN

ABHISHEK SAMBYAL

GAURAV SHARMA

VIVEK SHARMA

KHEM RAJ


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ABSTRACT

According to Election Data Services the percentage of electronic voting machines per

county doubled between 1998 and 2002 to 16 percent-, yet a full replacement of the traditional

voting procedure is very unlikely. In its essence, an electronic voting machine is a computer

assisted self-interviewing device (CASI) giving the voter the opportunity to review and change

his/her vote before submitting it. The different types of voting machines allow for different kinds

of interaction, such as using a touch screen technology, using a dial wheel, touching a paper

panel, or pressing a button on an LCD screen. Each machine provides feedback for blank ballots

and under-voting and prevents selecting more choices than the maximum allowed. Some

machines even have advanced functions such as increasing the font for visually impaired votersand/or allowing for listening of the voting options rather than reading. The common features

electronic voting machines share with CASI and ACASI devices allow for theoretical and

empirical predictions of the advantages and disadvantages this technology can provide. The

paper presents an overview of the different types of voting machines and based on established

theories and results from CASI and ACASI studies, examines and compares characteristics of the

machines currently used and computer-human interaction mechanisms, their potential effects,

and unexplored applications. Furthermore, possibilities such as prediction of candidates name

order effect, already existing in the literature, and computer literacy effect on voting are

discussed.


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Table of Contents Certificate

1 Acknowledgement

..2 Abstract

...3

Contents...4

1.INTRODUCTION..61.1 The Electronic Voting Machine An Electronic Marvel.6

1.2History6

1.3Description8

1.4 Pictorial description of working of electronic votingmachine..9

1.5Challenges for Electronic Voting inIndia..9

2. TOOLSUSED ..11


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2.1 HardwareTools11

2.2 SoftwareTools..12

3. FLOW DIAGRAM..144. BLOCKDIAGRAM .154.1.Description Of BlockDiagram.....16

5.COMPONENTSUSED..19 5.1 BriefDescription ofComponents20

6.OPERATION 6.1 Operation or Working ofProject..

7.SOFTWARECODE.. 7.1code

7.2 Proteusfile...

8.HARDWAREDESIGN. 9.ADVANTAGES ANDAPPLICATIONS10. CONCLUSION &FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK..


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11.REFERENCE.


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INTRODUCTION1.1The Electronic Voting MachineAn Electronic Marvel

Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers,

while

making polling a lot more expedient. Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves

considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting

secrecy

without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is 100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of

the

polling, just press a button and there you have the results.

1.2 History

The EVMs were devised and designed by Election Commission of India in collaboration

with two Public Sector undertakings viz., Bharat Electronics

Limited, Bangalore and Electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. The EVMs

are now manufactured by the above two undertakings.

EVMs were first used in 1982 in the by-election to North ParavurAssembly ConstituencyofKerala for a limited number of polling stations (50 polling stations).

1.2.1 Electronic Voting in India

The Election Commission of India developed the countrys EVMs in partnership with two

government-owned companies, the Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL) and Bharat

Electronics Limited (BEL) Though these companies are owned by the Indian government,

they are not under the administrative control of the Election Commission. They are profit-

seeking vendors that are attempting to market EVMs globally.

The first Indian EVMs were developed in the early 1980s by ECIL. They were used in

certain parts of the country, but were never adopted nationwide .They introduced the style

of system used to this day (see Figure 1.1), including the separate control and ballot units

and the layout of both components.

These first-generation EVMs were based on Hitachi 6305 microcontrollers and used

firmware stored in external UV-erasable PROMs along with 64kb EEPROMs for storing

votes. Second-generation models were introduced in 2000 by both ECIL and BEL. These

machines moved the firmware into the CPU and upgraded other components. They were

gradually deployed in greater numbers and used nationwide beginning in 2004. In 2006, the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Paravurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Paravurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India


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manufacturers adopted a third-generation design incorporating additional changes

suggested by the Election Commission.

.

