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Cover ii Clean Air / August, 1974

Vol. 8 No. 3 / August, 1974

EDITORIAL

The An t i -Env i ronmenta l Backlash, W. Strauss 50

TECHNICAL PAPERS

A i r Qua l i t y Issues of the Day: Changing Perspectives, A r t h u r C. Stern 51

Measurements o f A i r bo rne Part iculates in the M e l b o u r n e U r b a n Region, S. C. N. D ix i t , J. Alste and J. Bagg 53

The Sizing of Part iculates in Pol luted A i r , Sylvia J . M a i n w a r i n g 59

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Clean Air / August, 1974

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Clean Air / August, 1974

EDITORIAL The Anti-Environmental Backlash

The energy crisis of the first quarter of 1974 is, to those of us who are aware of the energy situation, an appetizer for the long term future. This is not a very distant future, but one that is probable in the next 10 to 15 years. If we are to deal with it effectively, and with the least incon­venience and reduction in the quality of our lives, it will require planning and preparation in the reduction of energy consumption.

The energy shortages during the first quarter of 1974 brought on a number of reactions and consequences. In Europe the price of motor spirit rose to $1.60 per gallon, and at this price, which few could afford, there was never a real shortage. In the United States, where the writer was living, there was first a marginal rise in petrol prices, followed by an in­crease of 20% (to 42 cents (Aust.) per Imperial gallon), Accompanying this there was a shortage in some parts of the country, leading to long queues. Sales of large cars fell off, and many workers in parts of the automobile industry were laid off. On the other hand, there were delays in the delivery of small cars, and buses to set up urban transportation systems were impossible to obtain. The township of Chapel Hill was finally forced to buy fifteen year old buses, at twice their normal market price.

Today, conditions are back to normal. There is adequate petrol for cars in the United States, although some fuels, such as natural gas, remain in short supply. However, many of us are aware of the future problems, and the likelihood of new crises, brought on by a combination of political and economic factors.

To deal with these we need urban planning to reduce urban sprawl and the distances to be travelled, urban transit systems, such as railways (now glamorised as Rapid Transit Systems) local bus services, and urban distribu­tion centres for goods and services. The latter would reduce the currently growing necessity to travel to the large shopping "malls." We also have to plan and research for alternative power sources, and energy conversion processes, oil from shale, tar sands and coal, pipeline gas from coal, hot water and air conditioning from sun­light, energy from the wind and tides. All these are inputs into a complex future energy pattern, which will not be as simple, or as low in cost, as our present resources.

Australia is likely to be vitally affected by future world petroleum shortages because unless new major

oil fields are found, we will be increas-

ing the amount of crude imported from 40% at the moment to about 70% of our consumption by 1985. At a projected price of $A10 per barrel (1973 estimates!) this will cost almost $A3,000 million each year, which could well be the major element in our im­ports, and put us into a political straight-jacket.

The immediate fuel crisis brought with it public outcry for more fuel and power, whatever the cost. Reduced safety standards were being advocated for nuclear power plants, increased sulphur contents for fuels for electric power generation were considered necessary; off-shore drilling for oil, without stringent precautions was considered.

The future will require more energy, but we must not relax stand­ards of safety. If higher sulphur fuels have to be used, perhaps they can be used in those regions where they will have the minimum environmental impact, and not indiscriminately in the thirst for (electric) power. We must investigate our long term energy needs, their form, quantity and dis­tribution. Perhaps we can then use our resources more wisely, and more con­servatively, without reducing living standards causing unemployment, and disrupting many aspects of our society. Our aim is the improving quality of life for the whole com­munity, and this should be our first priority.

W. STRAUSS Dr. Strauss is at p r e sen t , visiting professor

at the Institut fur Mechanische Verfahren-stechnik der Universitat Karlsruhe, 75 Karis-ruhe 1, West Germany.

BRANCH NEWS

Queensland Branch

The Annual General Meeting of the Queensland Branch was held in the Institution of Engineers Hawker Auditorium on Tuesday, 9th April, 1974, with 16 members and 12 visitors present. The Branch Annual Report showed a membership growth in the previous 12 months from 5 organiz­ations and 39 individual members to 11 organizations a n d 56 individual members. Dr. G. J. Cleary, a found­ation member of t h e Society, and recently appointed Director of Air Pollution Control delivered a paper titled 'Air Pollution and Man, Status, Fact and Fantasy."

Clean Air / August, 1974

On 12th S e p t e m b e r , 1973, the branch conducted, a 1 day Symposium "Air Pollution a n d i t s control" in the Southern Electr ic A u t h o r i t y Audi tor-ium. Papers d e l i v e r e d covered medical aspects of air pollution, legislation, air

measurement, collection devices, com-bustion and emission control. Over 100 delegates attended, and, as a

direct result of the symposium, 3 (Continued on page 68)

.

Arthur C. Stern is Professor of Air Hygiene, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina. He is a member of the Air Pollution Control Association Board of Directors, a member of the board of Environmental Analyst Inc.

This article has been published, in part, in "Environmentally Speaking," the newsletter of the Environmental Analyst Inc. (EAI) and was prepared as an EAI "white paper."

Introduction: Perhaps the major issue of the day in air pollution control is whether we follow the "best practic­able means" or the "air quality man­agement" approach to control, or whether we seek a third path, perhaps blending these two approaches. The "best practicable means" approach is the application to air pollution sources of the best available technology for control that we consider "practicable," i.e., it works, and an efficient plant can afford to use it. Conversely, the requirement that it be used could put an inefficient or marginal plant out of business. Note that (a) considerations of air quality do not enter the choice of best technology; (b) if best tech­nology is not good enough, it will yield air of unsatisfactory quality; and (c) there is no inherent incentive to im­prove "best" technology; such im­provements must arise from other stimuli.

The "air quality management" approach first collates data on the effects of air pollution on receptors — i.e., humans, animals, vegetation, materials, structures, and the atmos­phere — and promulgates therefrom air quality standards. Computational models are then used to determine emission standards applicable to in­dividual sources and classes of sources. Note that (a) this approach is not unique in employing emission stand­ards, since the end result of the "best practicable means" approach is the establishment of an emission stand­ard; (b) the emission standard arrived at by these two routes may be quite different, leaving a question as to which one to adopt; and (c) there is no assurance that a practicable tech­nology exists to allow meeting an emission standard computed by a mathematical model from the air quality standard. However, there is no question but that the promulgation of such a presently unattainable com­puted emission standard for a future date establishes a powerful incentive to improve "best" technology.

