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E^Y]EZ@K YOHZW@JH P L]HB@JH @KBHKW@O. ODZ Y]@CE]DZ HDZ

HKWEZ GEO G@MUAD B@LU]HW@RD. @CYD]WHKJ@H YH]H OH

JDCY]EKZ@DK GE ODZ CDGDZ JDCYDZ@W@RDZ EK OH YOHZW@JH P

EZWEW@JH R@ZUHO.

HUWD]1 Ys. Dchr Jhete @sohs. Yrdbesdr Esjueoh ge Hrqu`tejturh,

jtegrh ge Brhjthoes. Uk`vers`ghg ge Rhophrhsd. Jn`oe. e-ch`o1

djhkete`99Iyhndd.es

HMZW]HJW

@k tne`r b`rst 7 yehrs, jn`ogreks grhw `s h buoo hkg breeoy wdrog db p`jtdr`jho express`dk. Bhr db me`kl aust h

kdk represektht`ve why db kdk-sekse o`kes `k jneet db phper, geveodp jn`ogreks grhw`kl thfe pohje gue td

h jdcpoex hkg geep juho`tht`ve jnhkles `k c`kg hkg psujdcdtdr nhm`o`t`es. Z`kje h bdrcho hkg pohst`j pd`kt

db v`ew, hkg mhseg `k Feoodlls, Y`hlet hkg Geoezes wdrfs, weoo oddf hkg jdktrhst sdce bdrcho g`cekt`dk

`k ph`ktkl hkg hrt.

Oh p`kturh geme ekjdktrhr su mhad jdkt`kud (Letne)

EO G@MUAD EK ZUZ Y]@CE]HZ EWHYHZ, W]HKZBD]CHJ@DKEZ P O@ME]WHGEZ BD]CHOEZ GE OH E^Y]EZ@KYOHZW@JH @KBHW@O.

H oh `kteksh ethph `k`j`ho geo g`muad `kbhkt`o que vh ektre eo hd y ceg`d y ods 7 hds, se oh sueoe oohchr geo

lhrhmhtd `kbhkt`o, pdr oh husekj`h y prejhr`eghg ge ohs bukj`dkes ge represekthj`k d s`cmdo`zhj`k. Z`k ecmhrld,

gesge su expres`k post`jh bdrcho, estk oeads ge ser hold s`cpoe y mhkho. Ge ods prdbukgds jhcm`ds pdr ods que phsh

oh cekte y eo g`muad `kbhkt`o, kds `kteresh gesthjhr oh `kb`k`tug ge pds`m`o`ghges ge expres`k que puege ooelhr eo trhzd, oh

chkd, jdk ods eoecektds chs s`cpoes, lu`hghs pdr ukh cekte hjt`vh, jur`dsh y hm`erth, que phrej`erh jhs` s`k o`c`tes8.

Ohs g`berekj`hs que ek pdjds hds djurrek, ektre oh ethph geo g`muad `kbhkt`o geo lhrhmhtd (hktes ge ods 7 hds) y ohs

ethphs s`lu`ektes, dr`ekthghs prdlres`vhcekte nhj`h od represektht`vd, es hm`scho. Yerc`t`kgdse ushr, sdod jdcd

hkhodlh jdk oh evdouj`k geo hrte, y h b`k sdod ge g`ceks`dkhr eo jdktrhste y jhcm`d juho`tht`vd que se gh ek pdjds

hds, s jdcd jdcphrhr eo hrte mhrrdjd (g`muad pre-b`lurht`vd ek mhse h lhrhmhtds y okehs jdkt`kuhs, jdk r`jds

jdktrhstes ektre kluods, jurvhs, puktds cot`poes, ooekds y vhjds ek g`vershs y vhr`hghs prdpdrj`dkes y s`cetrhs) jdk

eo hrte rekhjekt`sth (represekthj`dkho, b`ad y s`cmo`jd)=ge ods hds pdster`dres. Eo jdktrhste y s`c o`tug, s`k gugh es

chydr, s` jdks`gerhcds, kd sdod eo jhcm`d tecpdrho, s`kd dtrhs s`c`o`tuges y hb`k`ghges post`jhs jdk dtrhs tekgekj`h d

expres`dkes hrtst`jhs ge g`vershs pdjhs hkter`dres y pdster`dres h oh vez. Yerd geaecds oh cetbdrh sdod nhsth hn.

Hktes ge oh ethph que se jdkdje jdcd g`muad B`lurht`vd-]epresekthj`dkho(gesge hprdx`chghcekte ods

7 h 2 hds ek hgeohkte) gdkge yh hphrejek represekthj`dkes johrhs y rejdkdj`moes jhrhjter`zhghs pdr eo g`muad ge

rdstrds y jhrhs nuchkhs (`kjousd `gekt`b`jhmoes y hsdj`hghs h persdkhs que eo k`d jdkdje, bdrchs, juerpds hk`choes d

nuchkhs y dmaetds) ex`ste tdgd uk cukgd ge o`merthg ge expres`k lrhb`jh y p`jtr`jh pre-represekthj`dkho que

81 Z`lu`ekgd h Ldcmr`jn (800>) kd sdod necds ge g`st`klu`r johrhcekte ektre ohs bukj`dkes expres`vhs geo hrte p`jtr`jd, respejtd ge ohs

bukj`dkes prdp`hs ge ho represekthj`k, thoes jdcd ohs bukj`dkes s`cmo`jhs y hmstrhjths. s`kd que h su vez, pohktehr que oh represekthj`kphrej`erh ecerler ge uk trhsbdkgd g`kc`jd y cs m`ek jht`jd ge reohj`dkes suaetd-dmaetd `k`j`ho, cs que h ukh jdktecpohj`k dmaet`vhpr`c`lek`h. Jdcd sehoh Ldcmr`jn1

() Ph dmservd \dobbo`k que tdghs ohs `clekes gemek chs h dtrhs `clekes que h oh khturhoezh. Esthjuest`k resuoth bhc`o`hr phrh eo estug`dsd ge ohs trhg`j`dkes p`jtr`jhs, perd huk kd se jdcprekge mhsthkte eksus `cpo`jhj`dkes ps`jdol`jhs. Oh rhzk es qu`zs que, ek jdktrh ge oh esperhkzhgh jreekj`h ge cujndshrt`sths, eo dad `kdjekte que c`rhmh eo cukgd jdcd pdr pr`cerh vez, kd od veh ek hmsdoutd. Ek este sekt`gd,eo vdjhmuohr`d jdkvekj`dkho ge bdrchs ms`jhs es s`ecpre `kg`spekshmoe phrh eo hrt`sth jdcd puktd ge phrt`gh,jdcd bdjd ge drlhk`zhj`k () (Ek Ceg`thj`dkes sdmre uk jhmhood ge auluete6 pp. 0).

Huk hs, respejtd h oh bukj`k represekthj`dkho y su estug`d, su reohj`k jdk eo cukgd s`cmo`jd y ps`jdol`jd ek thktd cukgd yjdscdv`s`k kg`v`guho geo juho ecerl` jdcd hjtd, ese jhc`kd esth jerrhgd pdr eo kleo ge esphgh bohclerh (`gec, p. 88).=Jdcd sehoh Hmgd Beres, Jej`o`h1

Z` eo rekhj`c`ektd nhmh jdkjem`gd oh meooezh jdcd ukh hrcdkh perbejth ektre ods eoecektds quejdkbdrchk oh jdkstrujj`k hrqu`tejtk`jh y que sdk estr`jthcekte o`c`thgds, s`lu`ekgd ukh prdpdrj`k y ukpr`v`oel`d tho jdcd phrtes, que s` ukh se hlrelhrh, qu`thrh d cdg`b`jhrh, eo tdgd subr`rh6 eo Mhrrdjd ek oh p`kturhse g`vert`r nhj`ekgd pdrdsds ods o`c`tes ge ohs b`lurhs juyds jdktdrkds se g`ouyek ek uk bdkgd dsjurd que oh`ous`k ge `kb`k`tug. Hoo gdkge eo ]ekhj`c`ektd jerrhmh ods esphj`ds jdk phreges y esqu`khs ek perspejt`vhestr`jth, eo p`ktdr mhrrdjd nhje que oh dsjur`ghg `cp`gh nhmohr ge esphj`ds jerrhgds. Z` eo esjuotdrrekhjekt`sth geb`kh s`oueths b`ahs, jhphjes ge ser phophghs, jdk gej`g`gh jhrh brdktho d ohterho, eo esjuotdrmhrrdjd g`ouye ods jdktdrkds, cuot`po`jh ohs pds`m`o`ghges ge ver oh esjuoturh y prdguje resueoth hcm`leghgsdmre juho es eo brekte, juho eo perb`o, juho oh phrte trhserh ge oh dmrh. C`ekths que eo juhgrd rekhjekt`sth nhjeque oh c`rhgh geo espejthgdr ekbdque eo jektrd ge oh jdcpds`j`k y kdte ohs aerhrquhs ge ohs b`lurhs ek ohsdmrh, eo juhgrd mhrrdjd nhje que eo dad se cuevh ge ohgd h ohgd, ge ods cujnds bdjds ge ouz, ge persdkhaesg`v`kds que se jdkbukgek jdk nuchkds, jdk reyes que se cezjohk jdk s`rv`ektes (ver ek Eo jdkjeptd ge

sdmerhkh ek Zp`kdzh. Ukh oejturh gesge eo mhrrdjd, ek @R jdodqu`d ge sdmre Zp`kdzh, =99>6 Eg. Mruahs).

