,e;jpa murpayikg;G...,e;jpa murpayikg;G Page 2 Vnddpy; ,e;jpahtpy fkngdp eph;thfjjpd kPJ gphpl;b\;...

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,e;jpa murpayikg;G Page 1 murpay; mwptpaypd; je; ij - mhp]; lhl; by; murpayikg;G murpayikg;G vd; gJ xU ehl;L kf; fis Ml;rpGhpAk; mbg;gil -ahd murpay; Kiwiaf; $WtjhFk;. murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph; thfk; > eP jpj; Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;W -tpj;J> mtw; wpd; mjpfhuq; fis tiuaWj; J> nghWg;Gfisg; gFj; J> mtw; Wld; kf; fSf;Fk; cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj; JtNj murpayikg;G MFk;. ,e; jpa murpayikg; G cyfpNyNa kpf eP skhd vOjg;gl;l murpayikg; G MFk; . murpayikg; G eilKiwg; -gLj; jg; gl; l nghOJ 395 gphpTfs; > 22 gphpTfs; > 12 ml; ltizfs; ,Ue; jd. jw;nghOJ 465 gphpTfs; 25 gFjpfs; > 12 ml; ltizfs; cs;sd. ,e;ePz; l murpayikg;gpw; fhd Kf; fpa fhuzq;fs; : ehl;bd; gue; j Gtpaikg; G fhyzpahjpf; f rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpd; tsh; r; rp Mfpa -tw; why; Vw;gl; l mOj;jk; Nghd; w tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs; [k;K kw; Wk; fh\; kPh; jtpu ehL KOtjw;Fk; xNu murpayikg;G murpayikg;G eph; zarigapy; ,lk; ngw; w rl; l ty;Yeh; fspd; Mjpf;fk; . ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rl;ltsh;r;rp ekJ murpayikg;gpd; gy; NtW rpwg;gpay; Gfs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp -apd; jhf; fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mq;fpNyah; fshy; Vw;gLj; jg; gl;l fhyzp Mjpf;fr; rl;lq; fs; ekJ murpaYf; Fk; > murpayikg; Gf;Fk; J}z; Ljyhf cs; sd. mit. I. tzpff; FOtpd; fP o; rl; l tsh; r;rp xOq;F Kiwr; rl; lk; (1773) : ,q;fpyhe; J gpujkh; ‘ehh; j; gpuG” tzpff; FOtpd; tptfhuq;fis tprhhpf;f Njh; Tf; FOit epakpj; jhh; . ,e; jpa murpayikg; G tuyhw; wpy; 1773 xOq; F Kiwr;rl; lk; kpf Kf; fpakhdJ.

Transcript of ,e;jpa murpayikg;G...,e;jpa murpayikg;G Page 2 Vnddpy; ,e;jpahtpy fkngdp eph;thfjjpd kPJ gphpl;b\;...

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 1

    murpay; mwptpaypd; je;ij - mhp];lhl;by;

    murpayikg;G

    murpayikg;G vd;gJ xU ehl;L

    kf;fis Ml;rpGhpAk; mbg;gil

    -ahd murpay; Kiwiaf;

    $WtjhFk;.

    murpd; jiyaha mq;fq;fshfpa

    rl;lkpaw;Wk; rig> eph;thfk;>

    ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; Njhw;W

    -tpj;J> mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fis

    tiuaWj;J> nghWg;Gfisg;

    gFj;J> mtw;Wld; kf;fSf;Fk;

    cs;s cwTfis newpg;gLj;JtNj

    murpayikg;G MFk;.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfpNyNa

    kpf ePskhd vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G

    MFk;. murpayikg;G eilKiwg;

    -gLj;jg;gl;l nghOJ 395 gphpTfs;> 22

    gphpTfs;> 12 ml;ltizfs; ,Ue;jd.

    jw;nghOJ 465 gphpTfs; 25 gFjpfs;>

    12 ml;ltizfs; cs;sd. ,e;ePz;l

    murpayikg;gpw;fhd Kf;fpa

    fhuzq;fs;:

    ehl;bd; gue;j Gtpaikg;G

    fhyzpahjpf;f rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

    murpayikg;gpd; tsh;r;rp Mfpa

    -tw;why; Vw;gl;l mOj;jk; Nghd;w

    tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;

    [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; jtpu ehL

    KOtjw;Fk; xNu murpayikg;G

    murpayikg;G eph;zarigapy;

    ,lk;ngw;w rl;l ty;Yeh;fspd;

    Mjpf;fk;.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rl;ltsh;r;rp ekJ murpayikg;gpd; gy;NtW

    rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp

    -apd; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    Mq;fpNyah;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l

    fhyzp Mjpf;fr; rl;lq;fs; ekJ

    murpaYf;Fk;> murpayikg;Gf;Fk;

    J}z;Ljyhf cs;sd. mit.