Best Practicable Means While the "best practicable means" approach requires few assumptions, those which have to be used can be

troublesome. They involve ,the assump­tion of full-scale, long-term practic­ability of processes tested on less than full-scale and for very few operating hours, and the assumption that a process that is practicable on one process or raw material will be equally practicable on another related process or raw material against which it has yet to be tried. The "best practicable means" approach is subject to foot-dragging in that there is a reasonable expectation that there will be less than a full-scale effort on the part of an industry, or its component elem­ents, to develop a better control tech­nology if such a technology will result in (a) higher product prices; (b) greater complexity of operations, or (c) more complex products. There­fore, for a better technology to be developed while still adhering solely to the "best practicable means" approach, government must force its development by supporting research and development in its own facilities; universities; research - and - develop­ment organizations, both public and private; and last, but not least, those sectors of the involved industry willing to take government money for this purpose. Finally, it should be recog­nized that industrial technology is an international commodity, so while industry in one country may be foot-dragging, that in another, affected by different ground rules and stimuli, may be providing the better tech­nology that had been lacking. How­ever, these circumstances once again bring into focus the troublesome assumptions previously noted, i.e., that of the full-scale, long-term practic­ability of processes developed outside the industry, be it in government, university, research institute, or for­eign facilities. An industry would be in a poor position to protest the application of the troublesome assumption of full-scale, long-term practicability in the setting of emis­sion standards for its processes or products if it were its own actions, or lack of actions, that made the choice one between an industry-induced technological status quo of indeter­minate duration or the assumption of scale-up or transfer capability of non-

Clean Air / August, 1974

AIR QUALITY ISSUES OF THE DAY: CHANGING PERSPECTIVES

Arthur C. Stern

51

industry-developed technology. One can almost sense the exulation when scale-ups and technology transfers of this sort, forced by government on a reluctant industry, do not work out; and, conversely, the grudging accept­ance when such steps do work out.

All of this trauma is part and parcel of the "best practicable means" approach.

Air Quality Management

However, we certainly don't want to leave the impression that all the trauma is attached to the "best prac­ticable means" approach. The "air quality management" approach has its share and, in balance, may be the more traumatic of the two. Remember that in this approach an air quality standard is first promulgated and then emission standards are computed based upon them.

But before discussing the problem areas with this approach, let's look at its history. For the first hundred years of what was first called "smoke abate­ment," and later "air pollution con­trol," the best practicable means" approach was the only one known. In 1952, the Manufacturing Chemists Association published a pamphlet en­titled "A Rational Approach to Air Pollution Legislation," thereby giving the "air quality management" approach its first enunciation. In effect, MCA said — If you make us clean our atmospheric effluents as well as we know how, i.e., follow the "best practicable means" approach, we will make the air cleaner than it needs to be to protect receptors. What we want is a system that will allow us to use the full absorptive and dispersive cap­acity of the atmosphere up to, but not beyond, the point of harming recept­ors, and, parenthetically, we want the first crack at that absorptive and dis­persive capacity before some other sources start using it up.

At that time, and for some years thereafter, there were four kinds of people involved in air pollution con­trol: engineers, chemists, physicians, and public health workers — en­gineers and chemists because this was what combustion and process control is all about; physicians and public health workers because, at that time, air pollution control was considered a health department function at all levels of government. Ecologists and environmentalists had not yet entered the picture. Engineers and chemists were strongly attracted to the "best practicable means" approach because they could cope with it. Physicians and persons trained in public health were strongly attracted to the "air quality management" approach be­cause (a) it followed the tenets of public health practice — find the vector and limit its spread to the point where it causes no disease; and (b)

it gave the biomedical community the specific responsibility for setting air quality standards, whereas they would have no role whatsoever in a strictly "best practicable means" approach. These several factors led to an in­creasing rallying to the "air quality management" approach by health agencies and the biomedical com­munity and to the start of the drive that has continued to this day to develop the tools — the air quality standards and the models — that would allow this approach to be used. While it certainly was not MCA's in­tent in proposing its "rational approach" at a time when the tools to activate it did not yet exist, it, in fact, gave industry in the United States over a decade of respite from control by the "best practicable means" approach while the tools were being sought.

Meteorologists and Environmentalists It is no coincidence that the "rational approach" and the "air quality man­agement" approach surfaced at the time when professional meteorologists first turned their attention to the civilian air pollution problem, after having wet their feet in the areas of chemical, biological, and radiological warfare. Just as the biomedical com­munity were the only ones who could supply the air quality standards, the meteorologists were the only ones who could supply the models that would allow emission standards to be com­puted from them. The meteorologists were also able to supply the know-how to add the tall stack as an option in the "best practicable means" approach.

As long as the professions already discussed held the field, roles were established and known. But when the environmental movement swept the field, new roles came into being and older ones became fuzzy. Perhaps the biggest change was the unwillingness of environmentalists and ecologists to accept a doctrine allowing the use of the absorptive and dispersive capacity of the atmosphere up to the point of harming receptors, if harm were de­fined as it had been intended by MCA and the original public health propon­ents of the "air quality management" approach. If one remembers that this infusion of environmental-ecological thinking occurred before the first air quality standard was promulgated in the United States, and that it was un­becoming for public health people to be less protective of affected popul­ations than non-public health types, it is small wonder that the air quality standards finally adopted were a far cry from those envisioned by MCA when it originally propounded its "rational approach."

The irony of the present situation in the United States is that in 1966

when the Johnson Administration sought to steer the nation onto a "best practicable means" course, in­dustry lobbies succeeded in convincing the appropriate people in the Congress to follow the "rational approach," and having done so were to cry ever since that the air quality and emissions standards adopted in the system of their choice have thwarted their intent.

Mathematical Models Those of us who have spent years working with air pollution and its control marvel at our new-found ability to introduce input data into a computer and come out with maps showing the distribution of pollution from a source or in a community. This ability represents a tremendous stride forward. However, we realize that as great as this stride has been, the models fall short of our needs. Part of the problem is the input data. The well-known law of computation still holds: "garbage in, garbage out." We rarely have input data in the quantity and quality that we want. Also, no one is really satisfied with the valid­ation of the models. Despite these problems, models can serve a very use­ful purpose by using them in a mode that changes one or two parameters at a time and observes the changes in pollution concentration and location that result. From such uses, important decisions on plant siting, fuel selec­tion, and operation can be made be­cause the results clearly show which option is better than the other. How­ever, when using a model to establish a single emission standard from an air quality standard, the model can­not be used in its useful comparative mode, but must be used in a single definitive mode. In this mode, the problems with input data and valid­ation have already been noted but the most important problem is the per­centage of the air quality standard to be introduced as input data to the model. If the computation allocates 100% of the air quality standard to a source or class of sources, it preempts the absorptive and dispersive capacity of the atmosphere to them. Deciding what percentage of this capacity to reserve for other sources or classes of sources, present and future, requires the wisdom of a Solomon. The extent to which a factor of safety is included in this percentage compounds the factors of safety incorporated in the air quality standard and in the choice of other input data.