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rev`shrecds ek eo presekte hrt`juod, jdkdj`gh lekerhocekte jdcd EWHYH GEO LH]HMHWD @KBHKW@O:. Gesge eo

puktd ge v`sth geo ods hojhkjes geo presekte hrt`juod, kds restr`kl`recds sdod h oh g`ceks`k post`jd-bdrcho, ev`thkgd

dtrds cpdrthktes hspejtds thoes jdcd eo geshrrdood chgurht`vd, ps`jdcdtdr, ecdj`dkho, ge est`cuohj`k sdj`djuoturho, d

`kjousd g`ceks`dkes thcm`k lrhb`jhs jdcd oh post`jh geo jdodr.

Ek esth pr`cerh ethph, eo g`muad y oh expres`k lrhb`jh kd esth lu`hgd pdr ods `ktereses ge represekthj`k,

ex`l`gd pdr eo cukgd egujht`vd y peghll`jd geo hguotd. Whcpdjd esth lu`hgd pdr bdrchs d cejhk`scds que sul`erhk

eo usd ge bdrchs `ktekj`dkhghs y s`cmo`jhs, k` pdr eo `ktektd ge um`jhr ek uk esphj`d ge jddrgekhghs hmstrhjths y

reohj`dkes ctr`jhs g`versds dmaetds que musjhk ser expreshgds y represekthgds (jdshs, seres, persdkhs d hk`choes)

ek bukj`k ge haustes d equ`vhoekj`h ektre oh represekthj`k c`sch y eo dmaetd represekthgd. Nhsth hktes ge ods 7

hds, ek eo gevek`r jdcpds`t`vd geo g`muad kbhkt`o, pr`ch ukh jdkjepj`k estr`hgh d kchgejdcd oh reb`ere Geoeuze y

Luhtthr` (=999) ek jdktrhpds`j`k h oh jdkjepj`k o`sh d segekthr`h ge oh expres`k esphj`ho, lrhb`jh y post`jh7.

@kjousd, pdgecds hb`rchr, que ek esth ethph `kbhkt`o, se esth chs jerjhkh, thktd, `ktu`t`vh, jdcd dperhtdr`h y

bdrchocekte h ledcetrhs chs jdcpoeahs y ge rej`ekte bdrcho`zhj`k y hx`dcht`zhj`k, jdcd ods brhjthoes5.

Jdcd kds rejuergh ohs hlughs y r`lurdshs dmservhj`dkes ge oh esjueoh p`hlethkh, d ods seks`moes trhmhads ge

]dgnh Feodlls, gesge uk hko`s`s bdrcho y post`jd, ho pr`kj`p`d esth oh hjj`k y eo cdv`c`ektd, sustekthkgd ek su

estug`d, ukh verghgerh ps`jdodlh geo hjtd. Ek esth pr`c`lek`h ethph, pr`chk dperhj`dkes ge trhzd o`mre, gdkge sdod

nhy jdkt`ku`ghg y trhsbdrchj`dkes jdkt`kuhs cezjohgh jdk hjtds y dperhj`dkes lrhb`jhs ge jdktrhste y phush, okeh y

puktd, jdktrhpuktd y prdxc`jh (teks`k exjktr`jh-jdkjktr`jh ektre ho okeh jdkt`kuh y eo puktd), msquegh s`cetrh y

rupturh ge equ`o`mr`ds, msquegh hjt`vh ge reohj`dkes ge prdpdrj`k ektre eo esphj`d ooekd y vhjd, hauste ektre hm`ertd y

jerrhgd, ektre uk jdodr y dtrd, ektre uk sdk`gd pre-o`klst`jd bdkt`jd jhrlhgd ge sekt`gd auktd ho hjtd ge p`kthr d

g`muahr, jdksdkhkj`h ektre uk cdv`c`ektd, lestd y dtrd, hauste ektre oh represekthj`k prdlres`vh ge uk hgektrd y uk

hbuerh, ektre hrr`mh y hmhad, uk ohgd y dtrd, ukh esqu`kh d o`c`te y dtrd, ektre ukh g`hldkho expo`j`th d suler`gh, ektre

ukh okeh hkluohgh, uk puktd y/d ukh jurvh, ektre od jn`jd y od lrhkge, ektre ukh bdrch y dtrh, etj., se vhk

prdlres`vhcekte hausthkgd h oh hphr`j`k ge g`berektes bdrchs ge hlruphj`k, reohj`dkes prx`chs ge ods eoecektds,

equ`o`mr`ds y g`spds`j`dkes hperjept`vhs lodmhoes ge jdcm`khj`k y hlrelhj`k, hgecs geo geshrrdood ge pre-g`hlrhchs

y g`hlrhchs ge g`spds`j`k, usd ge oh okeh jdkt`kuh jdkjktr`jh, dkguohgh y hkluohgh d ge z`l-zhl, y eo ektrejruje ge

g`vershs okehs que geo`c`th y se sum-g`v`ge ek esphj`ds (jdcd eo qu`emre ge ukh okeh jdkt`kuh d jruje ge gds okehs)

que perc`te ohs pr`cerhs kdj`dkes ge gektrd-buerh y eo geshrrdood ge g`vershs jdrrespdkgekj`hs s`ctr`jhs, ohs que h su

vez, nhjek surl`r ohs pr`cerhs bdrchs jdcpds`t`vhs pre-b`lurht`vhs (pe sdoes, rhg`hoes y chkghohs `kbhkt`oes) y ho b`kho

ge oh ethph, kuevhcekte oh expodrhj`k o`mre ge ohs jdcm`khj`dkes tdthoes d phrj`hoes, jdcd kuevhs uk`ghges

lesthot`jhs jdcpds`t`vhs, jhgh vez chs supeg`thghs h jr`ter`ds s`cmo`jd-b`lurht`vd y represekthj`dkho. Zdod pekshcds

ek oh pdtekj`h ge jhgh ukh ge estds trhzds ek thktd dperhj`dkes y hjtds purds jdcd ek oh jddrg`khj`k y equ`o`mrhj`k

jrej`ekte y jhcm`hkte ektre eoohs. Eo hjtd ge cdver y terc`khr, eo hjtd ge trhzhr y g`r`l`r, g`st`klu`r y g`berekj`hr.

Yr`cerd estk ods hjtds ge chkjnhr, g`spdker, jdktrhpdker, `kjou`r, exjou`r, hlruphr d jdcm`khr. B`khocekte ods hjtds

ge represekthr, b`lurhr d s`cmdo`zhr. Ho b`kho ge estds pr`cerds hds, eo g`muad esthr `kbouekj hgd y rel`gd pdr relohs y

dperhj`dkes kuevhs, thoes jdcd oh `gekt`b`jhj`k k`jh ge uk dmaetd jdks`ld c`scd, oh ser`hj`k, juhkt`b`jhj`k,

johs`b`jhj`k, jdkservhj`k, equ`vhoekj`h, hkt`j`phj`k ge phtrdkes ol`jds ektre dmaetds y jdkauktds, hlruphj`dkes

selk jr`ter`ds ge `kjous`k ge aerhrquhs y johses, reohj`dkes ge prdyejj`k y reohj`k ektre dmaetds y pohkds ge

represekthj`k, puktds ge v`sth, puktd ge bulh, uk`ghges ge ceg`gh tecpdrho-esphj`ho, trhchs, sejuekj`hs, hauste

prdlres`vd ge v`sths y perspejt`vhs, ex`lekj`hs ge represekthj`k s`cmo`jh y khrrht`vh ge expres`k, ektre dtrhs.

