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Transcript of ELC 200 Day 15. Agenda Questions? Assignment 4 Graded 6 A’s, 3 Bs, 1 C, 1 D and 3 non-submits...
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ELC 200ELC 200Day 15Day 15
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Agenda Questions? Assignment 4 Graded
6 A’s, 3 Bs, 1 C , 1 D and 3 non-submits
Assignment 5 posted One less assignment this semester Due March 21 @ 9:30 ELC 200 assignment 5.pdf
Assignment 6 will be posted Later today Due March 25
Exam 3 on March 25 (Change from Syllabus) Chap 6 & 7
Discussion on Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerceEthical, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerce
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E-commerceE-commerceEssentialsEssentials
Kenneth C. LaudonKenneth C. Laudon
Carol Guercio TraverCarol Guercio Traver
first edition
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 7Chapter 7Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-
commercecommerce
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives Understand why e-commerce raises ethical, social, and political issues. Recognize the main ethical, social, and political issues raised by e-
commerce. Understand basic concepts related to privacy. Identify the practices of e-commerce companies that threaten privacy. Describe the different methods used to protect online privacy. Understand the various forms of intellectual property and the challenges
involved in protecting it. Understand how governance of the Internet has evolved over time. Explain why taxation of e-commerce raises governance and jurisdiction
issues. Identify major public safety and welfare issues raised by e-commerce.
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Class Discussion
Internet Free Speech: Who Decides? Is the Internet a form of “public speech”? How can the different national perspectives on free
speech be managed in a global environment like the Internet?
Given that the Internet is supported by governments and private companies, should these institutional and corporate needs supersede the free speech rights of individuals on the Internet?
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Understanding Ethical, Social, and Political Issues in E-commerce
Internet, like other technologies, can:Enable new crimesAffect environmentThreaten social values
Costs and benefits must be carefully considered, especially when there are no clear-cut legal or cultural guidelines
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Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-8
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A Model for Organizing the Issues Issues raised by Internet and
e-commerce can be viewed at individual, social, and political levels
Four major categories of issues:Information rightsProperty rightsGovernancePublic safety and welfare
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The Moral Dimensions of an Internet Society
Figure 7.1, Page 263
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Basic Ethical Concepts Ethics
Study of principles used to determine right and wrong courses of action
1. Responsibility2. Accountability3. Liability
1. Laws permitting individuals to recover damages
4. Due process Laws are known, understood Ability to appeal to higher authorities to ensure laws applied
correctly
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Candidate Ethical Principles Golden Rule Universalism Slippery Slope Collective Utilitarian Principle Risk Aversion No Free Lunch The New York Times Test The Social Contract Rule
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Privacy and Information Rights Privacy
Moral right of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance, or interference from other individuals or organizations
Information privacy Subset of privacy Claims:
Certain information should not be collected at all Individuals should control the use of whatever information is
collected about them
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Privacy and Information Rights (cont.)
Major ethical issue related to e-commerce and privacy Under what conditions should we invade the privacy of
others?
Major social issue Development of “expectations of privacy” and privacy
norms
Major political issue Development of statutes that govern relations between
record keepers and individuals
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Information Collected at E-commerce Sites
Data collected includes Personally identifiable information (PII) Anonymous information
Types of data collected Name, address, phone, e-mail, social security Bank and credit accounts, gender, age, occupation,
education Preference data, transaction data, clickstream data,
browser type
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-17
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Social Networks and Privacy Social networks
Encourage sharing personal details Pose unique challenge to maintaining privacy
Facebook’s facial recognition technology and tagging
Personal control over personal information vs. organization’s desire to monetize social network
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Mobile and Location-based Privacy Issues
Smartphone apps Funnel personal information to mobile advertisers for
targeting ads Track and store user locations Apple, Google, Facebook, Yahoo investigated
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Profiling and Behavioral Targeting Profiling
Creation of digital images that characterize online individual and group behavior
Anonymous profiles Personal profiles
Advertising networks Track consumer and browsing behavior on Web Dynamically adjust what user sees on screen Build and refresh profiles of consumers
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Profiling and Behavioral Targeting (cont.)