According to Election Commission statistics, there were 1,378,352 EVMs in use in July

2009. Of these, 448,000 were third-generation machines manufactured from 2006 to 2009,

with 253,400 from BEL and 194,600 from ECIL. The remaining 930,352 were the second-

generation models manufactured from 2000 to 2005, with 440,146 from BEL and 490,206

from ECIL [26]. (The first generation machines are deemed too risky to use in national

elections because their 15-year service life has expired [1], though they are apparently still

used in certain state and local contests.) In the 2009 parliamentary election, there were

417,156,494 votes cast, for an average of 302 votes per machine .The EVM we tested is

from the largest group, a second-generation ECIL model. It is a real machine that was

manufactured in 2003, and it has been used in national elections. It was provided by a

source who has requested to remain anonymous. Photographs of the machine and its inner

workings appear throughout this paper. Other types and generations of machines have

certain differences, but their overall operation is very similar. We believe that most of our

security analysis is applicable to all EVMs now used in India.


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1.3Description:

Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures

flawless

voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being

secured. It

avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes. Also such kind of system becomes more

economical as consequent expenditure incurred on man power is saved. It is also

convenient on

the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongs to his candidates.

voting machines are the total combination of mechanical, electromechanical,

or electronic equipment (including software, firmware, and documentation required to

program

control, and support equipment), that is used to define ballots; to cast and count votes; to

report

or display election results; and to maintain and produce any audit trail information. The

first

voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic

voting machines.A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to identify

system

components and versions of such components; to test the system during its development

and

maintenance; to maintain records of system errors or defects; to determine specific changes

made

after initial certification; and to make available any materials to the voter (such as notices,


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instructions, forms, or paper ballots).

Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast

votes

and further categorized by the location where the system tabulates the votes.

Voting machines have different levels of usability, security, efficiency and accuracy.

Certainsystems may be more or less accessible to all voters, or not accessible to those voters with

certain

types of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the public's ability to oversee

elections.

1.4 Pictorial description of working of electronic voting machine


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The control unit/MCU and the ballot unit are discussed in detail in chapter 2 under section

2.1.

1.5Challenges for Electronic Voting in India

Indian voting machines must be designed to function under more challenging

environmental conditions and operational constraints than other electronic voting systems

studied in previous security reviews. These requirements have influenced the simple design

of the current machines and impact our security analysis. Among the challenges are:

Cost: With well over a million EVMs in use, the cost of the system is a major concern.

The current EVMs are built from inexpensive commodity parts and cost approximately

$200 for each set of units,far less than many DREs used in the U.S., which cost several

thousand dollars.

Power: Many polling places are located in areas that lack electricity service or have onlyintermittent service .Thus, the EVMs operate entirely from battery power, rather than

merely using a battery as a backup.

Natural Hazards: Indias varied climate has great extremes of temperature, as well as

other environmental hazards such as dust and pollution. EVMs must be operated under

these adverse conditions and must be stored for long periods in facilities that lack climate

control. An Election Commission report cites further dangers from attack by vermin, rats,

fungus or due to mechanical danger, [that might cause] malfunction .

Illiteracy :Though many Indian voters are well educated, many others are illiterate. The

countrys literacy rate in 2007 was 66% , and only about 55% among women, so handling

illiterate voters must be the rule rather than the exception. Thus, ballots feature graphical

party symbols as well as candidate names, and the machines are designed to be used

without written instructions.

Unfamiliarity with Technology: Some voters in India have very little experience with

technology and maybe intimidated by electronic voting. For example, Fifty-year-old

Hasulal Topno impoverished Oraon tribal, who gathers firewood from the forest outlying

the Palamau Tiger Reserve, a Maoist hotbed 35 km from Daltonganj town told a reporter,

I am scared of the voting machine, prior to its introduction in his village . Nirmal Ho, a

tribal and a marginal farmhand in the Chatarpur block ofPalamau district, said he wasmore scared of the EVMs than the Maoists on account of his unfamiliarity with

technology. To avoid further intimidating voters like these, Indias EVMs require the voter

to press only a single button.