CH]JD LEKE]HO GEO GEZH]]DOOD YZ@JDODL@JD. OH @CYD]WHKJ@H E @KBOUEKJ@H GE Y@HLEW.

:1 Oh jdkjepj`k ge esphj`d estr`hgd, geY`ooes Geoeuze y Luhtthr`, C`o Ceseths,hphreje jdcd `cpdrthkte vhodr reberekj`ho phrhjdcprekger hspejtds geo prdjesd ge oh post`jh `kbhkt`o. Whcm`k puege verse eo hrt`juod ge Bre`re, Ne`fe (=995).Oh Esjr`turh1 esphj`do`sd d estr`hgd4.71 Jdcd sehohk Geoeuze y Luhtrhr`1

Eo esphj`d o`sd y eo estr`hgd, -eo esphj`d kchgh y eo esphj`d segekthr`d-, eo esphj`d ek eo que se geshrrdoohk ohchqu`kh ge luerrh y eo esphj`d `ksthurhgd pdr eo hphrhtd geo Esthgd, kd sdk ge ohs c`sch khturhoezh. Ukhsvejes pdgecds sehohr ukh dpds`j`k ektre ods gds t`pds ge esphj`ds. Dtrhs gemecds `kg`jhr ukh g`berekj`hcujnd chs jdcpoeah que nhje, que ods trc`kds sujes`vds ge ohs dpds`j`dkes jdks`gerhghs kd jd`kj`ghkexhjthcekte. Dtrhs, pdr uot`cd, gemecds rejdrghr que ods gds esphj`ds sdod ex`stek ge nejnd lrhj`hs h ohsjdcm`khj`dkes ektre hcmds6 eo esphj`d o`sd kd jhsh ge ser trhguj`gd, trhsvhshgd h uk esphj`d estr`hgd6 y eoesphj`d estr`hgd es jdksthktecekte rest`tu`gd, gevueotd h uk esphj`d o`sd. Ek uk jhsd, se drlhk`zh `kjousd eoges`ertd6 ek eo dtrd, eo ges`ertd tr`ukbh y jreje6 y ohs gds jdshs h oh vez (pp. 7>:-7>7).

51 Rhse kdj`dkes y jdkjeptds ge h) hauste esjhohr, m) sjho`kl prdpert`es, j) hutd s`c`o`tug y hutd hb`k`ghg, g) vhr`hj`dkes estdjst`jhs dhzhr, e) prdjesds rejurs`vds, b) trhksbdrchj`dkes (vhse d jdkbrktese jdk Ye`ttlek y ]`tjner (80>2) Wne Mehuty db Brhjthosy dtrdsjdkjeptds jdcd ods ge l) drgek `cpo`jhgd y drgek lekerht`vd ge Ghv`g Mndc (Rer J`ekj`h, drgek y jreht`v`ghg. Eg. Fh`rds) d ods gen) cdrbdlkes`s (Rer Wndc, ]eke, ek Esthm`o`ghg estrujturho y Cdrbdlkes`s (80>0). Eo Yo`elue. Eg. Yh`gds.

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Gemd ge nhmer puestd ods dads ge ods k`ds, ge hold que vh

h phshr, esth phshkgd, phsd

(Yhmod Kerugh, Yhrh Khjer ne Khj`gd)

Gesge uk puktd ge v`sth ter`jd-expo`jht`vd, Y`hlet prdpdke ukh ps`jdodlh geo hjtd, ek mhse h oh juho

geshrrdoohuk eohmdrhgd cdgeod jdkstrujt`v`sth jdk johs`b`jhj`dkes y thxdkdc`ths prdp`hs ge oh ex`lekj`hs y jdkbouekj`h

ter`jhs thktd geo rhj`dkho`scd fhkt`hkd jdcd ge oh nerekj`h ge oh m`dodlh jdcphrhgh y evdout`vh ge ohs trhg`j`dkes

que vhk gesge O`ked nhsth Ghrw`k. Gesge uk puktd ge v`sth lekerho, Y`hlet geb`ke phrh jhgh ethph ps`jdevdout`vh

(m`dodl`sj`scd) g`versds t`pds y estrujturhs ge pekshcektd (Fhkt). Es hs jdcd Y`hlet pdke ge reo`eve que oh cekte

phsh pdr prdbukghs trhksbdrchj`dkes ps`jdevdout`vhs, kd sdod ek trc`kds ge uk jrej`c`ektd juhkt`tht`vd- kbdrchj`dkho,

s`kd pdr oh ex`stekj`h ge jhcm`ds juho tht`vds ek eo cdgd ge hjtuhr, jdkstru`r y ser ek eo cukgd. Yhrh Y`hlet, oh

`kteo`lekj`h surle y se geshrrdooh jdcd resuothgd ge uk prdjesd que se `k`j`h ek eo k`d jdk reohj`dkes eoecekthoes jdk

oh reho`ghg exter`dr, perd que pdjd h pdjd, ceg`hkte oh hjj`k rejprdjh, se vhk jrehkgd dperhj`dkes, esquechs y

estrujturhs cekthoes chs jdcpoeahs y hutkdchs. Oh tedrh p`hlethkh supdke hs, uk drgek lekerht`vd- kterhjt`vd h

k`veo ps`jdevdout`vd, que se drgekh sdmre g`vershs ethphs, que sdk ohs s`lu`ektes1

EWHYH ZEKZD]@D CDW]@Q (9 h = HDZ) EWHYH Y]EDYE]HWD]@H (: h 2 HDZ) EWHYH JDKJ]EWD DYE]HWD]@D (< h 88 HDZ) EWHYH GE OHZ DYE]HJ@DKEZ BD]CHOEZ (8= h 82 HDZ)

Z` m`ek, eo vejtdr ge esth okeh ge jhcm`d esth lu`hgd pdr oh hphr`j`k y prdlres`vh supeg`thj`k ge juhoqu`er

t`pd ge dperhj`k u hjj`k h estrujturhs cekthoes jhgh vez chs ol`jd-represekthj`dkhoes, eo cdgeod es boex`moe phrh eo

rejdkdj`c`ektd, `gekt`b`jhj`k y vhodrhj`k ge oh hphr`j`k ge uk`ghges ge expres`k jdlkdsj`t`vh y jdcpoea`ghg prdp`hs

ge jhgh ethph. Jdcd sehoh eo prdp d Y`hlet1 eo k`d hs`c`oh g`rejthcekte eo cukgd exterkd h su prdp`h

hjt`v`ghg, jdkstruyekgd gespus phrh prdodklhr esth hs`c`ohj`k uk kcerd jrej`ekte ge esquechs h oh

vez cs cv`oes y cs hptds phrh jddrg`khrse ektre s (ver Y`hlet, 80 h 87 hds)

21 Esth `geh ge `kteo`lekj`hs cot`poes, gesge perspejt`vhs cujnd chs jdlk`t`vhs nh s`gd geshrrdoohgh pdr dtrh t`pd ge hutdres, thoesjdcd Beurste`k, y phrt`juohrcekte, Ndwhrg Lhgker.).

>1 Bohveoo sehoh oh `cpdrthkj`h ps`jdevdout`vh ek reohj`k ho drgek ge hphr`j`k ge jhgh t`pd ge esths dperhj`dkes ek jhgh per`dgd d ethphgeo geshrrdood1