Business perspective Increases effectiveness of advertising, subsidizing free
content Enables sensing of demand for new products and
services
Critics’ perspective Undermines expectation of anonymity and privacy Consumers show significant opposition to unregulated
collection of personal information
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The Internet and Government Invasions of Privacy
Various laws strengthen ability of law enforcement agencies to monitor Internet users without knowledge and sometimes without judicial oversight CALEA, USA PATRIOT Act, Cyber Security Enhancement Act,
Homeland Security Act
Government agencies are largest users of private sector commercial data brokers
Retention by ISPs and search engines of user data https://www.eff.org/de/issues/mandatory-data-retention
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Legal Protections In United States, privacy rights explicitly
granted or derived from: Constitution
First Amendment—freedom of speech and association Fourth Amendment—unreasonable search and seizure Fourteenth Amendment—due process
Specific statutes and regulations (federal and state) http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/17-a/title17-
asec511.html http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/35-A/title35-
Asec7101-A.html
Common law
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Informed Consent U.S. firms can gather and redistribute
transaction information without individual’s informed consent Illegal in Europe
Informed consent Opt-in Opt-out Many U.S. e-commerce firms merely publish
information practices as part of privacy policy or use opt-in as default
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The FTC’s Fair Information Practices Fair Information Practice principles
Notice Choice Access Security Enforcement
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The FTC’s Fair Information Practices 2010 Privacy Framework
Scope Privacy by design Simplified choice Greater transparency
2012 Report: Industry best practices Do not track Mobile privacy Data brokers Large platform providers Development of self-regulatory codes
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The European Data Protection Directive
Privacy protection much stronger in Europe than United States
European approach Comprehensive and regulatory in nature
European Commission’s Directive on Data Protection (1998) Standardizes and broadens privacy protection in European Union
countries
Department of Commerce safe harbor program For U.S. firms that wish to comply with directive
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Private Industry Self-Regulation Safe harbor programs
Private policy mechanism to meet objectives of government regulations without government involvement
Privacy seal programs TRUSTe
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Technological Solutions Spyware blockers Pop-up blockers Secure e-mail Cookie managers Built-in browser features (Do Not Track)
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Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property
All tangible and intangible products of human mind
Major ethical issue How should we treat property that belongs to others?
Major social issue Is there continued value in protecting intellectual property
in the Internet age?
Major political issue How can Internet and e-commerce be regulated or
governed to protect intellectual property?
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Intellectual Property Protection Three main types of protection:
Copyright Patent Trademark law
Goal of intellectual property law Balance two competing interests—public and private
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Copyright Protects original forms of expression (but not ideas)
from being copied by others for a period of time “Look and feel” copyright infringement lawsuits Fair use doctrine Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 1998
First major effort to adjust copyright laws to Internet age
Implements WIPO treaty that makes it illegal to make, distribute, or use devices that circumvent technology-based protections of copyrighted materials
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Patents Grant owner 20-year monopoly on ideas behind an
invention Machines Man-made products Compositions of matter Processing methods
Invention must be new, non-obvious, novel Encourages inventors Promotes dissemination of new techniques through
licensing Stifles competition by raising barriers to entry
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E-commerce Patents 1998 State Street Bank & Trust vs.
Signature Financial Group case Business method patents
Most European patent laws do not recognize business methods unless based on technology
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Trademarks Identify, distinguish goods, and indicate their source Purpose
Ensure consumer gets what is paid for/expected to receive Protect owner against piracy and misappropriation
Infringement Market confusion Bad faith
Dilution Behavior that weakens connection between trademark and product
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Trademarks and the Internet Cybersquatting
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA)
Cyberpiracy Typosquatting
Metatagging Keywording Linking and deep linking Framing
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Governance Primary questions
Who will control Internet and e-commerce?What elements will be controlled and how?
Stages of governance and e-commerceGovernment Control Period (1970–1994)Privatization (1995–1998)Self-Regulation (1995–present)Government Regulation (1998–present)
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Who Governs E-commerceand the Internet?
Mixed mode environment Self-regulation, through variety of Internet policy and
technical bodies, co-exists with limited government regulation
ICANN Domain Name System
Internet can be easily controlled, monitored, and regulated from a central location
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Taxation Non-local nature of Internet commerce
complicates governance and jurisdiction issues
Sales taxes MOTO retailing tax subsidies Internet Tax Freedom Act
States hope to collect taxes from Internet merchants
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Insight on Business: Class Discussion
Internet Sales Tax Battle Given the nature of the Internet, should
sales tax be based on the location of the consumer rather than the seller?
Why is there a struggle to define the nature of “small business”? How big do you think a “small business” is?
Are bricks-and-clicks retailers disadvantaged by local sales tax laws?
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Net Neutrality Neutrality: All Internet activities charged the same
rate, regardless of bandwidth used Differentiated pricing strategies
Cap pricing (tiered plans) Speed tiers
Usage metering Congestion pricing
Highway (“toll”) pricing
Comcast slows users for certain traffic FCC’s 2010 “compromise” net neutrality rules
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Public Safety and Welfare Protection of children and strong
sentiments against pornographyPassing legislation that will survive court
challenges has proved difficult
Efforts to control gambling and restrict sales of drugs and cigarettesCurrently, mostly regulated by state lawUnlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act
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Insight on Society: Class Discussion
The Internet Drug Bazaar What are the risks and benefits of online
pharmacies? Should online pharmacies require a physician’s
prescription? How do online pharmacies challenge the traditional
business model of pharmacies and drug firms? What are the challenges in regulating online
pharmacies? Who benefits and who loses from online
pharmacies?
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