El Niño & La Niña - Palomar College · El Niño/La Niña & Weather in Southern California...
Transcript of El Niño & La Niña - Palomar College · El Niño/La Niña & Weather in Southern California...
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Carlsbad Dive Club Meeting
March 12, 2015
by Al Trujillo Professor of
Oceanography Dept. Earth Sciences
Palomar College
El Niño & La Niña
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Lead Author of Best-Selling Oceanography Textbook
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Working as a Naturalist for Lindblad Expeditions/National Geographic
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My Hobby Is Sand Collecting
Sea urchin spines
Green sand
Black sand
Star sand
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Topics tonight:
• Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport
Then on to answer these questions…
• What does an El Niño have to do with the price of eggs?
• What is La Niña?
• What kind of weather does El Niño bring to Southern California?
• Is this an El Niño year?
Tonight’s Topics & Questions
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Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport
Figure 7.7, page 205
• Ekman transport = average of all layers, oriented 90 degrees to wind direction
Northern Hemisphere
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Ekman Spiral and Coastal Upwelling/Downwelling
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Coastal Upwelling
Figure 7.12, page 211
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El Niño and La Niña
Chris Farley: What Is El Niño?
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• El Niño (Spanish for “the Child” in reference to baby Jesus) = warm surface current in equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs periodically (every 2-12 years) around Christmastime
• Southern Oscillation = change in atmospheric pressure over Pacific Ocean accompanying El Niño
• ENSO describes a combined oceanic-atmospheric disturbance (warm and cold phases)
El Niño Definitions
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Normal Surface Circulation in the Pacific Ocean
Figure 7.21,
Page 219
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“Normal” Conditions in the Pacific Ocean
Figure 7.22a,
page 220
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Q: How are El Niño Conditions (ENSO warm phase) different than normal?
Figure 7.22, page 220
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Q: How are La Niña Conditions (ENSO cold phase) different than normal?
Figure 7.22, page 220
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• Anomaly (a = without, nomos = law) maps show the difference from “normal” conditions
• Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomaly maps are useful for identifying unusually warm or cold water: Positive SST anomaly values = water warmer
than normal
Negative SST anomaly values = water colder than normal
El Niño Anomaly Maps
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January 1998 SST Anomaly Map
Figure 7.23a,
page 221
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January 2000 SST Anomaly Map
Figure 7.23b,
page 221
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Figure 7.26, page 224
West Coast SST Anomaly Maps
North America
North America
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
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El Niño/La Niña & Weather in Southern California
• Typical weather during El Niño?
Strong El Niños: Lots of powerful storms (good waves), lots of rain (1997-1998 = more than 2X normal rainfall), but not always…
Moderate/Weak El Niños: can have drought conditions or lots of rain or no effect at all
• Typical weather during La Niña?
Extremely dry conditions (2000-2001 = 1/3 of normal rainfall)
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Figure 7.24, page 222
El Niño Recurrence Interval
• Typical recurrence interval for El Niños = 2-12 years
• Note how Pacific has alternated between El Niño and La Niña events since 1950
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Effects of Severe El Niños
Figure 7.25, page 223
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El Niño Visualizations: What’s Happening Now?
• JPL Ocean Surface Topography from Space Latest El Niño/La Niña Watch
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El Niño Visualizations: What’s Happening Now?
• Tropical Pacific real-time SST anomalies from NOAA’s Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project (buoy data)
Data from NOAA Climate Prediction Center
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Forecast SST Anomalies: Is this an El Niño Year?
• El Niño “Quick Look” from the International Research Institute for Climate Change
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Carlsbad Dive Club Meeting
March 12, 2015
End
by Al Trujillo Palomar College
El Niño and La Niña
Al Trujillo’s e-mail: [email protected] This presentation is available online at:
http://www2.palomar.edu/users/atrujillo/