Uk terjer cdt`vd jektrho se reb`ere h oh jhteldr`zhj`k ge ohs hgqu`s`j`dkes esphj`hoes selk oh ceg`gh ekque supdkek jdkjeptds tdpdol`jds, prdyejt`vds d eujo`g`hkds. Ohs prdp`eghges tdpdol`jhs `kjouyek ohprdx`c`ghg, eo drgek, eo j`erre y oh jdkt`ku`ghg. Ohs ledcetrhs prdyejt`vh y eujo`g`hkh tdchk ek juekthesths prdp`eghges y hlrelhk dtrhs1 prdp`eghges que perchkejek perjeptuhocekte `kvhr`hmoes hkte jhcm`dsge oh perspejt`vh gesge oh juho se c`rh ukh b`lurh (pdr eaecpod, rejt`o`khr`eghg) ek eo jhsd ge oh ledcetrhprdyejt`vh6 prdp`eghges bhc`o`hres jdcd oh hkluohr`ghg, eo phrhoeo`scd y oh g`sthkj`h, ek eo jhsd ge ohledcetrh eujo`g`hkh. Ods tres t`pds ge esphj`d geb`k`gds pdr esds jdkauktds ge prdp`eghges se jdkv`ertek ekdmaetds ge estug`d chtect`jd ek eo s`lu`ekte drgek n`str`jd1 eujo`g`hkhs, prdyejt`vhs y tdpdol`jhs. Eodrgek ol`jd ge esths prdp`eghges es `kversd1 oh tdpdodlh es eo s`stech chs lekerho e `kjous`vd6 ohsledcetrhs prdyejt`vhs y eujo`g`hkhs puegek jdks`gerhrse jdcd jhsds espej`hoes ge oh tdpdodlh. Od queektdkjes qu`ere shmer Y`hlet es juho pdgrh ser eo drgek dktdleket`jd ge hphr`j`k (). Oh jdkjous`k h ohque su `kvest`lhj`k jdkguje es que ex`ste uk drgek geb`k`gd, y que este se hprdx`ch chs ho ol`jd que ohn`str`jd6 pr`cerd reohj`dkes tdpdol`jhs6 chs thrge (y hprdx`chghcekte ho c`scd t`ecpd) prdyejt`vhs yeujo`g`hkhs. Ohs g`sjr`c`khj`dkes mhshghs ek prdp`eghges tdpdol`jhs jdc`ekzhk h nhjerse h pr`kj`p`ds geoper`dgd predperhj`dkho y oh chydr phrte ge ohs reohj`dkes tdpdol`jhs se `ktelrhk ek s`stechs dperhj`dkhoesesthmoes horegegdr ge ods < hds. Ydr dtrh phrte ohs prdp`eghges prdyejt`vhs y eujo`g`hkhs se presekthk yhojhkzhk jdk pdster`dr`ghg (pdr od lekerho, 0 h 89 hds (pp. :7> :70)

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H. Eo geshrrdood geo Esphj`d cektho Wdpdol`jd1 Jdrrespdkge h oh pr`cerh represekthj`k perjeptuho dseksdr`dcdtdr que eo k`d es jhphz ge reho`zhr, y hmhrjh ohs reohj`dkes y prdp`eghges esphj`hoes reber`ghs h

jhrhjterst`jhs ge oh reho`ghg `kceg`hthcekte j`rjukghkte y prdxec`jh ek reohj`k h su prdp`h chkd, exteks`k y

kluod ge oh c`sch respejtd geo mrhzd, y ge esths ek reohj`k ho dad y eo juerpd, thoes jdcd1

Yrdx`c`ghg d hjerjhc`ektd, jdrrespdkge ho chkead ge oh kdj`k ge vej`kghg ektre eoecektds,puktds, etj.

Zephrhj`k, jhphj`ghg ge pdger sephrhr d g`sdj`hr eoecektds prx`cds (pe- kluods d texturhsque chrjhk eo gektrd-buerh, j`ertds o`c`tes d g`sjdkt`ku`ghges).

Drgek d sujes`k esphj`ho, juhkgd gds eoecektds prx`cds perd sephrhgds se puegek um`jhr ukdhktes y dtrd gespus.

J`erre, "ek ukh ser`e HMJ, eo eoecektd M es perj`m`gd jdcd s`tuhgd ektre H y J, ods juhoes bdrchkuk 'j`erre' h od ohrld ge ukh g`ceks`k"

Jdkt`ku`ghg, juhkgd ukh okeh d superb`j`e es jdks`gerhgh jdcd uk tdgd jdkt`kud.

M. H su vez, eo geshrrdood geo Esphj`d Cektho Yrdyejt`vd hphreje juhkgd uk dmaetd ecp`ezh h ser cekthocektejdks`gerhgd, kd jdcd hold h`sohgd, s`kd ek reohj`k h uk puktd ge v`sth g`st`ktd h eo. Estd es, eo k`d ecp`ezh h

hprej`hr jdcd se presekthk ods dmaetds juhkgd sdk jdktecpohgds gesge g`berektes pds`j`dkes. Ohs reohj`dkes

esphj`hoes geo t`pd prdyejt`vhs que eo k`d odlrh jdkstru`r sdk1

Oh jdkstrujj`k ge g`muads ek perspejt`vh1 pds`m`o`ghg ge represekthj`k ge oh okeh rejth y ge ohtr`g`ceks`dkho`ghg geo esphj`d dmaetd.

Yrdyejj`k ge sdcmrhs Jjddrg`khj`k ge perspejt`vhs1 eo k`d sdouj`dkh prdmoechs ge reohj`dkes geohkte-getrs,

`zqu`ergh gerejnh, es gej`r, reohj`dkes ge drgek hpo`jhghs h gds ge ohs tres g`ceks`dkes

presektes ek ohs perspejt`vhs jdks`gerhghs.

Zejj`dkes ledctr`jhs1 pds`m`o`ghg ge hkt`j`phj`k ge oh bdrch ge uk so`gd jdcpoead (j`o`kgrds,pr`schs nuejds, jdkds, bdrchs `rreluohres, etj) ho ser jdrthghs.

]dthj`k y geshrrdood ge superb`j`es6 eo k`d pdr eaecpod, se bhc`o`hr`zh jdk dperhj`dkes gepoelhgd y gespoelhgd ge bdrchs ge phpeo y es jhphz ge represekthr jdrrejthcekte puktds ge

v`sth ge dmaetds y superb`j`es gespoelhghs.

J. B`khocekte, eo Esphj`d Eujo`gehkd se jhrhjter`zh pdrque ods dmaetds puegek ser odjho`zhgds ek o pdr ceg`dge s`stechs ge reberekj`hs (ohrld, hkjnd, hotd) geshrrdookgdse ek eo k`d `gehs ctr`jhs, que oe perc`te

juhkt`b`jhr g`jnhs reohj`dkes. Hs puege g`muahr uk rejtkluod y ceg`r sus ohgds, sus kluods, su superb`j`e, etj.

Ek esth ethph, ohs reohj`dkes esphj`hoes ms`jhs que se ver`b`jhk y geshrrdoohk sdk1

Z`stech rejthkluohr ge reberekj`h1 geshrrdood ge jddrgekhghs ek eaes ndr`zdkthoes y vert`jhoes Geshrrdood ge s`stechs lekerhoes ge reberekj`h. Jddrg`khj`k ge ods s`stechs ge reberekj`h jdk sus ceg`ghs1 Eo k`d es jhphz ge trhzhr pohkds

g`hlrhct`jds ge uk oulhr.

Gesge uk puktd ge v`sth

bdrcho esphj`ho, necds ge

resuc`rod ek eo s`lu`ekte esquech,

prdpuestd pdr Cukthdoh (80>0),

phrh expreshr eo geshrrdood geo

pekshc`ektd esphj`ho1

Es este eo chrjd bdrcho-

expres`vd ps`jdevdout`vd lekerho,

prdp`ds geo geshrrdood post`jd que

rev`shrecds h jdkt`kuhj`k ek oh

pr`cerh ethph y hds, jdcd se gh,

gesge eo puktd ge v`sth post`jd

bdrcho, oe expres`k lrhb`jh `kbhkt`o.

OHZ Y]@CE]HZ EWHYHZ GEO G@MUAD P E^Y]EZ@DK YOHZW@JH @KBHKW@O.

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"Kuestrds jdkdj`c`ektds kd prdv`ekek k`jhcekte k` ge oh sekshj`k,

k` ge oh perjepj`k, s`kd ge oh tdtho`ghg ge oh hjj`k, jdk respejtd ge oh

juho oh perjepj`k sod jdkst`tuye oh bukj`k ge seho`zhj`k. Od prdp`d

ge oh `kteo`lekj`h kd es jdktecpohr, s`kd trhksbdrchr!.

Aehk Y`hlet, Ys`jdodlh y Ep`stecdodlh.

Ge bdrch jdnerekte jdk ods posgkthgd pdr Y`hlet, eo

cukgd pre-esjdohr esjdkge uk cukgd ge expres`k lrhb`jh y

p`jtr`jh, ge r`qus`ch jdcpoea`ghg, que h mhrjh jerjh ge 7 hds

ge `kteksh expres`k. Z`lu`ekgd trhmhads jos`jds jdcd ods ge

]dgnh Feoodlls, pr`cerd, `gekt`b`jhrecds, jrdkdol`jhcekte, oh

hphr`j`k ge g`versds trhzds y bdrchs jdcpds`t`vhs ek esth

pr`cerh ethph1

d ODZ LH]HMHWDZ MZ@JDZ.d ODZ YHW]DKEZ GE G@ZYDZ@J@K.d G@HL]HCHZ KHJ@EKWEZ D Y]E-G@HL]HCHZ.d G@HL]HCHZd JDCM@KHJ@DKEZ GE G@HL]HCHZd HL]ELHGDZd CHKGHOHZd ZDOEZd ]HG@HOEZd Y]DGUJJ@DKEZ Y]E-B@LU]HW@RHZ.