Air Quality Standards

The gut issue in the setting of air quality standards is whether they are to be set at essentially a no-effect to be set at essentially a no-effect threshhold, or at some point on the

Clean Air / August, 1974

S. C. N. Dixit,. J. Alste MEASUREMENTS OF AIRBORNE and J.Bagg PARTICULATES IN THE MELBOURNE

URBAN REGION

Although extensive measurements of the concentration and composition of airborne particles have been made in many countries, little or no information is available from Australian locations. Preliminary results are presented for urban, suburban and rural locations in Melbourne.

Dr. John Bagg is a Reader in the Department of Industrial Science, University of Melbourne.

Mr. John Alste's present address is A.C.I. Fibreglass, Dandenong, Victoria. Mr. S. C. N. Dixit took part in this study while on leave from the Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India.

Introduction: The most extensive data which have been published con­cerning pollution by particulate mat­ter in Melbourne are gravimetric values of water-insoluble material collected by deposit gauges.(1) Indirect estimation of airborne particulates are given by the smoke density read­ings (Coh units/1000 lineal feet) which have been collected for some years.(1) There are, however, great difficulties in relating these densities to the concentrations of particles in the atmosphere because of the effects of size distribution, and refractive index of the particles whose com­position is unknown. One careful study has been made of the airborne particle concentration at a single loc­ation in a residential area of Mel­bourne. (2.3) A mean value of 44.3

for the period 1971-1972 was reported for Aspendale, an outer sub­urb of Melbourne. More informative than the overall mean were the results under different climatic conditions; rainless days when the air had a trajectory over land during the pre­ceding 24 hr. 73.0 ± 13.5, over water, 38.7 ± 13.4, rain days, 32.0 ± 8.0

The above work reported gravi­metric results and the only chemical analyses which have been published were for lead in samples taken at roadside and residential locations. (4. 5)

Although the measurement of "fall-out" using deposit gauges is an important aspect of monitoring air pollution, it is also desirable to measure the concentration and com­position of the particulate matter which remains suspended in the at­mosphere for long periods (particle size <5 One important reason for such measurements is that the smaller particles (< 2 may be in­haled and lead to adverse health effects. Extensive measurements of the concentration and composition of air­borne particles have been made for many years in many cities and rural locations outside Australia. As a pre­liminary attempt to acquire some data the authors carried out gravimetric and chemical measurements at seven urban locations in or near Melbourne and at one rural location during the period October-December 1973. In addition to the total gravimetric con­

centration, the lead, sulphate, nitrate, and benzene-soluble fractions were determined. Clearly this survey was of a limited nature but, in the absence of any other data, the results seem worthwhile presenting and comparing in a qualitative way with values from other countries.

Experimental (i) Location and frequency of samp­ling: Seven urban locations were chosen, six within the Melbourne urban region, and one at Dandenong, a town with light industry approxim­ately 30 km from Melbourne. One non-urban location on the outskirts of Healesville, a town approximately 65 km from Melbourne, was sampled as a rural station. The sampling loc­ations are shown in Fig. 1 and a brief description of the surrounding area given in Table 1. The samplers were sited in Institutes of Technology, the University of Melbourne, and in private homes with sampling points at heights varying from 6-12 m above ground level. Samples were only taken at fortnightly intervals because of manpower and equipment limitations. In an attempt to compensate for the variation of industrial activity during the week sampling times were arranged to include both days in the working week and weekend. A total of 40 samples was collected between October 1-December 20, 1973. (ii) Sample Collection: Particulate matter was collected by a High-Volume sampler operated in the man­ner recommended by the Environ­mental Protection Agency (USA).(6)

The sampler was mounted in a covered housing with the filter holder in a horizontal plane. A glass-fibre, Alter paper (Vokes Australia, VFM 149) (23.2 x 15.7 cm) was located on the holder by a rubber gasket and clamping plate. The flow rate was measured at the start and finish of sampling by a rotameter attached to the outlet of the sampler. This rota­meter was previously calibrated by re­placing the filter holder with a stand­ard orifice plate and pressure gauge. Sampling was for 24 hr at average flow rates of approximately 1.7 m3/ min, usually commencing at 12.00 noon on any given day.

53 Clean Air / August, 1974

sfe?

Sylvia J. Mainwarmj y~ PM

J i AUR

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NEW PRODUCT INFORMATION

New, Low-Cost Vehicle Exhaust Analyzer introduced by Beckman

A new, low-cost infrared vehicle ex­haust analyzer, designed specifically to operate in new-car dealer service departments, automotive service gar­ages and service stations, has just been introduced by Beckman Instru­ments.

The Model 590 HC/CO Analyzer has been approved by the state of New Jersey as a garage-type vehicle exhaust analyzer. The unit provides fast, accurate determinations of ex­haust hydrocarbons and carbon mon­oxide for vehicle emission analysis and engine diagnosis.

This instrument designed for the automotive service industry features rapid warm-up time — less than 5 min. from the stand-by position —, 90% readings in 5 sec. response time, and built-in, gas-free electronic calib­ration. Recalibration requires no additional equipment. The mobile unit, including tilt-top cart, is 110 cm high, 57 cm wide and 43 cm deep and weights only 38,5 kg.

Metrodaia DL640 Data Logger/Transmitter

A new concept in Environmental Data Acquisition is introduced by the Metro-data DL640 Data Logger/Transmitter. A unique new design allows for build­ing custom systems by plugging in standard functional modules. It ac­cepts analog or digital inputs and pro­vides outputs for 1/4 in. tape cartridges, 1/2 in. incremental or synchronous tape drives, paper tape or direct com­puter input. It becomes a two way telemetry system by adding plug-in modules. The DL640 has a built-in crystal - controlled calendar - clock, data display and manual data entry system. The modular design allows for easy service with no special tools. Its 12 VCD or 115 VAC power require­ment, and its1/2 cubic foot size pro­vide for use in remote sites, instru­mented aircraft, automobiles or re­search vessels.

Electric Industrial Truck Manual

The seventh edition of the 64 page manual 'The Electric Industrial Truck' is now available from Australian Lead Development Association.

'The Electric Industrial Truck' de­scribes every basic electric truck type and details their capabilities. The characteristics, design features and operating advantages of electric in­

dustrial trucks ranging from fork lifts to driverless tractors are describ­ed with metric dimensions used throughout.