Booth Capture: A serious threat against paper voting before the introduction of EVMs

was booth capture, a less-than-subtle type of electoral fraud found primarily in India,

wherein party loyalists would take over a polling station by force and stuff the ballot box.


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Better policing makes such attacks less of a threat today, but the EVMs have also been

designed to discourage them by limiting the rate of vote casting to five per

minute .Any voting system proposed for use in India must be able to function under these

constraints.

***************

TOOLS USED

2.1 HARDWARE TOOLS:

2.1.1 The control Unit : In Total control of the pollingConduction of polling, display of total votes polled, sealing at the end of the poll, and

finally,

declaration of resultsthese are the various accomplishments ofjust one gadget : the

control

unit. In total control of the polling, this electronic unit gives you all necessary information

at a

press of a few buttons. For instance, if you need to know the total number of votes, you just

have

to press the Total switch. Candidates-wise results can be had only at the end of polling.

2.1.2 The Ballot Unit : An electronic ballot box.

A simple voting device, it displays the list of candidates. A facility to incorporate party

names

and symbols is in-built. All the voter has to do ispress the desired switch located next to thename of each candidate. The main advantage is the speed, apart from the simplicity of

operation,

which requires no training at all. A single ballotunit takes in the names of 16 candidates.

And

thus, by connecting four ballot units the EVM can accommodate a total of 64 candidates in

a

single election.


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2.2 SOFTWARE TOOLS:

2.2.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:

The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed tosolve the complex problems facing

embedded

software developers. When starting a new project, simply selectthe microcontroller you use from the Device

Database and the Vision IDE sets all compiler,assembler, linker, and memory options for

you.

Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most popular

embedded 8051 devices.

The Keil Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (IC, CAN, UART,

SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your

8051

device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted

onsetup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before

target hardware is available.


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2.2.2 PROTEUS SOFTWARE:

Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation,

animated components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete

microcontroller based designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test theirmicrocontrollerdesigns before constructing a physical prototype in real time. This program

allows users to interact withthe design using on-screen indicators and/or LED and LCD

displays and, ifattached to the PC, switches and buttons.

One of the main components of Proteus 7.0 is the Circuit Simulation -- a product that uses

a SPICE3f5analogue simulatorkernel combined with an event-driven digital simulator that

allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer.

Proteus VSM comes with extensive debugging features, including breakpoints, single

stepping and variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping.

In summary, Proteus 7.0 is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction

between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronic device

connected to it.

2.2.3 Advantages:

Real time simulation.

Time and money saving.


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***************

FLOW DIAGRAM


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***************

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE


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4.1 Description in detail:

The Electronic Voting Machine basically consists of three main blocks;

these are

Micro controller LCD Display

LED

Controlswitches & Keypad Buzzer


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1)Micro controller:Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and d the mode of operation voting

mode it increments the data for corresponding key i.e. respective candidate as well as it

sends signal to display block to indicate one key is pressed. In counting mode micro

controllers fetches data from memory location and send it to display devices.

2) LCD:Liquid Crystal Display which is commonly known as LCD is an Alphanumeric Display it

means that it can display Alphabets, Numbers as well as special symbols thus LCD is a

user friendly Display device which can be used for displaying various messages unlike

seven segment display which can display only numbers and some of the alphabets. The

only disadvantage of LCD over seven segment is that seven segment is robust display and

be visualized from a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here I have used 16 x 2

Alphanumeric Display which means on this display I can display two lines with maximum

of 16 characters in one line.

3)LED:A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator

lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.Light-emitting diodes


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are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, automotive

lighting (particularly

brake lamps, turn signals and indicators) as well as in traffic signals.