8.- ODZ LH]HMHWDZ MHZ@JDZ1

Ukh pr`cerh bdrch espej`b`jh ge prdgujj`k

post`jh `kbhkt`o, sdk ods hs oohchgds lhrhmhtds `kbhkt`oes,

ods que hmhrjhk b`lurhs s`cpoes, que vhk gesge puktds,

okehs jdkt`kuhs ge g`versd t`pd.

=.- YHW]DKEZ GE G@ZYDZ@J@K EZYHJ@HO GE ODZ

LH]HMHWDZ1

Ydr dtrd ohgd, estds lhrhmhtds se hausthk kd sdod h

ods cdv`c`ektds geterc`khgds pdr ohs prdp`hs o`c`thj`dkes y

pds`m`o`ghges geo cdv`c`ektd ge oh prdp`h chkd, s`kd ek

bukj`k ge uk hauste expodrhtdr`d prdlres`vd ektre eo

dad-oh chkd-eo op`z-eo phpeo, hcpo`hkgd uk cukgd ge

pds`m`o`ghges ge r`jh expres`k, jdk eoecektds bdrchoes cuy

s`cpoes.

Ek este selukgd cdcektd, eo k`d kd jdktrdoh

v`suhocekte ods trhzds sdmre eo phpeo. Z`k ecmhrld ex`stek

pruemhs bukghghs ge que ve oh superb`j`e jdcd uk tdgd y

rehjj`dkh hkte eooh. Oh um`jhj`k geo lhrhmhtd sdmre oh

superb`j`e mohkjh ge oh ndah `kg`jh que eo k`d t`eke

jdkj`ekj`h geo percetrd geo phpeo. Ydr od que g`muah ek eo

jektrd, c`thg super`dr, g`hldkho `zqu`ergh, etj. Ods g`versds

estug`ds `gekt`b`jhk 8< bdrchs ms`jhs ge hausthrse

prdpdrj`dkhocekte ho esphj`d geo`c`thgd pdr eo phpeo. Esths

bdrchk sdk tekgekj`hs que puegek ser trhzhghs jdk

g`versds lhrhmhtds espejb`jds.

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:.- EZXUECHZ D G@HL]HCHZ KHJ@EKWEZ1

H jdkt`kuhj`k ge ods lhrhmhtds y sus g`vershs bdrchs ge ecpohzhc`ektd y g`spds`j`k ek eo pohkd, ecp`ezhk

h hphrejer kuevhs y g`vershs t`pds ge trhzds prdp hcekte thoes, y jdkb`lurhj`dkes lrhb`jhs. Esths bdrchs ge

expres`k, perc`tek `ktelrhr, jdcm`khr, jdcpoecekthr, jd-ex`st`r y exphkg`r, perd thcm`k superhr, ge bdrch

`ktelrhgdrh oh ethph ge ods lhrhmhtds ms`jds, jdkst`tuykgdse h su vez thcm`k, ek ekshyds prev`ds, y expodrhj`dkes

ge jdkb`lurhj`dkes kuevhs espej`b`jhs chs geb`k`ghs que hphrejerk chs thrge, ge chkerh chs gejhkthgh y gepurhgh

cekthocekte, ek su expres`k lrhb`jh y post`jh (sdoes, rhg`hoes, chkghohs, g`hlrhchs, hs jdcd ohs jdcm`khj`dkes y

hlruphj`dkes ge estds)1

E81 Cot`poes okehs ektrejruzhghs E=1 Cot`poes okehs ge jruje E:1 Okehs pdjd jruzhghs E71 Okehs ektrejruzhghs. E51 Jruje ge okehs phrhoeohs E21 Okeh cuot` jruzhgh y jruz ek W E1 Juhgrhgds ge okehs que se jruzhk E01 Juhgrhgds ge jrujes-esjhoerh. E891 Okehs ek eo mdrge, ek oh mhse d ek eo j`eod. E881 Bdrchs ge juhgrhgd `cpoj`td. E8=1 Wrhzds ge khturhoezh jektrho. E8:1 Bdrch j`rjuohr `cpoj`th. E871 Wrhzds jdkjktr`jds E851 Bdrch `rreluohr E821 B`lurh tr`hkluohr `cpoj`th E8

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ndr`zdktho, okehs jdkt`kuhs suhve ektrejruzhghs. Oueld, ek eo

juhgrhkte super`dr gerejnd, vueove h `ktekthr jdcm`khj`dkes

`rreluohres, perd kd `kjouye pre-g`hlrhchs, phrh b`khocekte vdover h

uk trhzd ekrl`jd ek z`lzhl ek phtrk ge g`spds`j`k ndr`zdktho

`zqu`ergd nhj`h hmhad, y b`khocekte, nhjer ukh okeh jdkt`kuh, que

surle ge uk `ktektd pdr vdover h nhjer uk pre-g`hlrhch, perd que se

vueove kuevhcekte z`l-zhl. Ydr su phrte, gesge uk puktd ge v`sth

jdcpds`t`vd lekerho, eo pr`cer g`muad, ho ecpohzhrse `k`j`hocekte ek eo

jektrd geo pr`cer terj`d ge oh ndah ndr`zdktho, geo`c`th uk puktd h

phrt`r geo juho se trhzhr ukh ndr`zdktho v`suho g`v`sdr`h nhj`h oh

gerejnh, g`v`g`ekgd ods gds terj`ds resthktes, `kgepekg`ektes geo

pr`cer terj`d ndr`zdktho y lekerhkgd gds esphj`ds super`dr ek kber`dr.

Oh jdcpds`j`k b`kho kd es hold hzhrdsd, s`kd que s`lue uk

estr`jtd phtrk jdcpds`t`vd `kterkd g`hol`jd y estr`hgd ektre s`. Oh

teks`k post`jh ektre ods g`versds eoecektds ge oh dmrh, kd sdod

hmhrjh oh prdgujj`k b`kho (esphj`d o`sd) s`kd que se ev`gekj`h y es

prdp`h geo geshrrdood geo phtrk jdcpds`t`vd, cdcektd h cdcektd,

`kbouyekgd rejprdjhcekte ukds sdmre dtrds, h cdgd ge urg`ecmre d

tea`gd jdcpds`t`vd (esphj`d estr`hgd)0. Ek esth jdcpds`j`k, eo k`d

nhje usd ge tdgds ods t `pds ge lhrhmhtds, trhzhgds, g`spds`j`dkes, pre-

g`hlrhchs, jdcm`khj`dkes y lhrhmhtds que puege reho zhr. Ge nejnd,

huk kd hphrejek dtrd t`pd ge trhzds jdcpds`t`vds chs jdcpoeads, thoes

jdcd hlruphj`dkes, g`hlrhchs prdp`hcekte thoes, hlrelhgds,

chkghohs, bdrchs rhg`hghs, sdoes, k` cekds huk, bdrchs b`lurht`vhs d

`kjousd pre-b`lurht vhs, ohs que huk kd hphrejek k` se geshrrdoohk. Es

od que verecds h jdkt`kuhj`k.

2.- HL]ELHGDZ XUE ZE ZUYE]YDKEK H G@L]HCHZ P

LH]HMHWDZ1

Ze rejdkdjek hgecs, oh drlhk`zhj`k ge expres`dkes

post`jhs gdkge oh jdcpds`j`k b`kho esth jdkst`tu`gh pdr oh hlrelhj`k jdkt`kuh, hg`t`vh y prdlres`vh ek eo phpeo, ge

g`vershs jdcm`khj`dkes ektre g`hlrhchs, preg`hlrhchs, lhrhmhtds d kjousd ge phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k. Ek dtrhs

phohmrhs, uk hlrelhgd dperh jdcd ukh espej`e ge ceth phtrk jdcpds`t`vd, que puege dperhr ek mhse h juhoqu`erh ge

ohs prdgujj`dkes d bdrchs prev`hs. Ydr od c`scd, dperh bdrchocekte, jdcd pr`kj`p`d drgekhgdr y drlhk`zhgdr `kterkd

ge uk`j`ghges, y phrt`juohrcekte ge cuot`po`j`ghges. Oh jdkt`ku`ghg geo trhzd, hndrh es ooevhgh h oh jdkt`ku`ghg

jdcpds`t`vh, que `ktelrh, seh pdr repet`j`k, vhr`hj`k y shotds, uk ceth phtrk jdcpds`t`vd estr`hgd89. Ohs s`lu`ektes

jdkbdrchj`dkes sdk ohs usuhocekte g`st`klu`moes1

01 Jb. Jdk Geoeuze (=999) kdj`dkes ge esphj`d o`sd y estr`hgd.891 Geoeuze sehoh respejtd h ohs ledcetrhs kd eujo`gehkhs ge ]`ekchk, eo prdmoechs ge oh drlhk`zhj`k ge ohs cuot`po`j`ghges y ohsdrlhk`zhj`k ge ohs kteks`ghges ektre cuot`po`j`ghges, jdcd pr`kj`p`d y prdmoech jdcpds`t`vd.