The economics section presents comparative operating cost analyses over eight years for electric, petrol and LP gas powered fork lift trucks, based on the experience of large scale Australian users. Provision is made for calculation of cost com­parisons in the reader's plant. Com­parative discounted cash flows based on operating cost analyses over eight years are given, including leasing cost figures and discounted cash flows on leasing. Substantial savings are demonstrated in favour of the electric truck in all cases.

Useful sections on calculation of required battery capacity for an elec­tric truck to perform a given duty, and maintenance of lead traction batteries are included. Fifty-nine illustrations and twenty-eight tables and diagrams are provided.

'The Electric Industrial Truck,' 64 pages, international A5 size, available without charge from Australian Lead Development Association, 95 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.

BOOK REVIEWS

Pollution in the Air, Problems, Policies and Priorities

R. S. Scorer, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Boston, 1973 Price £2.75

The title of the first chapter of this book is "The Need for Air Pollution." The provocative nature of this head­ing sets the tone of the book which is intended to make the reader examine his pre-conceptions and open his mind to a fundamental examination of the pollution problem. The author carries on to discuss the regenerative power of the atmosphere and pro­poses, in view of this power, that industrial processes should aim not to be free from emission but to produce harmless emissions. This proposal is one aspect of his general theme that technology is necessary to provide us with a good life but must be applied in such a way that pollution does not destroy the good life.

Prof. Scorer sees the solution to this difficult problem as nothing less than a major change in the aims and aspirations of Western Industrial Society. In a major chapter on "Theory of Anti-pollution Law" the inefficiency of legal prohibition in stopping pollution is cited as an ex­ample of the need to change attitudes. If a community is not convinced of the value of a prohibition they will flout it. It is not possible to do justice to the richness and variety of this

book in a short review. The difficulty of reviewing this book was foreseen by the author who writes in the last chapter, "Here at the end, the review­ers will hope to find the message to save them from the need for deep thought on the big issues discussed throughout the book, and to which the author can see a satisfactory solution coming only at the end of long discus­sion and experimentation by enter­prising communities. What we need is a theme around which society as a whole can educate itself and adjust its attitudes so that it will develop collective instincts and aspirations appropriate to the full world. The whole book is, one hopes, such a message "

J. BAGG

"Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment"

G. T. Csanady D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht-Holland Price $40

The book "Turbulent Diffusion in the Environment" is a treatise of diffusion of particles over a range of scales from molecular to that of atmospheric turbulence. The opening chapter on molecular diffusion sets the scene for the future chapters by stating definitions and demonstrating mathe­matical techniques. Then follows chapters on Brownian movements (wherein the basic concepts of the statistical approach are introduced), and atmospheric and oceanic diffu­sion. Their themes are essentially theoretical in nature with only brief recourses to real data. They essen­tially cover homogeneous, stationary fields. With this formal back­ground the later chapters examine the more realistic problems of diffusion in the environment where there are shears in the mean flow and buoyancy effects. The final chapter attempts the rather more complex problem of un­steady mean flow. The book there­fore presents a fairly unified approach to diffusion associated with most applications in the oceans, lakes, rivers and the atmosphere.

The basis of the book was a course of lectures given to graduate students at the University of Waterloo, Canada. Consequently any lecturer could con­sider this as a text for any similar course. The subject matter is self con­tained and concisely, but generally rigorously developed and a few brief, pertinent exercises end some chapters. At just under 250 pages it is an ideal size for a reasonable length course.

Its use, other than a formal text book, is not as clear cut. A scientist with a reasonable background in mathematics and physics who is entering the field may find it a useful

63 Clean Air / August, 1974

introduction to the subject. It will give him a reasonable background in the theory, but if his interests are in measurement and experiment he will find it somewhat lacking. As a mete­orologist, this reviewer feels that some other texts, particularly Pasquill's "Atmospheric Diffusion," would give a better introduction to meteorological side of the subject. Probably, due to its origins in the classroom, it has a serious drawback as a reference book in that its sources are often from the more classical papers with little reference to contemporary work. In fact a median date for the References would be about early to mid 1950's in the earlier chapters advancing to the 1960's in the later. Therefore scientists well versed in the subject will prob­ably find the book of little value.

Overall this is an easy book to read, and does seem to fill a require­ment for a text. Also it is of such a standard that a student, having finished his course would probably keep it for future reference.

R. R. BROOK Dr. Brook is with the Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne. Victoria.

The Particle Atlas (2nd Ed.) Vols. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Walter McCrone and John G. Delly Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., Mich., USA Australian Distributors: Ramsay Surgical Price: $52.50 each ($210 for the set)

One of the evils associated with increasing pollution has been the in­crease in the particulate concent­ration in air. This increase has re­sulted in increased soiling, increased property damage, decreased visibility and various physiological effects. The importance of these effects is, in many cases, a function of the chem­ical and physical nature of the part­icles. Modern technology has resulted in more and more sophisticated machinery and electronic equipment with correspondingly lower tolerances. Particulate matter can seriously in­terfere with the operation of these. In this case also identification of the offending particles is important and is a first step to eliminating the source.

Microscopy is the only technique which enables individual particles to be identified. Not only does it give the compound from which the particle is composed but it also allows for identification between different forms of the same compound, for example the different crystalline forms of quartz.

The four volumes of 'The Particle Atlas' form the most complete and comprehensive work available for the identification of small particles. Vol­

ume one, which has already been re­viewed in this journal (February 1974), deals with the principles and techniques of microscopy and of the manipulation of small particles. Both the theory and practice of the follow­ing analytical techniques are dealt with in detail; the polarising micro­scope, scanning and transmission electron microscopes, x-ray diffrac­tion and ion microprobe analysis.

Volume two is an atlas of colour photomicrographs — 609 in all. As the authors point out by far the most effective way of identifying a particle is by recognition; this however re­quires both training and practice. In these volumes a six digit binary code is used, which helps to narrow the range of possibilities for any one particle. Additional tests and the use of the atlas can then complete the identification. When identification of a source is required, by far the best method is to obtain a pure sample of the source material; failing this the atlas can be useful.

Volume three is an atlas of elec­tron micrographs. This technique ex­tends the size range of particles which can be observed, and, in com­bination with energy dispersive x-ray analysis, semi-quantitatively detects any element with atomic number greater than oxygen. The usefulness of transmission electron microscopy when used with selected area elec­tron diffraction is also discussed, but photographs and indices for these are not given as they are available else­where.

Volume four contains all the ana­lytical tables required for the identi­fication of small particles together with glossary, a detailed bibliography and the index.