4)Control switches:There are three control switches:

I. Clear Votes.

II. Controller switch.

III. Total Votes

5)Buzzer:


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An electric signaling device, such as a doorbell, that makes a buzzing sound. Also we can

say it is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

orpiezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

***************
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound


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LIST OF COMPONENT USED FOR DESIGNING ELECTRONIC

VOTING MACHINE

Component name Quantitiy

1. Microcontroller(AT 89v59) 1

2. Transistor

a. 7805 23. Lcd 16x2 1

4. Switches (push to on) 11

5. Resistances

a. 10k 7b. 330 1c. 270k 1d. 220k 2e. 55k 1f. 33k 1

6. Capacitor

a. 33pf 2b. 10f 1

7. Buzzer 2

8. LED 5

1) Multicolor 22) Green 3

9. Crystal 12 Mhz 1

10.Encoder HT-12E 1

11.Decoder HT-12D 1

12.Burg connector 8

13.Reciver Trasmitter pair( A -434) 1

14.Diode 4007 8


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15.Antenna (wire FM) 1 pair

16.Battery 9v 2

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

1) Microcontroller 89v511.1 FEATURES

compatible with mcs-51products

4k bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memoryendurance: 1,000 write/erasecycles

fully static operation: 0 hz to 24 mhz

three-level program memory lock

128 x 8-bit internal ram

32 programmable i/o lines

two 16-bit timer/counters

six interrupt sources

programmable serial channel

low-power idle and power-down modes

1.2 DESCRIPTION

The at89v51 is a low-power, high-performance cmos 8-bit microcomputer with 4k Bytes offlash programmable and erasable read only memory . The device Is manufactured usingatmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is Compatible with the industrystandard mcs-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memoryto be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. Bycombining a versatile 8-bit cpu with flash On a monolithic chip, the atmel at89v51 is apowerful microcomputer which provides A highly-flexible and cost-effective solution tomany embedded control applications.


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1.3 PIN DESCRIPTION

1) VccSupply voltage.

2) GndGround.

3) Port 0


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Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional i/o port. As an Output port, each pin can sinkeight ttl inputs. When 1s Are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedanceinputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data busduring accesses to external pro-gram and data memory. In this mode p0 has internal Pullups.

Port 0 also receives the code bytes during flash programming , and outputs the code bytesdu ring program Verification. External pull ups are required during program Verification.

4) Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output bufferscan sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by

the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externallybeing pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 1 alsoreceives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

5) Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output bufferscan sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externallybeing pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits thehigh-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accessesto external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, ituses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memorythat use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 SpecialFunction Register .Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signalsduring Flash programming and verification.

6) Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups .The Port 3 output bufferscan sink/source four TTL inputs .When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high bythe internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externallybeing pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups. Port 3 also serves thefunctions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:


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Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash pro-gramming and verification.

7) RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resetsthe device.

8) ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accessesto external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flashprogramming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and

may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulseis skipped during each access to external Data Memory .If desired, ALE operation can bedisabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during aMOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has noeffect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

9) PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external pro-gram memory. When the AT89C51is executing code from external pro-gram memory, PSEN is activated twice each machinecycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data

memory.10) EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetchcode from external pro-gram memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH .Note,however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EAshould be strapped to VCC for internal program executions .This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable volt-age (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.


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11.a) XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

11.b) XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Absolute Maximum Ratings*

*notice:

Stresses beyond those listed under absolute Maximum ratings may cause permanentdam-age to the device. This is a stress rating only and Functional operation of the device atthese or anyOther conditions beyond those indicated in the Operational sections of this specification isnotImplied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating Conditions for extended periods may affectdevice Reliability.

1.4 DC Characteristics


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Notes:1. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, iol must be externally limited as follows:Maximum Iol per port pin: 10 mAMaximum Iol per 8-bit port: port 0: 26 mAPorts 1, 2, 3: 15 mAMaximum total Iol for all output pins: 71 mAIf iOl exceeds the test condition, vol may exceed the related specification. Pins are notguaranteed to sink current greater Than the listed test conditions.2. Minimum vcc for power-down is 2v.

1.5 AC CHARACTERISTICS

Under operating conditions, load capacitance for port 0, ale/prog, and psen= 100 pf; loadcapacitance for all other Outputs = 80 pf.


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2) LM7805

2.1 PACKAGING INFORMATION

40-lead,0.600wide,plastic dual inline package.

3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

2.2 Features

Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5v Thermal Overload Protection


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Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

2.3 General Description

The LM7805 series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of

applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe

operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is

provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed

voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable

voltages and currents.