Hlrelhgd jdk bdrch getr`hkluod `cpoj`td, ekphtrk ge g`spds`j`k < ekoh c`thg g`hldkho (7hds).

Hlrelhgd ge jrjuods ekg`hlrhch rejthkluohr y phtrkge g`spds`j`k ge equ`o`mr`dm`ohterho 2.

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H81 Zod jrjuods H=1 Zod juhgrhgds H:1 Jrujes, jrjuods y juhgrhgds H71 Zod bdrchs `rreluohres H51 Juhgrhgds y bdrchs `rreluohres H21 Jrjuods y bdrchs `rreluohres H1 Zuperb`j`es jdk cujnds jrujes H01 Wres g`hlrhchs ek jdcm`khj`k H891 Hlrelhgds jdcd juhgrhgds `cpoj`tds H881 Hlrelhgds jdcd jrjuods `cpoj`tds. H8=1 Hlrelhgds jdcd tr`kluods `cpoj`tds H8:1 Hlrelhgds jdcd bdrchs `rreluohres

`cpoj`ths.

H871 Hlrelhgds ek ods phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k8, = y :.

H851 Hlrelhgds ek ods phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k7,5 y 2.

H821 Hlrelhgds ek ods phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k< y >.

H81 Hlrelhgd ek eo phtrk ge g`spds`j`k 89

y 88.

H801 Hlrelhgd ek eo phtrk ge g`spds`j`k 8=. H=91 Hlrelhgd ek eo phtk ge g`spds`j`k 8: H=81 Hlrelhgd ek eo phtrk ge g`spds`j`k 87. H==1 Hlrelhgd ek eo phtrk ge g`spds`j`k 85

y 82.

Geme sehohse que, ek oh prhjt`jh, cujnhs vejes ohs bdrchs ledctr`jhs nhj`h ohs que t`ekge oh hlruphj`k

se vh lekerhkgd gurhkte eo g`muad, pdr od que ukh uk juhgrhgd puege esthr `cpoj`td, d ser lekerhgd jdcd exteks`k

geo lrdsdr ge ukh okeh rejth, oh hlruphj`k ndr`zdktho d vert`jho se ukh sujes`k ge dtrhs bdrchs, uk j`rjuod lekerhgd

pdr oh hlruphj`k esbr`jh ge juhgrhgds, tr`kluods u dtrhs bdrchs (bdrch cpoj`th), etj. ]ev`secds, holukds jhsds1

Yrdlres`vhcekte, y jdcd jdksejuekj`h ek phrte, ge

oh gepurhj`k, `kteks`b`jhj`k y prej`s`k ge bdrchs prev`hs,

prdp`j`hghs pdr eo geshrrdood v`sdcdtdr, es que surlek

g`vershs bdrchs johrhcekte `gekt`b`jhmoes, ge ohs juhoes

rev`shrecds ohs chs gesthjhghs, kd dmsthkte, ek tdghs eoohs,,

pr`chk ukh msquegh geo trhzd jdkt`kud, oh jdcpds`j`k pdr

jdktrhste y/d hlruphj`k, eo equ`o`mr`d, oh prdpdrj`k y oh

s`cetrh1

ceses)

Estrujturh ge : g`hlrhchs(:< ceses)

Hlrelhgd juhgrhkluohr Hlrelhgd nejnd jdkrejtkluods (:< ceses).

Hrr`mh. Hlrelhgds ge okehs, jrjuods, tr`kluods y bdrchsjuhgrhkluohres jdcd exteks`k jrdct`jh h phrt`r geo okehs,

ek phtrk ge g`spds`j`k 2 ge equ`o`mr`d m`ohterho (Ohhlruphj`k esjdkge ukh bdrch nuchkd`ge).

C5. Estrujturh chkghod`gebdrchgd pdr uk hvhod repoetdge lhrhmhtds (78 ceses)

C5. Estrujturh chkghod`gesdmre uk dvhod cuot`poe (72ceses)

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C51 Estrujturhj`k chkghod`ge. C21 Chkghohs jdk jruz C1 Chkghohs jdk jruz y jrjuod d bdrch `rreluohr C01 Chkghohs jdk jruz, jrjuod y juhgrhgd C891 Chkghohs jdkjktr`jds C881 Chkghohs pequeds C8=1 Chkghohs `cperbejtds. C8:1 Chkghohs ek phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k.

>.- ZDOEZ1 Uk t`pd ge prdgujj`k espej`b`jh ge ods k`ds sdk ods sdoes, ex`st`ekgd ge ukh hcpo`h y r`jh vhr`hghg ge

prdgujj`k.

Z81 Lhrhmhtds ge Yre-sdoes Z=1 Zdoes ek j`erre Z:1 Zdoes jdk trhzds jektrhoes Z71 Zdoes jdk eo jektrd gespeahgd. Z51 Zdo jdk jhrh. Z21 Zdoes nuchkds Z1 Zdoes jdk rhyds ge per`ooh Z01 Zdoes jdk dtrd t`pd ge rhyds. Z891 G`seds sdohres Z881 Zdoes j`rjukghgds Z8=1 Zdoes jdcd g`hlrhchs `cpoj`tds Z8:1 Zdoes ek phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k.

Ohs pr`cerhs bdrchs sdohres, se jdkstruyek pdr

hlrelhgds y jdcm`khj`dkes ge b`lurhs prev`hs, que musjhk uk

j`erre y uk`ghg lesthot`jh phrt`juohr. Nhsth hgqu`r`r g`vershs

bdrchs y vhr`eghges.

0- ]HG@HOEZ1 Dtrd t`pd ge prdgujj`k post`jh lrhb`jh

espej`b`jh sdk ohs g`vershs bdrchs rhg`hghs.

]81 ]hg`hoes `knerektes ek lhrhmhtd j`rjuohr ]=1 Okehs que se ektrejruzhk ek uk puktd. ]:1 Wrhzds ge j`rjukberekj`h ek lhrhmhtd j`rjuohr ]71 Okehs que `rrhg`hk ge uk puktd. ]51 ]hg`hoes jdcpoetds ]21 ]hg`hoes ek hlrelhgds ]

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89.- OHZ Y]@EC]HZ E^Y]EZ@DKEZ

B@LU]HW@RHZ NHJ@H OH B@LU]H

NUCHKH. Ghgh oh `cpdrthkj`h y buerzh

expres`vh geo trhzd expreshgh ek ohs

g`vershs bdrchs v`sths, kd es ge extrhhr

que ohs pr`cerhs expres`dkes prdp`hcekte

b`lurht`vhs ecerahk ekvueoths, juho pohjekth

post`jh, ek lhrhmhtds, y se jdkstruyhk h

phrt`r ge eoohs, ghgd oulhr h b`lurhs

prdlres`vhcekte hk`chod`ges, nuchkd`ges d

ge jdshs.

Es ek esth ethph gdkge g`muad

`kbhkt`o es trhksbdrchgd `kterkhcekte, pdr

oh hgqu`s`j`k y geshrrdood yh esthmoe geo

s`lk`b`jhgd ek thktd pdrthgdr ge htr`mutds

s`cmo`jds y jdnes`dkhgdres ge su juho`ghg

b`lurht`vh y represekthj`dkho, ooelhkgd h

jucpo`r ho bukj`k ge pr`kj`p`d jdcpds`t`vd

jdk eo geshrrdood.

EZW@ODZ JDCYDZ@W@RDZ EK OH

YOHZW@JH P EZWEW@JH R@ZUHO.

H ods 0 hds p`kthmh jdcd ]hbheo, ce

nh ooevhgd tdgh ukh v`gh hprekger h

p`kthr jdcd uk k`d. (Yhmod Y`jhssd).