This is an exceptionally well pro­duced series which would be invalu­able to any one working in or intend­ing to work in the field of particle identification.

S. J. MAINWARING

Environmental Systems Engineering Linvil G. Rich McGraw Hill Book Company, New York and Sydney, 1973 Price $14.85

The preface to Environmental Syst­ems Engineering claims a large degree of flexibility in its use as a textbook. This is correct if for no other reason than its treatment of a wide ranging segment of "man's environmental contacts." However, the most effective presentation is accorded the "found­ation" portion of the book which is embodied in the first seven chapters. Chapter eight — Management Syst­ems should also be included in this because it deals with development of techniques for optimisation and cost-

minimisation in environmental syst­em engineering. It is of interest to observe a dicotomy that exists in the field of environmental engineering between the so called "man-centred" versus the "environmental" approach. As is evident from the treatment of the subject of water quality manage­ment Prof. Rich indicates it is de­signed to achieve a desired "water-use goal" — a man-centred target. This book was written with "en­gineering objectives in mind" which means that a major segment of the "system" namely the social-welfare aspect is neglected. It is evident that at present the engineering student must obtain a basic understanding of this aspect from other text books. The intricate relationships between the economy and ecosystems is implicit. Prof. Rich does present an exposition of a regional growth model and de­scribes an input-output model as one which can be developed about the economics of the region. Herein lies a deficiency in the development of such a text book. The student desir­ing a more comprehensive treatment of the input-output technique is directed to a publication from which most of the exposition of the subject was derived but which, due to the fact that it presumably was a report to an agency of government, is most prob­ably not readily available in libraries. A more direct reference to the work of Prof. W. Leontief of Harvard Uni­versity who developed this economet­ric technique, in the 1930's with application to the national economy, or Prof. Walter Isard, who has pub­lished extensively on the subject, and used it as a tool for regional analysis, would have been more helpful.

This is one of a new generation of textbooks designed to meet the need for books which provide the student with a solid foundation and an in­vestigative approach. The admon­ition by the author that it is not "a treatise or a design manual" is borne out in the chapter topics and their treatment. However, the book can serve as a good non "cook book" text for a design course on water and waste systems. The objective of the author was to write a textbook for engineering students at the third and fourth year levels in the usual four year undergraduate curriculum in North American universities. As such, it presumes a two or three year found­ation in science and mathematics common to such curricula. However, the caveat that non engineering stud­ents could use the book but would require the same mathematical pro­ficiency expected of engineering stud­ents should be extended to include the necessity for engineering students to possess a high level of understanding, of biology in general and micro.-. biology in particular and chemistry..

Clean Air / August, 1974 64

Beading the various topics in the book and perusing the exercises pro­vided at the end of each chapter I found it a valuable exercise to place them against a list of the thirty-eight individual projects which make up the basic input into the Westernport Bay Environmental Study. A study to provide an understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and social and economic determinants of the Bay as a foundation for its future management. Westernport Bay is, in a relative sense, an unpolluted body of water. Among the thirty eight pro­jects is included the development of a water quality mathematical model and a land activities model. What struck me, assuming that the two-term, or one year course required the student to study the subject matter of the whole text, he or she, would be cognizant of a high proportion of the inputs into such an environ­mental study. However, no where in the text or the index could I find any reference to the problems posed in modern day environmental systems engineering to toxicity (pesticides ex­cepted) and bioassay techniques.

Few of the projects in the study were not treated or mentioned in the book. An indication of the compre­hensive nature of the text where the differences appeared most starkly was in the social sciences. The chapter entitled "Planning Factors" is com­posed of a mixture which includes, among others, sections on Environ­mental Impact Statements, Popul­ation Growth Models and a descrip­tion of a Regional Growth Model. In the preface, the author indicates that although the water environment is considered in great detail, the reader is also introduced to the elements of air pollution and its control, solid-waste management and radiological health. Unfortunately, in an era when engineering students are likely to find themselves thrust into positions of employment in any one of these fields the treatment afforded these import­ant components of the environment is not commensurate with its claim of treating "topics from across the broad spectrum of man's environmental contacts." I would question the asser­tion that there are cogent reasons to believe that man's capacity to affect-uate engineering control of the water environment is really so much greater than in his other environmental con­tacts. That may be true in the fresh water sector but appears to be as elusive as in any other contact (air, soil etc.) when concerned with the marine environment.

The treatment of complex subjects is very direct and lucid. Prof. Rich, in this new endeavour as in his pre­vious text books has again demon­strated a tremendous sensitivity to the needs of providing the student

with a so and foundation in the sci­ences underpinning environmental system engineering. Realisation of the demands being placed upon students by the explosion of knowledge the author has not attempted "to cover all topics." What he has done is to select those topics which "generally recognised as being most important."

Environmental Systems Engineer­ing can be unequivocally recom­mended as a text for use as a text­book in a variety of courses but especially for those with primary concern with the water environment. Even at more advanced levels portions or sections would be helpful.

MAURICE A. SHAPIRO Professor Shapiro is Director of the Western-port Bay Environmental Study, Victoria.

Minerals: The future of Australia's mineral industry The Searchlight Series No. 2 Edited by R. L. Whitmore John Wiley & Sons & ANZAAS, 1974 Price $3.10

This short booklet contains a dozen articles, apart from the preface and a ministerial statement, which be­tween them give a surprisingly full coverage of the problems and pros­pects of our most exciting, yet in some ways most controversial in­dustry. Perhaps the least controver­sial aspect of the story is that Aust­ralia is indeed a lucky country in its mineral endowment. Our industries can obtain a wide range of their re­quirements from local production. The major mineral exports are backed by very extensive reserves. A small population in occupation of a con­tinent can expect a high level of re­sources per head. That this is the case, except for the major long term deficiency of crude oil is amply dem­onstrated by L. C. Naakes review of resources.

Susan Bambrick's article also has the task of presenting a factual account of development to date. In view of the way prices have moved recently the caution in assessing ex­port trends has been fully justified. The last few paragraphs of this article hint at reasons why it should have been longer, but no doubt the editor had considerable difficulty in allocating topics to the various con­tributors so we have to be content to follow up the footnotes in some cases.

Any industry tends to introduce a note of special pleading in its own case. Public discussion of the mineral industry has been particularly marred by this tendency. The spokesmen for the industry have frequently adopted an aggressive stance at the least sug­gestion of criticism. Some of this attitude has rubbed off even in the

generally balanced arguments pre­sented here. We are told "it is not surprising that foreign companies were also predominant in supplying the essential resource — entrepre-neurship: the ability to conceive im­aginative projects and co-ordinate the critical governmental, technical, commercial and financial decisions which determine their viability." If we are going to pay heavily for such know-how then we can surely expect some anticipation of events like the US dollar devaluations. The wisdom of hindsight? Maybe, but on this showing the local lads could hardly have done worse than the expensive experts.

