ekonomi manajerian

8/11/2019 ekonomi manajerian

1/32

Managerial Economics & Business

Strategy

Chapter 2

Market Forces: Demand and Supply

McGraw-Hill/IrwinMichael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and

Business Strategy Copyright 2008 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


2/32

Overview

I. Market Demand Curve

The Demand Function

Determinants of Demand

Consumer Surplus

II. Market Supply Curve

The Supply Function Supply Shifters

Producer Surplus

III. Market Equilibrium

IV. Price Restrictions

V. Comparative Statics

2-2


3/32

Market Demand Curve

Shows the amount of a good that will be

purchased at alternative prices, holding

other factors constant.

Law of Demand

The demand curve is downward sloping.

Quantity

D

Price

2-3


4/32

Determinants of Demand

Income Normal good

Inferior good

Prices of Related Goods Prices of substitutes

Prices of complements

Advertising and

consumer tastes Population

Consumer expectations

2-4


5/32

The Demand Function

A general equation representing the demand curve

Qxd = f(Px ,PY , M, H,)

Qxd = quantity demand of good X. Px = price of good X.

PY = price of a related good Y.

Substitute good.

Complement good.

M = income.

Normal good.

Inferior good.

H = any other variable affecting demand.

2-5


6/32

Inverse Demand Function

Price as a function of quantity

demanded.

Example: Demand Function

Qxd = 102Px

Inverse Demand Function: 2Px = 10Qx

d

Px = 50.5Qxd

2-6


7/32

Change in Quantity Demanded

Price

Quantity

D0

4 7

6

Ato B: Increase in quantity demanded

B

10A

2-7


8/32

Price

Quantity

D0

D1

6

7

D0to D1: Increase inDemand

Change in Demand

13

2-8


9/32

Consumer Surplus:

The value consumersget from a good but donot have to pay for.

Consumer surplus willprove particularlyuseful in marketing andother disciplines

emphasizing strategieslike value pricing andprice discrimination.

2-9


10/32

I got a great deal!

That company offers a lot

of bang for the buck!

Dell provides good value.

Total value greatly exceeds

total amount paid.

Consumer surplus is large.

2-10


11/32

I got a lousy deal!

That car dealer drives ahard bargain!

I almost decided not to

buy it! They tried to squeeze the

very last cent from me!

Total amount paid is

close to total value. Consumer surplus is low.

2-11


12/32

Price

Quantity

D

10

8

6

4

2

1 2 3 4 5

Consumer Surplus:

The value received but not

paid for. Consumer surplus =

(8-2) + (6-2) + (4-2) = $12.

Consumer Surplus:

The Discrete Case

2-12


13/32

Consumer Surplus:

The Continuous Case

Price $

Quantity

D

10

8

6

4

2

1 2 3 4 5

Value

of 4 units = $24ConsumerSurplus =

$24 - $8 =

$16

Expenditure on 4 units = $2

x 4 = $8

2-13


14/32

Market Supply Curve

The supply curve shows the amount of a

good that will be produced at alternative

prices.

Law of Supply

The supply curve is upward sloping.Price

Quantity

S0

2-14


15/32

Supply Shifters

Input prices

Technology or

government regulations

Number of firms Entry

Exit

Substitutes in production

Taxes Excise tax

Ad valorem tax

Producer expectations

2-15


16/32

The Supply Function

An equation representing the supply curve:

QxS = f(Px ,PR ,W, H,)

QxS = quantity supplied of good X.

Px = price of good X.

PR = price of a production substitute.

W = price of inputs (e.g., wages).

H = other variable affecting supply.

2-16


17/32

Inverse Supply Function

Price as a function of quantity supplied.

Example:

Supply Function Qx

s = 10 + 2Px

Inverse Supply Function:

2Px = 10 + Qxs

Px = 5 + 0.5Qxs

2-17


18/32

Change in Quantity Supplied

Price

Quantity

S0

20

10

B

A

5 10

Ato B: Increase in quantity supplied

2-18


19/32

Price

Quantity

S0

S1

8

75

S0to S1: Increase in supply

Change in Supply

6

2-19


20/32

Producer Surplus

The amount producers receive in excess of the amountnecessary to induce them to produce the good.

Price

Quantity

S0

Q*

P*

2-20


21/32

Market Equilibrium

The Price (P) that Balances

supply and demand

Qx

S = Qx

d

No shortage or surplus

Steady-state

2-21


22/32

Price

Quantity

S

D

5

6 12

Shortage

12 - 6 = 6

6

If price is too low

7

2-22


23/32

Price

Quantity

S

D

9

14

Surplus

14 - 6 = 8

6

8

8

If price is too high

7

2-23


24/32

Penetapan Harga

Price Ceilings Penetapan harga Maksimum.

Contoh di Indonesia:

Penetapan harga BBM .

Price Floors

Penetapan Harga Dasar

Contoh di Indonesia:

Penetapan harga bahan-bahan pertanian seperti

kedelai, beras, gula dll.

2-24


25/32

Price

Quantity

S

D

P*

Q*

P Ceiling

Q s

PF

DAMPAK PENETAPAN HARGA

MAKSIMUM

Shortage

Q d

2-25

2000

3000

10 20 40 Qd>Qs


26/32

DAMPAK PENETAPAN HARGA DASAR

Price

Quantity

S

D

P*

Q*

Surplus

PF

Qd QS

2-26

3000

2000

10 20 30 Qs>Qd

C ti St ti A li b h


27/32

nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com,email : [email protected]

Comparative Statics: Analisa yang merubah

keseimbangan

Keseimbangan harga ditentukan oleh kekuatan

supply dan demand.

Supply dan demand ditentukan oleh nilai yangmempengaruhi supply dan demand

Perubahan satu atau kombinasi dari variabel

yang memempngaruhi demand dan supply akanmenyebabkan perubahan keseimabangan harga

dan kuantitas


28/32

Price

Quantity

P1

Q1

S

D


29/32

Peningkatan dalam Demand:

Demand bergeser ke kanan

Price

Quantity

P1

Q1

P2

Q2

Membandingkandan adalah

Comparative Statics


30/32

S

Q2

Harga bahan bakuturun

Sshifts to S

Surplus @ P1of Q1,Q2

Equilibrium @ P3,

Q3

P

Q

SD

P3

Q3Q1

P1

Perubahan dalam keseimbangan pasar


31/32


32/32

D S Income meningkat dan

harga bahan baku turun

The increase in Disgreater than the

increase in S

Equilibrium price andquantity increase to

P2, Q2

P

Q

S

P2

Q2

D

P1

Q1

Perubahan dalam keseimbangan pasar

ekonomi manajerian

Documents

Transcript of ekonomi manajerian