2.4 Block Diagram

2.5 Pin Assignment


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2.6 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may

occur. The datasheet specifications should be met, without exception, to ensure that the

system design is reliable over its power supply , temperature, and output/input loadingvariables. Fairchild does not recommend operation outside datasheet specifications.

2.7 Electrical Characteristics(LM7805)


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Notes:

1. Load and line regulation are specified at constant junction temperature. Changes in VOdue to heating effects must

be taken into account separately. Pulse testing with low duty is used.2. These parameters, although guaranteed, are not 100% tested in production.

3) HT12E3.1Features

Operating voltage 2.4V~12V

Low power and high noise immunity

CMOS technology

Low standby current: 0.1A

VDD=5V

Minimum transmission word : Four words for the HT12E

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

Data code has positive polarity

Minimal external components

HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

3.2 Applications

Burglar alarm system

Smoke and fire alarm system

Garage door controllers

Car door controllers

Car alarm system

Security system

Cordless telephones

Other remote control systems


HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used ininterfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have samenumber of addresses and data format.


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Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bitparallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits aredivided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits.HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal isreceived on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the

header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4-wordtransmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long asTE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycleand then stops.

3.4 Block Diagram

3.5 Pin Assignment


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3.6 Pin Description


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Note: D8~D11 are all data input and transmission enable pins of the HT12A.

TEis a transmission enable pin of the HT12E.


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3.7 Approximate internal connections


Supply Voltage (HT12A) ..............0.3V to 5.5VSupply Voltage (HT12E) ...............0.3V to 13VInput Voltage....................VSS0.3 to VDD+0.3VStorage Temperature.................50Cto125COperating Temperature...............20Cto75C

Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under AbsoluteMaximum Ratings may cause substantial damage to the device. Functional operation of thisdevice at other conditions beyond those listed in the specification is not implied andprolonged expo-sure to extreme conditions may affect device reliability.

3.9 Electrical Characteristics:


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3.10 Functional Description

OperationThe 2^12 series of encoders begin a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of atransmission enable (TE for the HT12E, active low). This cycle will repeat itself as long asthe transmission enable (TE) is held low. Once the transmission enable returns high theencoder output completes its final cycle and then stops as shown below.

3.11 Flowchart HT12E:


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3.12 Oscillator frequency vs supply voltage

The recommended oscillator frequency is fOSCD(decoder)=50 x fOSCE(HT12E encoder).

4) HT12D (2 12 Series of Decoders)


HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This series of

decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like burglar alarm, cardoor controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to interface RF and infraredcircuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The chosen pair of encoder/decodershould have same number of addresses and data format.

In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes the serial

addresses and data received by an RF receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output


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data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times

continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or unmatched codes are found.

A valid transmission is indicated by a high signal at VT pin.

HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data bits. The

data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is received..

4.2 Block Diagram

4.3Pin Diagram


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4.4 Pin Description


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4.5 Approximate internal connection circuits


Supply Voltage ..........................................0.3V to 13VStorage Temperature ............................50Cto125C

Input Voltage ................................VSS0.3 to VDD+0.3V

Operating Temperature...........................20Cto75C

Note: These are stress ratings only. Stresses exceeding the range specified under Absolute

Maximum Ratings may cause damage to the device. Functional operation of this device at

other conditions beyond those listed in the specification is not implied and prolonged

exposure to extreme conditions may affect device reliability.

4.7 Operation

The 212 series of decoders provides various combinations of addresses and data pins indifferent packages so as to pair with the 2 12 series of encoders .The decoders receive datathat are transmitted by an encoder and interpret the first N bits of code period as addressesand the last 12N bits as data, where N is the address code number. A signal on the DIN pinactivatesthe oscillator which in turn decodes the incoming address and data. The decoders will thencheck the received address three times continuously. If the received address codes allmatch the contents of the decoder local address, the 12N bits of data are decoded to activatethe output pins and the VT pin is set high to indicate a valid transmission. This will lastunless the addresscode is incorrect or no signal is received. The output of the VT pin is high only when thetransmission is valid. Otherwise it is always low.