    I. tzpff;FOtpd; fPo; rl;l tsh;r;rp

    xOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; (1773) :

    ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; ‘ehh;j; gpuG”

    tzpff;FOtpd; tptfhuq;fis

    tprhhpf;f Njh;Tf; FOit

    epakpj;jhh;.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy;

    1773 xOq;F Kiwr;rl;lk; kpf

    Kf;fpakhdJ.

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 2

    Vnddpy; ,e;jpahtpy; fk;ngdp

    eph;thfj;jpd; kPJ gphpl;b\;

    ehlhSkd;wk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghL-

    fisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd

    Kjy; Kaw;rpahf mr;rl;lk;

    mike;jJ.

    ,r;rl;lk; Kjd; Kiwahf> fk;ngdp

    Ml;rpf;fhf vOjg;gl;l

    murpayikg;G xd;iw toq;fpaJ.

    fk;ngdp murpay; kw;Wk; eph;thfg;

    nghWg;Gfis mq;fPfhpj;jJ.

    1. tq;fhsk;> Kk;ig> nrd;id Mfpa

    khfhzq;fspd; eph;thf

    mikg;gpid xNu mjpfhu

    mikg;gpd;fPo; nfhz;Ltur;

    nra;jJ.

    2. tq;fhs MSeiu Nkw;fz;l

    %d;W khfhzq;fSf;Fk; jiyik

    MSeuhf epakpj;jJ. Kjy; MSeh;

    - thud; N`];bq;];.

    3. jiyik MSeUf;F cjtp Ghpa

    ehd;F Ngh; nfhz;l

    MNyhridf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

    4. fy;fj;jhtpy; xU jiyik

    ePjpkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. (1774)

    5. (1- jiyik ePjpgjpAk; 3 - Jiz

    ePjpgjpfSk; ,Ug;ghh;)

    6. Copah;fspd; jdpahh; tpahghuk;

    jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

    gpl; ,e;jpar; rl;lk; (1784) (Mf];by;):

    1773-y; cs;s eilKiw

    rpf;fy;fis fisa gpl; ,e;jpar;

    rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    1. fk;ngdpapd;; tzpff;FOTf;F

    ,af;Feh; nghWg;G kl;LNk

    mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

    2. murpay; tptfhuq;fisf;

    ftdpg;gjw;fhf MW

    cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l

    'fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;"

    mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J

    muruhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

    3. ,e;jpa eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd

    mYty;fisf; ftdpf;f

    ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jdpj;Jiw

    mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

    rhrdr; rl;lk; (1813):

    xt;nthU ,Ugjhz;LfSf;F

    xUKiw rhrdr; rl;lq;fis

    fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;

    rhrdj;ij ePl;bf;f tif nra;jJ.

    fy;tpf;F xU ,yl;rk; epjpahf

    toq;fg;gl;lJ.

    rhrdr; rl;lk; (1833):

    jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;

    $l;lq;fis rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd

    $l;lq;fs; vd;Wk;> eph;thff;

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 3

    $l;lq;fs; vd;Wk; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f

    tif nra;jJ.

    1. midj;J rptpy;> uhZt

    mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp>

    fz;fhzpf;fpw mjpfhuk; jiyik

    MSehpd; fTd;rpYf;F

    mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

    2. $Ljyhf rl;l cWg;gpdh; xUth;

    epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. (nkf;fhNy)

    3. ika muR typik cilajhfpwJ.

    khfhzq;fs; jq;fSf;nfd

    rl;lkpaw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; chpikfs;

    ,oe;jd.

    rhrdr; rl;lk; (1853):

    1. rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpf;fhf jiyik

    MSehpd; fTd;rpypy; NkYk; MW

    cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;.

    2. fTd;rpypd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpAk;>

    eph;thfg; gzpAk; jpl;ltl;lkhf

    tiuaWf;fg;gl;ld.

    3. muRg; gzpfSf;F Nghl;bj;

    Njh;it mwpKfk; nra;jJ.

    4. Kjd; Kiwahf cs;ehl;L

    kf;fSf;F ika rk gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.

    ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1858):

    1. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;

    eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa

    Ml;rpg; gFjpfs; midj;Jk;

    Nehpilahf gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo;

    te;jd.

