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    Training Bulletin

    CDM- Session-1

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    ContinuesFew examples of environmental issues of globalsignificance are :

    y Ozone layer depletion

    y Global warming

    y Loss of biodiversity

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    Ozone Layer Depletion

    Earth's atmosphere is divided into three

    regions, namely troposphere, stratosphere, andmesosphere. The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50kms from the Earths surface.

    Ozone is produced and destroyed naturally in the

    atmosphere and until recently, this resulted in a well-balanced equilibrium.

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    Ozone Production ProcessNatural ozone production

    Ultraviolet light

    O

    o3

    o3

    Natural ozone destruction

    o2 o3

    02

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    Ozone Depletion Process

    Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken

    down by man made chlorine and brominecompounds. These compounds are found to be mostresponsible for most of ozone layer depletion.

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    Chemistry of ozone depletionChemical equation is

    CFCI3+UV Light=> CFCI2+CICI+O3=> CIO+O2

    CIO+O3=> CI+O2

    The free chlorine atom is then free to attack another

    ozone moleculeCI+O3=> CIO+O2

    CIO+O3=> CI+O2

    And again same..

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    Effect of Ozone Layer Depletiony Effect on Human and Animal Health.

    y Effect on Terrestrial Plants.

    y Effect on Aquatic Ecosystems.

    y Effect on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles.

    y Effect on Air Quality.

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    Global Warming

    The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causing

    global warming is carbon dioxide. Over the last 100years, it was found out that the earth is getting warmerand warmer, unlike previous 8000 years whentemperatures have been relatively constant. The

    present temperature is 0.3-0.6*C warmer than it was100 yeas ago.

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    Source of Greenhouse Gases% Share of Greenhouse Gases

    carbon dioxide

    CFC

    Methane

    Ozone

    Nitrous Oxide

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    Global Warming Potentials

    GWPs measure the influence greenhouse

    gases have on the natural greenhouse effect, includingthe ability of greenhouse gas molecules to absorb ortrap heat and the length of time, greenhouse gasmolecules remain in the atmosphere before being

    removed or broken down.

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    Global warming (Climate Change)

    Implicationsy Rise in global temperature: Temperature is risen by

    about 0.6*C over the 20th centaury. It will rise by about

    6*C by the year 2100.y Rise in sea level: The mean sea level is expected 9 -

    88 cm by the year 2100.

    y Food shortage and hunger: Water resource will be

    affected as precipitation and evaporation patternschange around the world.

    y India could be more at risks than many othercountries.

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    Loss of Biodiversity

    Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on

    earth, and its biological diversity. It is now believedthat human activity is changing biodiversity andcausing massive extinctions. The word resourceinstitute reports that there is link between Biodiversity

    and climate change.

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    Climate Change Problem and

    Responsey The United Nations Framework Convention on

    Climate Change, (UNFCCC) : In June 1992, the

    UNFCCC was signed in Rio de Janeiro by over 150nations. The climate convention is the base forinternational co-operation within the climate changearea. In the convention the climate problems

    seriousness is stressed. There is a concern that humanactivities are enhancing the greenhouse effect, whichcan have serious consequences on human settlementsand ecosystems.

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    The Kyoto Protocol

    The 6 major greenhouse gases covered by the

    protocol are :y Carbon dioxide (CO2)

    y Methane (CH4)

    y Nitrous oxide (N2O)

    y Hydrofluoro carbons (HFCs)

    y Perfluoro carbons (PFCs)

    y Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

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    Emission Reductions

    Overall emissions of such gases by at least

    5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008to 2012. The amounts for each country are listed as %of the year, 1990 and range from 92% ( a reduction of8% ) for most European countriesto 110% ( an in

    crease of 10% ) for Iceland.

    Developing countries Responsibilities.

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    Indias Greenhouse Gas Emissions

    India has experienced a dramatic growth in fossil

    fuel CO2 emissions, and the data compiled by variousagencies shows an increase of nearly 5.9% since 1950.At present India is rated as the 6th largest contributorof CO2 emissions behind China, the 2nd largest

    contributor .

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    The Conference of the Parties

    (COP)

    The Conference of the Parties is the supreme body

    of the Climate change convention. The vast majority ofthe words countries are members ( 185 as of July 2001).The convention entries into force for a country 90 daysafter that country ratifies it. The COP held its first

    session in 1995 and will continue to meet annuallyunless decided otherwise.

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    The Flexible Mechanisms

    1) Emissions trading

    2) Joint implementation

    3) Clean development mechanism

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    The Flexible Mechanisms..y Emissions trading :

    Article 17 of the Kyoto protocol opens up for

    emissions trading between countries that have madecommitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.The countries have the option to delegate this rightof emissions trading to companies or other

    organiz

    ation.

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    The Flexible Mechanisms..y Joint implementation:

    Under article 6 of the Kyoto protocol anannex 1 country that has made a commitment forreducing greenhouse gases, can offer to, or obtainfrom another annex 1 country greenhouse gas

    emissions reductions.

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    The Flexible Mechanisms..y CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM)

    Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol defines the Clean

    Development mechanism, CDM. The purpose of CDMis to:

    a. Contribute to sustainable development indeveloping countries;

    b. Help Annex 1-coutries under the Kyoto Protocol tomeet their target.

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    Continue..

    Project cycle of CDM

    1. Project design &formulation

    2. National approval

    3. Validation/registration

    Project Design Document

    OperationalEntityA

    4. Project-financing Investors

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    Project cycle of CDM Continue..

    5. Monitoring

    6. Verification/certification

    ProjectParticipants

    OperationalEntity B

    Monitoring report

    Verification reports/certificationreport/Request for CERs

    Executive Board/

    Registry

    7. Issuance of CertifiedEmissions Reductions

    (CERs)

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    Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF)

    Recognizing that global warming will have the

    most impact on its borrowing client countries, theWorld Bank approved the establishment of thePrototype Carbon Fund (PCF). The PCF is intended toinvest in projects that will produce high quality

    greenhouse gas emissions reductions that could beregistered with the UNFCCC for the purposes of theKyoto Protocol.

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    Sustainable DevelopmentWhat is SustainableDevelopment?

    Sustainable Development is often defined as development that meets the needs of the present,without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs.

    Sustainable Development encompasses three basic andinter-related objectives:

    y Economic security and prosperityy Social development and advancement

    y Environmental sustainability

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    JAYESH PATEL