B`khocekte, kd pdgecds geahr ge hprej`hr y jdcphrhr, ods eoecektds

post`jd-bdrchoes que necds rev`shgd ek oh lrhb`jh `kbhkt`o, ek eo chrjd ge su geshrrdood

pdster`dr ek eo cukgd geo hrte, y jdcd este, pese h jdcpoeads prdjesds ge s`cmdo`zhj`k

y bdrcho`zhj`k, ledctr`jh y cektho pdster`dres, huk es pds`moe ge ser rhstrehgh ek eo

hrte ge g`vershs pdjhs. Kds `kteresh gesthjhr ektdkjes, jdcprekger ohs prdgujj`dkes

pohst`jhs kd sdod jdcd dmaetds d prdgujtds espejb`jds, susjept`moes ge johs`b`jhj`k

khturho`sth d ps`jd-leket`jh, s`kd thcm`k jdcd pr`kj`p`ds jdcpds`t`vds h k`veo post`jd

bdrcho.

Ek este sekt`gd, pese h ods k`veoes ge gepurhj`k y eohmdrhj`k bdrcho, jdcd

h oh jdcpoea`zhj`k y evdouj`k sect`jh, ohs bdrchs ms`jhs ge expres`k phrej`erhk

chktekerse y prdbukg`zhrse ek su geshrrdood ps`jdleket`jd y sdj`dleket`jd.

Uk pr`cer jhsd gdkge gesthjhk ohs g`spds`j`dkes ge trhzd jdkt`kud ek eo

pohkd, sul`ere post`jhcekte ukh

jdcphrhj`k jdk eo g`muad dr`ektho jdkdj`gd jdcd suc`-e (ver Chkr`que, =992) d ek ods

trhzds geo p`ktdr `kloes \. Wurker88, gdkge trhzds s`cpoes puestds ek post`jh reohj`k

jdk eo aueld ge ooekds y vhjds ek g`vershs jdktrhstes y jdcm`khj`dkes g`hlrhct`jhs

sdmre oh ndah perc`te ukh `kb`k`tug ge expres`dkes post`jhs ge lrhk seks`m`o`ghg.

881 Rehse Mndc, Ghv`g y pYeht, Ghv`g (800>). J`ekj`h, Drgek y Jreht`v`ghg. Eg. Fh`rds

B`lurh nuchkh jdklhrhmhtds (: hds)

b`lurh nuchkh s`klhrhmhtds

B`lurh nuchkd`ge (nhj`hods 7 hds)

G`vershs B`lurhs nuchkhs ms`jhs h phrt`r ge jdcm`khj`k ge lhrhmhtds,g`hlrhchs, hlruphj`dkes, rhg`hoes y sdoes (nhj`h ods 7 hds)

B`lurh geo prdp`d perrd y k`h ge 7 hds,< ceses

G`muad b`lurht`vds ge persdkhy jhsh6 7, < hds

Jhsh ge okehs jdkt`kuhs ek hlrelhj`k yrejtkluods ge k`h ge 7,8 hds

G`muad yh b`lurht`vd h ods 5,hds, 7 ceses.

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Ek reohj`k jdk ohs hlruphj`dkes, jdoejj`dkes,

jdcm`khj`dkes y g`spds`j`dkes g`hlrhct`jhs ge ods

eoecektds pre-b`lurht`vds y b`lurht`vds prdp`hcekte thoes,

ek thktd phtrdkes jdcpds`t`vds, phrej`erh ser es uk rhsld

`cpdrthkte ge oh seks`m`o`ghg v`sd-esphj`ho ge oh

represekthj`k geo ndcmre phoedot`jd, ek oh uk`ghg jdk sus

dtrds sekt`gds, hjdstucmrhgd h g`st`klu`r cdv`c`ektds,

reohj`dkes, bou`gds, j`jods khturhoes, teks`dkes khturhoes,

etj., expreshgds ek esthj`dkes geo hd, chkhghs y lrupds

ge hk`choes d jdshs ek hjj`k, etj.8=

8=1 Rer Zjnke`ger, Chr`us(=998), ek Eo dr`lek cus`jho ge ods hk`choes ek oh c`tdodlh y oh esjuoturh hkt`luhs, sehoh que1 Uk gh dcds jhkthr h holukds kelrds sekelhoeses oh jhkj`k ge oh j`leh. Esth trhkspds`j`k ge tdghsohs prdp`eghges ge ods bekcekds ek eo pohkd hjst`jd sdod puege ver`b`jhrse cerjeg h oh uk`ghg ge odssekt`gds. Yhrh gdjucekthr esth uk`ghg ge ods sekt`gds, gemecds cekj`dkhr ukhs v`vekj`hs cuys`lk`b`jht`vhs. Uk gh dcds jhkthr h holukds kelrds sekelhoeses oh jhkj`k ge oh j`leh. Ge esth jhkj`kkd jdkdjhcds s`kd eo t`tuod. Hgecs, oh oetrh y estd es cuy s`lk`b`jht`vd- kd tek`h thcpdjd phrh odskelrds oh cekdr `cpdrthkj`h6 erh ukh jdsh purhcekte hjj`gektho6 kd ooelhmh h uk jdcekthr`d ho chrlek.Gurhkte ohs `khjhmhmoes repet`j`dkes ge oh jhkj`k kdthcds su ceodgh y ges`lkhcds ek jhgh phshae od quegespus ge holukhs repet`j`dkes ecpezhcds h ver ho esjujnhr oh jhkj`k. Necds ge hgvert`r que kd numdhv`sd prev`d pdr phrte ge ods `kglekhs k` sdspejnh pdr oh kuestrh ge que se trhthmh ge cs`jh gesjr`pt`vh.Jdk sdrpresh v`cds johrhcekte eo cdv`c`ektd prephrhtdr`d geo juerpd phrh vdohr, ods cdv`c`ektds ge ohshohs y geo jueood, eo cdcektd ge repdsd b`kho. Yeg`cds gespus h ods jhktdres hjohrhj`dkes cuy gethoohghshjerjh ge juhoes erhk ods cdv`c`ektds represekthgds ek oh jhkj`k y su s`tuhj`k exhjth gektrd ge ohceodgh. Oh jdrrespdkgekj`h que ex`st` ektre sus expo`jhj`dkes y kuestrhs prdp`hs hkdthj`dkes, bue ekverghg sdrprekgekte, pdr od exhjth6 pp. ::-:7 ().

Y`kturhs rupestres ek Hbr`jh y Eurdph (Hothc`rh, Ohjdux)

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Ek este chrjd gesthjh ek phrt`juohr, eo

hjtd ge hlruphr. Ek eo hrte pr`c`t`vd, ohs

hlruphj`dkes perc`tek ukh

hpreneks`k ndo`sth ge expres`dkes b`lurht`vhs ek

cdv`c`ektd e `kterreohj`k. Jdcd sehoh Ejd

(8000), oh hpreneks`k y jhpturh bdrcho y

sec`t`jh geo cdv`c`ektd h trhvs ge ods

esquechs cekthoes se hkjoh ek ohs chs ms`jhs

expres`dkes p`jtr`jhs ge kuestrh espej`e8:.

Jdk eo t`ecpd, phrej`erh que phrte

s`lk`b`jht`vh ge ohs expres`dkes post`jhs

ecp`ezhk h ser buertecekte ledcetr`zhghs ek su

expres`k bdrcho, `kjousd ooevhghs h jkdkes

estt`jds y juoturhoes chs hausthgds h

prdpdrj`dkes, jurvhs y bdrchs ledctr`jhs,

thchds, et.. Ukh bdrch phrt`juohr ge

ledcetr`zhj`dk sdk ods chkghohs dr`ekthoes.

Oh prdlres`vh ledcetr`zhj`dk y

r`lurds`ghg bdrcho thcm`k se dmservhk sdmre oh

presekj`h ge phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k, gesthjhkgd

`kjousd, pdr sdmre eo usd ge b`lurhs nuchkd`ges,

ohs g`spds`j`dkes rhg`hghs, jdk usd ge g`hldkhoes,

trhzds dkguohgds ek buerte jdktrhste jdk okehs

vert`jhoes y ndr`zdkthoes, y msquegh ge

g`spds`j`dkes s`ctr`jhs jdcd bdrch jdcpds`t`vh

ge g`spdker eoecektds b`lurht`vds ek uk c`scd

pohkd ge represekthj`k, s`ekgd gepurhgh y

ooevhgh h jkdkes estt`jds prdp`ds (ver Mduoehu,

Jnhroes, 8002). Ek este prdjesd, ohs g`spds`j`dkes

s`ctr`jhs, hktejegek y jdkg`j`dkhk `kjousd h oh

prdgujj`k b`lurht`vh prdp`hcekte tho. Ohs

g`spds`j`dkes sdk eo eae drlhk`zhgdr jdcpds`t`vd.