    2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpypy;

    mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis

    mjhtJ> ,e;jpah;fis ,izj;Jf;

    nfhs;s top nra;jJ.

    3. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh;

    “muRg; gpujpepjp” vd

    miof;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd;gb Kjy;

    murg; gpujpepjp itrpuha;

    fhdpq;gpuG Mthh;.

    II. gphpl;b\; murpd; fPo; rl;ltsh;r;rp

    ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1861):

    1. rl;lkpaw;wy;> gpujpepjpj;Jt

    mikg;Gfspy; njhlf;fkhf ,J

    mike;jJ.

    2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpypy;

    mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis

    mjhtJ> ,e;jpah;fis

    ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s top tif

    nra;jJ.

    3. gk;gha;> nrd;id khfhzq;fs;

    Kd;G ,oe;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;

    mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;wd.

    ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1892):

    1. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;>

    khfhz fTd;rpy;fspy; $Ljy;

    cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mit

    tphpTgLj;jg;gl;ld.

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 4

    etPd ,iwahz;ik Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij - [Pd; Nghbd;

    2. mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis

    epakdk; nra;a kiwKfj; Njh;jy;

    Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

    3. fTd;rpy; cWg;gpdh;fs; tuT-nryT

    mwpf;if gw;wp tpthjk; elj;jTk;>

    nghJkf;fs; eyd; fUjp tpdhf;fs;

    vOg;gTk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

    4. gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> eph;thfj;Jiw

    ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf

    ,Uj;jy; Kjypa nfhs;iffs;

    ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; nray;tbtk;

    ngwj; njhlq;fpd.

    ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; (1909):

    (kpz;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;)

    1. kj;jpa> khfhz fTd;rpy;fs; NkYk;

    tphpTgLj;jg;gl;L> mtw;wpd;

    nray;ghLfSk;

    tphpTgLj;jg;gl;ld.

    2. jiyik MSehpd; fTd;rpy;fspy;>

    epakd cWg;gpdh;fs;

    ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;> khfhz

    fTd;rpy;fspy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

    cWg;gpdh;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahfTk;

    ,Ue;jd.

    3. rhjp mbg;gilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jt

    KiwAk;> ,];yhkpaUf;Fj;

    jdpj;njhFjp KiwAk; mwpKfk;

    nra;ag;gl;ld.

    4. cWg;gpdh;fs; gl;n[l; kPJ

    Jizf;Nfs;tpfs;; vOg;gTk;>

    jPh;khdq;fs; nfhz;L tuTk;

    mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;ldh;.

    ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1919):

    (khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L)

    1. kj;jpapy; ,Ue;j rl;lkpaw;Wk;

    fTd;rpYf;Fg; gjpyhf

    khfhzq;fspd; mit (Nkyit)>

    rl;lkd;wg; Nguit (fPoit) vd;w

    ika muRg;

    gzpfs;> khepy muRg; gzpfs; vd

    gphpj;jwpag;gl;ld.

    4. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il Ml;rp

    Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

    ,jd;gb khfhz murpd; gzpfs;

    MSehpd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo;

    xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; vdTk;>

    rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gila

    mikr;rhpd; fPo; khw;wg;gl;l gzpfs;

    vdTk; gfph;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.

    5. Kjd; Kiw Neubj; Njh;jy;Kiw

    mwpKfk; jkpo;ehL muRg;gzpahsh;

    Njh;thizak; 1924

    mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 5

    ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; (1935):

    1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;B\;

    khfhzq;fisAk; ,iza

    tpUg;gKs;s RNjr muRfisAk;

    cs;slf;fpa ‘midj;jpe;jpa

    $l;luR” mikg;G xd;W cUthf

    topnra;jJ. vdpDk;> RNjr

    muRfs; cld;glhjjhy; $l;luR

    cUthftpy;iy.

    2. ,Jtiu gphpl;B\; ,e;jpah

    eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;j XuLf;F

    Kiwf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp

    itf;fg;gl;lJ.

    3. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb murhq;fj;jpd;

    mjpfhuq;fs; %d;W gl;bay;fshfg;

    gphpf;fg;gl;ld. mit $l;lhl;rp

    (kj;jpa) gl;bay;> khfhzg;gl;bay;

    kw;Wk; nghJg;gl;bay; vd;gdthFk;.

    4. khfhz muRfs;> khfhzg;

    gl;baypy; cs;s gzpfspy; kj;jpaf;

    fl;Lg;ghL VJkpd;wp eph;thfk;

    kw;Wk; rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpfis

    Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba jdpnahU

    rl;lg;G+h;t mikg;ghf cUg;ngw;wd.