Moreover "an important fraction of the loan funds" were in US dollars. "If sales contracts were denominated in the same currency as the loans then one source of risk for both lender and borrower could be largely eliminated" but this becomes "a slight offset" in the event.

R. B. McKern argues for a reason­able approach to multi-nationals. While recognising the validity of some nationalist arguments he is at pains to demonstrate that the bar­gaining power will vary considerably from one mineral to another and that government policies should follow suit. When the dust settles on the controversies started by the Fitzger­ald report(1) we will all have a clearer idea of the balance of costs and benefits, but it would appear at the moment that tax and royalty pay­ments have not been as large as was thought. A lot of the argument about minerals stems from their being a diminishing resource. If a country is to be left with a hole in the ground and a lot of social capital in the wrong place then it should have reaped the largest share of the profits. Hopefully a part of these profits will have gone to create other productive assets.

The very large sums required for mineral development have partly been raised by loans (ca 47.5%) which has increased the yield on the equity. Many of the arguments put forward about frightening away ex­ploration have failed to notice that equity has been surrendered after dis­covery in order to get access to loan funds. Prof. Johns rightly points out however that the case for subsidising domestic processing is poor and likely to lead to an uneconomic diversion of resources.

A review in 'Clean Air' is obviously concerned with environmental as­pects. D. F. McMichael lays down the guidelines for environmental policy. The most interesting of these is also commented on by G. P. Phillips. Some areas of landscape have irreconcilable alternative uses. Mining often in­volves such conflict. If something is to be saved we have to remember that

65 Clean Air / August, 1974

future values discount to zero fairly quickly. So we hang priceless tags on the places we consider unique. In this case the mining industry is right and many of these priceless areas will have to be reassessed on a proper shorter term cost/benefit basis. Nor should it be forgotten that unexploit-ed mineral reserves might go down as well as up in value, especially if ade­quate substitutes are found. One con­sequence of the depletion of resources debate will be to reduce consumption below forecast levels and to push out­put and exploration up. The conse­quence of that could well be gluts of many minerals in the 1980's and the conservationists might be looking for jobs.

The Hon. A. D. Taylor demon­strates that mining development often does not mean decentralisation, a point often missed by those who ignore the transitory nature of the expended capital.

Finally with regard to research J. C. Nixon points out that research and exploration are to some extent in competition for funds in this industry and thus research expenditure is not as low as it looks. He argues for more attention to beneflciation with ex­penditure geared to the losses incur­red in the process. In general when one contemplates this industry the chief impression is the efficiency and modernity of its techniques. This may stem from research in civil engineer­ing, or even defence, but there can be little doubt that the use of earth moving equipment and bulk handling are among the more impressive achievements of our economy. This is not a backward non-scientific in­dustry despite relatively low research expenditure.

This book introduces us then to the arguments. There is something to please or irritate everyone, perhaps those who read it carefully will emerge with more reasoned views but on past evidence they are more likely to preserve their prejudice.

J. H. KILLIP 1. The Contribution of the Mineral Industry

to Australian Welfare.

Environmental Quality and Safety Volumes 1 and 2 Editors: Frederick and Friedhelm Korte Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1972, 1973 Price DM 58 each

These are the first two volumes in a serial-publication devoted to "Global Aspects of Chemistry, Toxicolocy and Technology as Applied to the En­vironment." In the foreword to the first volume, the editors state that the unique concept of the publication is to combine the features of a Journal,

a.Series, a Periodical and Monographs: this they have certainly achieved; not surprisingly, the publication re­flects the good and the not-so-good aspects of these various features.

The Editorial Board includes pre­dominantly toxicologists, chemists and agricultural scientists with a range of affiliations: industry, gov­ernment service and supranational service. The main weight of the articles published in the first two volumes is on pesticides, in partic­ular pesticide residues in foods. How­ever, there are also articles devoted to drugs, industrial pollutants of air and water, and food additivies.

Many of the articles would be appropriate for publication in the established Journals devoted to these fields. In fact, for these articles which contain solely reports of research data in a well defined study, the virtue of publication in this series is obscure since the data would be made available more rapidly if they were published in more frequently appearing Journals.

The value of the publication as a Periodical is mixed. Volume 2 opens with a light-weight contribution from Spiro T. Agnew, and is his ad­dress as the then Vice President of the USA to the Boy Scouts Annual Dawn Patrol Breakfast. According to the Editorial Foreword, Agnew's ad­dress is one of three statements that has been endorsed by the Inter­national Academy of Environmental Safety; it is difficult to understand why such an august body should have devoted its time to considering, let alone endorsing such a self-seeking, politically orientated rampage. For­tunately, one of the other two en­dorsed statements, that by Prof. M. Aebi, Rector of the University of Berne, is a thoughtful and thought-provoking address which sets out in broad terms the nature of the threats to the environment arising from modern technology and the counter-measures to be taken. The third statement is by W. B. Murphy, the President of the Campbell Soup Com­pany and is, properly, concerned with the food industry. If the topical question of the integrity of multi­national corporations as opposed to national governments in Environ­mental Quality and Safety were to be decided on the relative merits of statements by Murphy and Agnew in this publication, the multinationals would be well ahead. Other Periodi­cal-type contributions on questions of the environment include statements concerning policies of national gov­ernments (for example, Germany, Israel, Canada, England, Japan) and supranational agencies (FAO, WHO): They will not be news to the specia­list in any of the particular fields,

but the publication serves a useful purpose in collecting them together.

The strength of this continuing series of publications on Environ­mental Quality and Safety will lie in its Monographs, particularly those that take a multidisciplinary approach and those that take into consider­ation cost-benefit and risk-to-bene­fit factors. Those that have appeared in the two volumes so far published are well worth the listed price of DM 58 per volume. They should cer­tainly be purchased by all libraries having any pretensions to serve those concerned with the environment.

M. J. RAND Professor Rand is Head of the Pharmacology Dept., University of Melbourne.

Cumulative Index of the Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association Vols. 1-22 (1951-1972)

Nichigai Associates, Inc., DAI-3 Shimokawa Bid., 23-8 Ohmori-Kita, 1-Chome, Ohta-Ku, Tokyo, Japan (or within U.S.A., Canada and Mexico), Air Pollution Control Association, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213, U.S.A. IU.S.35.00 (or $25 to APCA members), 184 pp. (1973)

During the past 20 years, the Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association has become established as the major journal in air pollution in English. A tremendous amount of the important research, investigation, de­velopment and comment in air pollu­tion work first appeared in the Journal.