4.8 Features

Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V

Low power and high noise immunity


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CMOS technology

Low standby current

Capable of decoding 12 bits of information

Binary address setting

Received codes are checked 3 times

Address/Data number combination

HT12D: 8 address bits and 4 data bits

HT12F: 12 address bits only

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

Valid transmission indicator

Easy interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium

Minimal external components

4.9 Applications

Burglar alarm system

Smoke and fire alarm system

Garage door controllers

Car door controllers

Car alarm system

Security system

Cordless telephones

Other remote control systems

5) PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)It is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electricalcomponents using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched fromcopper sheets laminated onto a non-conductivesubstrate. It is also referred toas printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated withelectronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known asa printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used invirtually all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices.

PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much morelayout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point

construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; theproduction and soldering of PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment.Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality controlneeds are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization.


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6) CAPACITORCapacitors are components that are used to store an electrical charge and areused in timer circuits. A capacitor may be used with a resistor to produce atimer. Sometimes capacitors are used to smooth a current in a circuit as theycan prevent false triggering of other components such as relays. When power issupplied to a circuit that includes a capacitor - the capacitor charges up. Whenpower is turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical charge slowly.Thereare two types of capacitors that are

6.1CERAMIC CAPACITOR

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitorwith the ceramic material acting as

the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers ofceramic and

a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the

electrical behavior and therefore the application of the capacitors, which are divided into

two stability classes:

Class 1 ceramic capacitors with high stability and low losses for resonant circuit

application.

Class 2 ceramic capacitors with high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass and

coupling applications.

Ceramic capacitors, especially the multilayer version (MLCC), are the most produced and

used capacitors in electronic equipment with a produced quantity of approximately 1000

billion pieces per year.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor


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6.2 MYLAR CAPACITOR

A mylar capacitor uses mylar, which is a type of high temperature polyester film, as itsdielectric. It is typically very stable and able to operate over a wide range of temperatures,usually up to 125 degrees Celsius. As such therefore this type is a common choice forinstrumentation equipment, also high quality audio and communications equipment. Theremay be various shapes, sizes and styles of construction but possibly the longest lived andmost recognisable style is the green or brown resin-dipped radial type, which coupled witha small physical size makes it readily suitable for circuit boards.

6.3 Capacitor Code Information

This table is designed to provide the value of alphanumeric coded ceramic, mylar and micacapacitors in general. They come in many sizes, shapes, values and ratings; many differentmanufacturers worldwide produce them and not all play by the same rules. Most capacitorsactually have the numeric values stamped on them, however, some are color coded and


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some have alphanumeric codes. The capacitor's first and second significant number IDsand are the first and second values, followed by the multiplier number code, followed bythe percentage tolerance letter code. Usually the first two digits of the code represent thesignificant part of the value, while the third digit, called the multiplier, corresponds to thenumber of zeros to be added to the first two digits. After that, the differences may show up.

Use this information as a guideline and at your own risk. If you are in question, try tolocate the original manufacturer and seek information from that source.

VALUE TYPE VALUE TYPE CODE

1.5pF Ceramic 1,000pF / .001uF Ceramic/ Mylar 102

3.3pF Ceramic 1,500pF / .0015uF Ceramic / Mylar 152

10pF Ceramic 2,000pF / .002uF Ceramic / Mylar 202






56pF Ceramic .01 Ceramic / Mylar 103

68pF Ceramic .015 Mylar

75pF Ceramic .02 Mylar 203




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VALUE TYPE CODE VALUE TYPE CODE100pF Ceramic 101 .047 Mylar473

120pF Ceramic 121 .05 Mylar503









750pF Ceramic 751 1 Mylar105

820pF Ceramic 821 2 Mylar

205

7) Crystal 12 Mhz

An oscillator is something that produces an output that repeats regularly. In theelectronics field this will be an electrical waveform, often but not always a sine


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wave.

The most important property of an oscillator is its frequency : the rate at which theoutput repeats. This is measured in Hertz (Hz for short). One Hertz is one repetition(aka cycle) per second. One MegaHertz (MHz) is one million repetitions per second.