Oh perspejt`vh jdcd phtrk drlhk`zhgdr y

jdcpds`t`vd huk esth oeads ge geshrrdoohrse. Oh

c`rhgh se drlhk`zh ek mhse h jektrds,

prdpdrj`dkes, g`spds`j`dkes, s`cetrhs, hoturhs y

est`o`zhghs represekthj`dkes s`cmdo`jd-

b`lurht`vhs.

Gurhkte eo ]ekhj`c`ektd, pese h

hphrejer oh perspejt`vh, ods phtrdkes ge

g`spds`j`k se jdcpoea`zhk ledctr`jhcekte,

`ktekthkgd dr`ekthr oh c`rhgh ek jdktrhste y

aueld jdk oh prdbukg`ghg. Eo j`rjuod `cpoj`td geo

jdcps, bdjho`zh, dr`ekth e `kjousd g`r`le j`erths

perjepj`dkes y cdv`c`ektds ge jdcpds`j`dkes

yh prdp`hcekte b`lurht`vhs.

Oh bdrch expres`vh, ek thktd phtrk

jdcpds`t`vd, dperh jdcd verghgerd mhad

jdkt`kud cus`jho respejtd ge oh expres`k

represekthj`dkho-b lurht`vh. Chs huk, ek eo hrte

8:1 Rer kdj`dkes ge Dmaetd g`kc`jd y au`j`d perjept`vd tdchghs ge oh dmrh ge Ye`rje, ek Ejd, Nucmertd (8000), Fhkt y eodrk`tdrr`dkjd. Eg. Oucek.

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jdktecpdrked, ho `luho que ek oh cs`jh, esth uot`ch g`ceks`k b`lurht`vd-represekthj`dkho -ceog`jh, se ooelh h

brhlcekthr, gesjdcpdkerse, s`cpo`b`jhrse, bus`dkhrse y nhsth supr`c`rse `kjous`ve, chs kd eo geshrrdood ge ese puosd y

r`tcd ge bdkgd, eo equ`vhoekte ho mhad jdkt`kud, eo juho hgqu`ere kuevhs y r`jhs bdrchs ge expres`k.

Es hs, jdcd eo usd ge eoecektds kd b`lurht`vds s`cpoes (jdcd ods lhrhmhtds `kbhkt`oes) y oh expodrhj`k ge su

jdcpds`j`k ek eo pohkd, nh htrhgd pdr hutdres jdcd Fhkg`ksfy y eo hrte hmstrhjtd87, jdcd s`cpo`b`jhj`k ge okehs y

trhzds eoecekthoes ek g`versds phtrdkes ge g`spds`j`k.

Whcm`k gesthjhk cujnds trhmhads ge Yho Foee85, qu`ek rejurre jdksthktecekte h bdrchs jdcpds`t`vhs jdk uk

buerte usd ge hlrelhgds y jdcm`khj`dkes ge g`versds phtrdkes, e `kjousd ge represekthj`dkes yh b`lurht`vhs ms`jhs,

phrh hrt`juohr uk est`od jdcpds`t`vd phrt`juohr. Jdkjeptds jdcpds t`vds pohktehgds pdr Foee (ver Foee, 80)82 thoes

jdcd eo ge okeh y superb`j`e hjt`vh d `khjt`vh, se lekerhk, yh kd sdod pdr oh jdkt`ku`ghg ge ukh okeh, ho cdgd ge

bdrch d trhzd tdpdol`jd, s`kd thcm`k, ek eo jhsd ge ohs superb`j`es hjt`vhs, pdr oh jdkt`l`ghg jdcpds`t`vh ge b`lurhs y

okehs yh jerrhghs sdmre s` c`schs, ex`st`ekgd hgecs, `kb`k`ghg ge bdrchs `kterceg`hs ektre okehs d superb`j`es jdk

prdyejj`k hjt`vh d phs`vh, jdkt`kuh d g`sjdkt`kuh, ho cdgd ge ohs hlrelhj`dkes y ods pre-g`hlrhchs, hrt`juohkgd ukh

verghgerh uk`ghg cdkhg`jh jdcd oh gesjr`me Geoeuze (Rer Geoeuze, =999) ek s`c`o`tug jdk oh ledcetrh mhrrdjh ge

Oe`mk`z-8, `m`gec).851 Yhrh Foee, ho `luho que ek eo ods hlrelhgds `kbhkt`oes, oh jdcpds`j`k se reho`zhmh h phrt`r ge brhlcektds que se `mhk jdcpdk`ekgd1

Ek eo lrhk bdkgd ge ohs bdrchs yhjek brhlcektds rdtds, ge holukds ge ods juhoes hk kds hberrhcds. Eoodsprdveek ge chter`ho h oh hmstrhjj`k. Uk geps`td ge eoecektds `khutkt`jds phrh oh jrehj`k ge jr`sthoes`cpurds. / Hs es jdcd es ndy ek gh (Foee, Wne Wn`kf`kl eye, :87).

821 Foee g`st`klue g`versds phtrdkes jdcpds`t`vds ms`jds (ver pp. < - 89)18. Ukh okeh hjt`vh se geso`zh o`mrecekte s`k b`kho holukd. Eo jdkgujtdr es uk puktd que prdyejtkgdse

sujes`vhcekte.=. Ukh okeh `kterceg`h se nhooh ektre uk puktd ek cdv`c`ektd y uk ebejtd ge superb`j`e:. Ohs okehs phs`vhs sdk eo prdgujtd ge hjt`v`ghg sdmre eo pohkd (okeh que se gespohzh). Ohs okehs juhgrhs

y ohs okehs j`rjuohres, hcmhs phs`vhs, jdkst`tuyek bdrchs ge superb`j`es hjt`vhs.Yhrh Foee, od hkter`dr lekerh tres t`pds ge jhsds jdcpds`t`vhcekte nhmohkgd (pp. 88 y 8=)1

8. Okehs hjt`vhs, superb`j`es phs`vhs6 ekerlh o`keho (jhush) ebejtd o`keho (resuothgd) jdk ebejtdssejukghr`ds ge superb`j`e.

=. Okehs `kterceg`hs6 ekerlh o`keho (jhush), ebejtd ge superb`j`e (resuothgd).:. Zuperb`j`e hjt`vh, o`keh phsvh6 ekerl`h superb`j`ho (jhush), ebejtd ge superb`j`e o`keho sejukghr`d ()

8

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Mndc, Ghv`g (80>>). J`ekj`h, drgek y jreht`v`ghg. Ohs rhjes jreht`vhs ge oh j`ekj`h y oh v`gh. Eg. Fh`rds.

Mduoehu, Jnhroes (8002). Wrhchs1 Oh ledcetrh Zejreth ge ods Y`ktdres.Eg. Hfho.

Geoeuze, Y`ooes =9994. Eo Yo`elue.Eg.Yh`gds.

Geoeuze y Luhtthr` (=999). C`o Ceseths. Eg. Yre-Wextds.

Geoeuze, L`ooes (80>0). Eo Yo`elue.Eg. Yh`gds.

Beres, Hmgd Eo jdkjeptd ge sdmerhkh ek Zp`kdzh. Ukh oejturh gesge eo mhrrdjd, ek @R jdodqu`d ge sdmre

Zp`kdzh, =99>6 Eg. Mruahs.

Bohveoo, Adnk (8008). Oh Ys`jdodlh Evdout`vh ge Aehk Y`hlet.Eg. Yh`gds, Zer`e ps`jdodlhs s`lod ^^.

Ldcmr`jn, E. N. (80>>). Ceg`thj`dkes sdmre uk jhmhood ge auluete. Eg. GEMHWE.

Fhkg`ksfy, Rhs`o` (800:). Yuktd y Okeh sdmre eo Yohkd. Jdktr`muj`k ho hko`s`s ge ods eoecektds p`jtr`jds.

Eg. Ohmdr.

Feoodl. ]dgnh (800). Oh Hrqu`tejturh jdcd Oulhr. Eg. Ze`x Mhrrho.

Khvhrrd ge Quv`oohlh, Ahv`er (=999).@clekes ge oh perspejt`vh. Eg. Z`rueoh.

Yhz, Djthv`d (80552>

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nhkghrt.jdc/hrt`sts/phuo%=5=9foee/phuo%=5=9foee%=5=9whklye/`kgex%=5=9998.ntc&n388