Now a comprehensive index cover­ing the two decades in which air pollution studies have grown from an interest of a few specialists in in­dustry to a widely diversified and im­portant part of environmental man­agement, has been published, enabling ready access to this important body of literature. The book, which is well produced, contains a comprehensive subject index and an author index. The subject index lists the different topics, and also alternative possi­bilities which can be consulted. For example, for "particulates, measure­ment," — aerosols measurement, meas­uring techniques, particulates, particle counters, particle size analysis and soiling index are listed as alternatives. Sub-headings for "particulates" in­clude ten alternatives from "particul­ates," "particulates, concentration," "particulates, deposition," etc. to "particulates, vegetation effects." In the case of "ozone," over 60 papers are referred to. These two examples will indicate the thoroughness with which the task of indexing has been covered.

Clean Air / August, 1974 66

The index is of course immediately useful for anyone who has ready access to a set of the APCA journals over a number of years. However, for those who do not have this access to the Journal the index also will give a guide to the published papers, which can then be obtained by photocopy through a library. The only problem is that the subject index, while listing the name of the paper, volume, page number and year, does not give the authors, nor is there a list of authors and papers, on a volume by volume basis, from which this information could be derived. Perhaps this could be included in the next edition of the index. Thus, for access to the liter­ature in air pollution published in APCA the Cumulative Index is a must.

W. STRAUSS

Control Technology: Gases and Odours Control Technology: Particulates Both edited by H. M. England and W. T. Beery About 80 pp., $US5.00 ($3.50 for APCA members) (1973) From Air Pollution Control Association, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213

These two small, inexpensive vol­umes contain reprints of important papers published in the Journal since 1970, in these fields. They are of im­portance to anyone working in these areas of air pollution control.

The volume on gases and odours contains six papers on SO2 recovery processes, three papers on oxides of nitrogen, two on odours in sulphite paper mills, one on varnish cooker vapours and two others. The volume on particulates deals with aluminium and lime plants, electric arc furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, power stations, as well as specific types of gas clean­ing plants, particularly scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators.

W. STRAUSS

Gas Chromatography in Inorganics and Organometaiiics G. Guiochon and C. Pommier Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. Australian Distributors: Ramsay Surgical Ltd. Price: $20.00

The Authors of this book competently examine solutions offered for the ana­lysis of the different types or in­organic and organometallic com­pounds.

In doing this, they highlight the many difficulties that can be encoun­tered and they provide an extremely comprehensive reference list.

The main compounds covered in this work are inorganic gases, halo-

67

gens and nonmetallic halides, metals and metal halides, hydrides, organo­metaiiics, metal chelates and isotopes.

Perhaps one criticism that could be levelled at this book, is that the authors' lengthy treatment of the theoretical principles and experi­mental techniques of Gas Chromato­graphy is unnecessary, since most people interested in this book would already have background knowledge or have ready access to this inform­ation.

JOHN WHITE

Solar Energy: Technology and Applications

J. R. Williams Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc. 131 pp. Obtainable from Ramsay Surgical Ltd., Melbourne

Solar energy is widely discussed as our real alternative to the use of fossil fuel generated energy. It has the advantage, of course, that no at­mospheric pollutants are generated, and the energy source is not con­sumed.

This small and attractively pro­duced book by Prof. Williams is an excellent survey of the present state of the art in the utilization of solar energy. While there is little theory, there is excellent coverage of the types of collectors, and the possibilities of home heating, water heating and air conditioning for individual houses. Electric power generation — both direct and indirect — is discussed, as well as electricity from wind, oceans, combustion of plants, and that far out possibility collecting in space and

then microwave transmission to earth. The author has a lucid style, but

he has, unfortunately, failed to put all of his book into one uniform set of units. Thus apparatus is described in centimetres in one paragraph, feet in the next. The book is well illustrated, using numerous diagrams, and half tones of illustrations of "solar" houses and equipment. Cost estimates are given for such items as air condition­ing, but unfortunately cover only the U.S.A. As similar data for Australia and Israel are almost certainly avail­able, it is a pity not to have included them.

With increasing costs of conven­tional power, there is likely to be widespread application of solar heat­ing, cooling and hot water heating in Australia in the near future. This book will introduce the subject to those who require a general account, al­though for a very detailed treatment, other literature will have to be con­sulted.

W. STRAUSS

Pollution Abstracts The following volumes of abstracts

are available from Ovum Ltd., 22 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8HR, England: Control of sulphur oxide emissions, patents on air pollution abatement, processes and equipment and patents on wastewater treatment, processes and equipment. The prices are respectively £11, £16.50 and £16.50 or £39.60 for the three.

The quality of these is unknown; they were prepared by Robert De La Rue Associates, California, U.S.A. Your editor has requested copies for review.

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution An International Journal of Environmental Pollution

Editor: B. M. McCormac, Palo Alto. Calif.. U.S.A.

Editorial Board: A. F. Agnew, W. Bischof, V. Chanasyk, R. J. Charison, R. B. Clark, F. di Castri, G. T. Csanady, W. J. Drescher, E Foyn, W. R. Gardner, A. J. Gilmour, K. Grasshoff, J. G. ten Houten, G. F. Humphrey, R. E. Kohn. V. A. Kovda. G. Lindner, S. N. Linzon, D. H. Lucas, P. H. McGauhey, M. A. McWhinnie, W. J. Moroz, B. J. O'Brien, H. M. Papee, K. C. Pillai, J. E. Portmann, R. R. Prasad, O. Preining, R, A. Ragotzkie, E. Robinson, H. Shoji, S. M. Siegel, A. C. Stern, K. Szesztay, G. Tendron, R. Truhaut, S. Tsuru, J. Ui, R. Varney, M. Waldichuk, C. S.White, R. D. Wiidman, R.Zerbe, E. N.Ziegler.