One of the problems in designing a high quality oscillator is maintaining the outputfrequency at the value required. One method is to control it by a quartz crystal; this iscut so that it vibrates mechanically at the design frequency, and is coupled to theelectronics by the piezo-electric effect.

A 12 MHz crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit, whose output frequency iscontrolled by a quartz crystal to repeat 12 million times per second. Note. Oscillatorsdon't have to be electronic. Other examples are a guitar string, a flute or a pendulum.An electronic oscillator is the only one that can be crystal controlled.)

8) LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)


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A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light

modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly .They are

used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument

panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such

as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have

displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more

compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They

are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since theydo not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient

and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be

used in battery-powered electronic equipment.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range

of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in

various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred overseven segments and other

multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have

no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven

segments), animations and so on.

A16x2 LCDmeans it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In thisLCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,

Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is

an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,

setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-displayhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-display


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displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the

LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

8.1 Pin Description:

9) LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)
http://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-lcd-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-lcd-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-lcd-works


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A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are usedas indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emittedlow-intensity red light, but modern versions are available acrossthe visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are ableto recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the formof photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap ofthe semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), andintegrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDspresent many advantages over incandescent light sources including lowerenergy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, fasterswitching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough forroom lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat

management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacementsfor aviation lighting, automotive lighting (particularly brake lamps, turn signalsand indicators) as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility ofnarrow bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs hasallowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while theirhigh switching rates are also useful in advanced communicationstechnology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of manycommercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domesticappliances.

10) Buzzer:An electric signaling device, such as a doorbell, that makes a buzzing sound. Also we can

say it is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

orpiezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_deviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound


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11) Diode 1N4007

11.1 Features

Diffused Junction

High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage DropSurge Overload Rating to 30A Peak

Low Reverse Leakage CurrentMechanical DataCase: DO-41Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification

Rating 94V-0Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020DTerminals: Finish - Bright Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD-202,Method 208Polarity: Cathode BandMounting Position: Any

Marking: Type Number

Weight: 0.30 grams (approximate)


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11.2 Maximum Ratings

Single phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load. For capacitive load, deratecurrent by 20%.

Notes:1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case.2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and applied reverse voltage of 4.0V DC.3. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). All applicable RoHS exemptions applied, seeEU Directive 2002/95/EC Annex Notes.

IMPORTANT NOTICE


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Diodes Incorporated and its subsidiaries reserve the right to make modifications,enhancements, improvements, corrections or other changes without further notice toany product here in. Diodes Incorporated does not assume any liability arising out ofthe application or use of any product described herein; neither does it convey anylicense under its patent rights, nor the rights of others. The user of products insuch

applications shallassume all risks of such use and will agree to hold Diodes Incorporated and all thecompanies whose products are represented onour website, harmless against alldamages.

11.3 LIFE SUPPORT

Diodes Incorporated products are not authorized for use as critical components in lifesupport devices or systems without the expressed written approval of the President ofDiodes Incorporated .

11.4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS


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12) RANDOM WIRE ANTENNA


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A random wire antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a long wire suspended above the

ground, whose length does not bear a relation to the wave length of the radio waves used,

but is typically chosen more for convenience. The wire may be straight or it may be strung

back and forth between trees or walls just to get enough wire into the air; this type of

antenna sometimes is called a zig-zag antenna. Such antennas are usually not as effective as

antennas whose length is adjusted to resonate at the wavelength to be used. Random wireantennas are a type ofmonopole antenna and the other side of the receiver or transmitter

antenna terminal must be connected to an earth ground.They are widely used as receiving

antennas on the long wave, medium wave, and short wavebands, as well as transmitting

antennas on these bands for small outdoor, temporary or emergency transmitting stations,

as well as in situations where more permanent antennas cannot be installed.

Often random wire antennas are also referred to as long-wire antenna. Long-wire antennas

require a length greater than a quarter-wavelength (/4) of the radio waves.