Contents of Volume 3, No. 1 - March 1974 Matt K. John / Waste Water Renovation Through Soil Percolation. - Hiro Fumi Tanaka, Toshiharu Takanashi, and Michihiko Yatazawa / Experimental Studies in SO2 Injuries in Higher Plants. Ill: Inhibitory Effect of Sulfite Ion on '•'CDiFixation. - M. H. Bortner, R. H. Kummler, and L. S. Jaffe / Carbon Monoxide in the Earth's Atmosphere. - Joseph Otterman, Avihu Ginzburg, George Ohring, and Yuri Mekler / Observations of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution in Israel and Vicinity from the ERTS-1 Imagery. - H. W. de Koning / Lead and Cadmium Contamination in the Area Immediately Surrounding a Lead Smelter. - W. L. Cook, D. G. Ahearn, D. J. Reinhardt, and R. J. Reiber / Blooms of an Algophorous Amoeba Associated with Anabaena in a Fresh Water Lake. -B. Padmanabhamurty and M. S. Hirt / The Toronto Heat Island and Pollution Distribution. - Paul B. Downing / The Cost and Effectiveness of Retrofit Programs for Used Cars. - J . Robin, E. Hargerand Michael D. Nassichuk / Marine Intertidal Community Responses to Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent. - Book Reviews. - Announcements.

Subscription price per volume of four Issues Dfl. 155,-, plus Dfl. 12,50 for postage and handling. One volume will be published yearly. Personal subscription price on request. j

D. Reidel Publishing Company 287

Clean Air / August, 1974

Branch News (Continued from Page 50)

organizations and 12 members were added to the Society.

Four other branch meetings were held during the year, at which the following speakers delivered papers: Mr. A. Shields, Regional Director, Bureau of Meteorology; Mr. B. Thiele, Division of Air Pollution Control; Mr. A. King, Queensland Coal Owners' Association; Prof. K. Ostergaard, Technical University of Denmark; Mr. K. Sullivan, Australian Coal In­dustry Research Laboratories.

The following were elected as Branch Committee for the ensuing year: Mr. M. I. Smith (Branch Presid­ent), Mr. B. Thiele (Secretary/Treas­urer), Dr. L. S. Leung, Messrs, T. Wziontek, D. Vine, P. Arlidge, S. Mc-Farlane, A. King, V. Baker, J. Saint-Smith (committee members).

Victorian Branch

The Victorian Branch commenced its second course in Basic Air Pollution Technology on 29/5/74. The need for the course became apparent when the applications for enrolment in the original course greatly exceeded the number of vacancies available. A total of 94 people enrolled for the second course and attended a series of 2 hour lectures given on 6 succes­sive Wednesday evenings. The Vic­torian Branch is indebted to the following people who were good en­ough to make their time available to give lectures.

Mr. S. White, Engineering and Sales Manager, Mideco (Sales) Pty. Ltd.; Mr. B. L. Hamilton, Chairman, Petroleum Industry Conservation Ex­ecutive — Automotive Emissions Com­mittee; Mr. H. Baddams, Chief Com­bustion Engineer, Shell Company of Australia Limited; Mr. W. Howard Cock, Managing Director, W. Howard Cock and Associates; Mr. G. Ferris, Managing Director, DCE Vokes Pty. Ltd.; Dr. D. Warren, Mechanical En­gineering Division, Aeronautical Re­search Laboratories; Mr. P. Shaw, Bureau of Meteorology; Mr. P. Make-ham, Principal Air Quality Officer, Environment Protection Authority; Mr. J. Porter, S. F. Australia Pty. Ltd., Manager, Industrial Division.

The venue for Branch Meetings has been changed from Clunies Ross House to the premises of the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures, 370 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne. At the same time, in order to cater for the wishes of a large percentage of regular attendants, a light buffet meal is being provided for all who attend at a cost of $1.00 per head. Under the new arrangement the theatrette has been booked for 6.00 p.m. which will give people a chance to get acquaint-Clean Air / August, 1974

ed before the meeting starts at 6.30 p.m. The new venue with its under-roof parking facilities arid comfortable surroundings made a most favourable impression on those who attended the July meeting.

The Annual General Meeting of the Society was held in conjunction with the Victorian Branch Meeting on Tuesday, 9th July, at the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures' premises (Industry House), 370 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne. The President, Mr. John Schroder, and Treasurer, Dr. Ken Basden, were welcomed by the Vic­torian Branch President, Mr. Len Garner. After the business of the annual general meeting those attend­ing heard two interesting and in­formative lectures on "The emission of nitrogen oxides from industrial premises." Mr. Paul Le Roy of the Victorian Environment Protection Authority spoke on the regulatory as­pects of the problem and Mr. Les Clunn of ICI Aust. Ltd. dealt with the practical aspects of controlling nitro­gen oxides emissions.

The Annual Dinner will be held on Tuesday, 13th August at the Buffet Room, Union House, Melbourne Uni­versity. The guests of honour will be The Hon. W. A. Borthwick, MP, Min­ister for Conservation and Mrs. Borthwick. All members and their friends are most welcome. Those in­terested should contact Mr. Stan White (Telephone 878-5588).

The next Branch Meeting will be held at the Victorian Chamber of Manufacturers Building, 370 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, on Tuesday, 10th September at 6.00 pm. Dr. R. G. Downes, Director of Conservation, will be the guest speaker.

South Australian Branch

South Australia was the fourth Aust­ralian State to form a Branch of the Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand. As it was considered that there were sufficient members of the Society in South Australia, the

necessary arrangements were made by Mr. A. J. Smith, Engineer — Air Pol­lution of the South Australian Depart­ment of Public Health, and a new branch was formed.

The Inaugural meeting was held on 4th March, 1974, and at this meet­ing Mr. J. Schroder, President, and Dr. J. Harry, Federal Secretary, were present. Mr. H. Hartmann, President, of the Victorian Branch was Guest Speaker. His speech was entitled "En­vironmental Control and Gas."

Mr. J. Harris was elected President in addition to two other office bearers and eight Committee members.

The following meeting was held on 9th May, 1974, and the Guest Speaker was Mr. Doug. Giles of Imperial Chemical Industries, the Co-ordinator of the Redcliff project. Mr. Giles' talk was entitled "Redcliff Point Petro­chemical Complex."

It is the intention of the Branch to hold meetings at approximately three monthly intervals, if possible on the second Thursday of the month. The next meeting will be held at the Institution of Engineers Building, Bagot Street, North Adelaide, at 7.30 p.m. on 8th August, 1974. The Guest Speaker will be Mr. G. Inglis of the Department of Environment and Conservation, and the title of the talk will be "Environmental Impact State­ments."

New Zealand Branch Preparations for the 1975 Clean Air Conference in Rotorua are well under way. Forty-one papers have been accepted for the conference apart from those of the keynote speakers. The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand has agreed to open the con­ference on 17th February. Tours of the Tasman Pulp and Paper Mills and of the Wairaki Geothermal power station are being arranged.

The 1973 Clean Air Scholarship winner Dr. R. Sims will take up his scholarship in 1974 when he intends to spend about four weeks studying air pollution instrumentation.

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