13)BERG CONNECTORA Berg connector is a device used to join electrical and electronics circuits .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)


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These connectors typically have either two pins or four, and are used for many purposes.Computers in the late 1980s often had dozens of Berg connectors completing circuits inseveral different areas. On the other hand, more recent computers primarily use other typesof connectors, such as Molex, SATA, or P1.Most connectors are keyed to prevent incorrect mating. In other words, a physical

component prevents people from connecting it backwards or to a different plug. This isimportant because improper connections can break or bend the pins or damage thecomputer. Nevertheless, high amounts of pressure can break the key mechanism and forcea bad connection.

*********


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OPERATION6.1 Operation or Working of Project:

1] Power on: When supply is turned on RED LED glows.

2] Mode selection:

i. Voting mode: toggle switch on VCC

ii. Counting mode: toggle switch on GND.

Voting Mode: When toggle switch is in voting mode Voting mode is displayed followed

by

Please vote. After a vote being given, Please wait for authority switch is displayed andagain

enable for voting after Control switch being pressed by the voting Authority.

Counting Mode: When toggle switch is in counting mode Counting mode in displayed

on the

screen, and total number of votes to respective candidate can be displayed on the screen by

pressing the respective key assigned to them.

3] Clear mode: Press clear switch when all entries are required to be erased. Clear switch

shouldbe pressed before voting procedure.

4] Buzzer indication: Pressing of key in voting mode is indicated by a buzzer sound.

5] Controller switch: This switch is provided for enabling the keypad in voting mode. This

switch is under the control of voting authority.


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***************


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***************


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***************

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS


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9.1 ADVANTAGES:

1.It is economical

2. Less manpower required

3. Time conscious, as less time required for voting & counting4. Avoids invalid voting

5. Saves transportation cost due to its compact size

6. Convenient on the part of voter

9.2 APPLICATIONS:

This could be used for voting purpose at any required place

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this report, we have described the specification and architecture of a ELECTRONIC

VOTING

MACHINE .Various fault-tolerance and security issues are delegated to the platform itself,

therefore relieving the application designer from accommodating these features in the

application

design itself. This approach allows for the easy development and deployment of

applications.

For quite some time, voting equipment vendors have maintained that their systems are

secure,

and that the closed-source nature makes them even more secure. Our glimpse into the code

of

such a system reveals that there is little difference in the way code is developed for voting

machines relative to other commercial endeavors. In fact, we believe that an open processwould

result in more careful development, as more scientists, software engineers, political

activists, and

others who value their democracy would be paying attention to the quality of the software

that is

used for their elections. (Of course, open source would not solve all of the problems with

electronic elections. It is still important to verify somehow that the binary program images

running in the machine correspond to the source code and that the compilers used on the

source

code are non-malicious. However, open source is a good start.) Such open design processes

haveproven successful in projects ranging from very focused efforts, such as specifying the

Advanced

Encryption Standard (AES) [23], through very large and complex systems such as

maintaining

the Linux operating System. Australia is currently using an open source voting

system10Alternatively, security models such as the voter-verified audit trail allow for

electronic

voting systems that produce a paper trail that can be seen and verified by a voter. In such a

system, the correctness burden on the voting terminals code is significantly less as voters

cansee and verify a physical object that describes their vote. Even if, for whatever reason, the

machines cannot name the winner of an election, then the paper ballots can be recounted,

either

mechanically or manually, to gain progressively more accurate election results. Voter-

verifiable

audit trails are required in some U.S. states, and major DRE vendors have made public


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statements that they would support such features if their customers required it. The EVM

project

an ambitious attempt to create an open-source voting system with a voter-verifiable audit

trail

a laudable goal The model where individual vendors write proprietary code to run our

electionsappears to be unreliable, and if we do not change the process of designing our voting

systems,

we will have no confidence that our election results will reflect the will of the electorate.

We owe

it to ourselves and to our future to have robust, well-designed election systems to preserve

the

bedrock of our democracy.

REFERENCE

Electonic Wireless and Wired Voting Machine

Documents

Transcript of Electonic Wireless and Wired Voting Machine