    5. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; ,ul;il

    Ml;rp Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

    xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; jiyik

    MSeh; kw;Wk; mtuJ eph;thff;

    FOtpd; fPOk;> khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;

    mikr;ruitapd; nghWg;gpYk;

    tplg;gl;ld.

    6. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw

    xopf;fg;gl;L khfhz Rahl;rp

    mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

    7. khfhz murhq;fk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;

    -gl;l mikr;rh;fspd; nghWg;gpy;

    tplg;gl;lJ. mikr;ruit

    rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F $l;Lg;nghWg;G

    cilajhFk;.

    8. MSeh; eph;thfg; FOtpd;

    jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;. mth;

    mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gb

    nray;gLthh; vd tpjpKiwfs;

    nra;ag;gl;ld.

    9. tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gk;gha;> If;fpa

    khfhzk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; m];]hk;

    khfhzq;fs; ,uz;L mitfisf;

    nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fs;

    Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

    10. xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; MW

    ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp

    ePjpkd;wk; nly;ypapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; : (1947)

    1. ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd ,uz;L

    FbNaw;w ehLfis (nlhkpdpad;)

    cUthf;f 1947 Mf];l; 15 Mk;

    Njjp ehs; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    5. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;b\;

    Nguurpapd; nghWg;GfSk;> ,e;jpar;

    RNjr muRfs; kPjhd Nkyhjpf;fk;

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 6

    1947 Mf];l; 15 NjjpapypUe;J

    fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.

    2. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fspy; VNjDk;

    xd;wpy; RNjr muRfs; ,ize;J

    nfhs;syhk;. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;

    -fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf ,uz;L

    fth;dh; n[duy;fis gphpl;b\;

    Nguurp epakpg;ghh;.

    3. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fSf;Fk;

    jdpj;jdpahf rl;lkd;wq;fs;

    ,Uf;Fk;. gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;

    -jpd; jiyaPL ,d;wpr; rl;lkpaw;Wk;

    KO mjpfhuk; mtw;Wf;F cz;L.

    4. nlhkpdpad;fis Ml;rpGhptjw;

    -fhd jw;fhypf Vw;ghlhf> ,uz;L

    nlhkpdpad;fspd; murpay; eph;za

    rigfSf;Fk; nlhkpdpad;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;fhd me;j];J

    mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

    5. gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; Mfpa

    khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis

    tiuaWg;gjw;F vy;iy Mizak;

    Vw;gLj;jg;gLnkd

    mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    6. ,e;jpar; Rje;jpu rl;lk; 1947ia

    KOikahf mky;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;

    Njitahd tp\aq;fs; Fwpj;J

    jw;fhypf Mizfs; gpwg;gpf;;f

    fth;dh; n[duYf;F mjpfhuk;

    toq;fg;gl;lJ.

    6. ,r;rl;lk; kj;jpapYk;>

    khfhzq;fspYk; rl;lkd;wq;

    -fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fq;

    -fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

    7. ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fSf;fhd

    mikr;rhpd; gzpfs;> ,e;jpahtpd;

    Kg;gilfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd

    epge;jidfisAk; gphpl;b\;

    ,uhZtk;> flw;gil> thd;gil

    Mfpatw;wpd; kPjhd gphpl;b\;

    Nguurpapd; mjpfhu tuk;GfisAk;

    mr;rl;lk; tiuaWj;jJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fk;

    ,e;jpahtpy; fk;A+dprpa ,af;fj;jpd;

    Kd;Ndhbahd M.N. uha; 1934 Mk;

    Mz;L ,e;jpah;fSf;nfd murpay;

    rl;lk; cUthf Ntz;Lk; vd

    fUjpdhh;.

    gpd;dh; Nfgpndl; JhJf;FOtpd;

    ghpe;Jiug;gb> ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    FO 16.05.1946y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 7

    NfgpNdl; JhJf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;

    1. ngj;jpf; yhud;]; 2. rh;.];lhg;Nghh;L fphpg;]; 3. V.tp. mnyf;]hz;lh;

    murpay; mikg;G FOf;fSf;fhd

    Njh;jypy; 208 fhq;fpu];

    cWg;gpdh;fSk;> 73 K];yPk; yPf;

    cWg;gpdh;fSk;

    Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.

    murpayikg;G FOtpd; nkhj;j

    cWg;gpdh;fs; - 389 Ngh; (,jpy; 292

    Ngh; Njh;jy; %yKk;> 93 Ngh;

    epakdk; %yKk;> 4 Ngh; jiyik

    fkp\dh; gjtpapypUe;Jk;

    Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.

    ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rig 13

    FOf;fis mikj;jJ.

    Njhuhakhd tiuT vk;.vd;.uha;

    mth;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ

    ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; ,q;fpyhe;J

    ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 18 [{iy 1947y;

    epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;

    eilKiwf;F tUk;tiu 1935 k;

    Mz;bd; ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk;

    eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.

    NeUitg; gpujkuhff; nfhz;l

    ,ilf;fhy muR 1946

    epWtg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kjy;

    $l;lk; 9 brk;gh; 1946y; nly;ypapy;

    eilngw;wJ. murpay; mikg;G

    FOtpd; jw;fhypf jiytuhf

    lhf;lh;. rr;rpjhde;j rpd;̀ h Njh;T

    nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

    gpd;dh;>11 brk;gh; 1946y; lhf;lh;.

    ,uhN[e;jpugpurhj; mth;fs; epue;ju

    jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

    1947 Mf];L 29-k; ehs; tiuTf;

    FOtpd; jiytuhf lhf;lh; gp. Mh;.

    mk;Ngj;fhh; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

    13 brk;gh; 1946y; NeU mth;fs;

    murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giuia

    toq;fpdhh;.

    ,jpy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;

    Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

    ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;f

    nkhj;jk; 22 FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd.

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 8

    khfhz

    murpayikg;Gf;

    FO jiyth;

    rh;jhh; ty;ygha;

    gNly;

    mbg;gil

    chpikfs; kw;Wk;

    rpWghd;ikapdh;

    FO jiyth;

    rh;jhh; ty;ygha;

    gNly;

    nfhbf;FO

    jiyth;

    N[.gp. fpUghsdp

    ika murpd;

    mjpfhuk; Fwpj;j

    FO jiyth;

    [t`h;yhy; NeU

    khepy

    muRfSld;

    Ngr;R thh;j;ij

    FO

    lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu

    gpurhj;

    ika murpd;

    murpayikg;Gf;

    FO

    [t`h;yhy; NeU

    tifg;gLj;Jk;

    FO

    lhf;lh;. uhN[e;jpu

    gpurhj;

    tiuTf;FO 29 Mf];L 1947 y;

    lhf;lh;. mk;Ngj;fh; jiyikapy;

    mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpw;gp vd

    miof;fg;gLgth; - lhf;lh;. gp. Mh;.

    mk;Ngj;fh;

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G FOtpd;

    rl;l MNyhrfuhf ,Ue;jth; - gp.

    vd;. uht;

    Murpa ikg;G FO ,e;jpa murpay;

    mikg;ig cUthf;f 2 Mz;Lfs;

    11 khjq;fs; 18 ehl;fs;

    Njitg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G FO

    cWg;gpdh;fs; 284 Ngh;

    ifnahg;gkpl;L 26 etk;gh; 1949 y;

    murpayikg;G

    Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;

    -nfhz;l nghOJ FbAhpik>

    ghuhSkd;wk;> Njh;jy;fs; Mfpad

    eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

    tiuTf;FOtpy; ,Ue;j kw;w

    cWg;gpdh;;fs;:

    P. my;yhb fpU\;zrhkp Iah;

    N.Nfhghy;rhkp Iaq;fhh;> lhf;lh; K.M. Kd;\p iraJ KfkJ rhJy;yh B.L.kpl;lh; (vd;.khjtuht;) D.P. ifj;jhd;

    (b.b. fpU\;zkhr;rhhp)

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 9

    murpay; mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l

    -NghJ mjpy; 8 ml;ltizfs;> 22

    gFjpfs;> 395 \uj;Jfs; ,Ue;jd.

    jw;NghJ 12-ml;ltizfs;> 465

    \uj;Jf;fs; 25 gFjpfs; cs;sJ.

    1930 y; [dthp 26 k; ehs; G+uz

    Rauh[;[pa jpdkhf mDrhpf;fg;

    -gl;L njhlh;e;J me;ehis

    nfhz;lhb te;jjhy;> 26 [dthp

    1950 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lk;

    eilKiwf;F te;j ehshf

    nfhz;lhLfpNwhk;.

    murpay; eph;za rigapy; fye;J

    nfhs;shj Kf;fpa jiyth;fs;

    kfhj;kh fhe;jp> KfkJ myp

    [pd;dh

    murpay; eph;za rig cUthf;Fk;

    NghJ rl;lkd;wj; jiytuhf

    ,Ue;jth; [p.tp. kht;yq;fh;.

    murpayikg;G eph;za rig :

    nghJthf Xh; ,iwahz;ik

    kf;fshl;rp ehl;by; murpayikg;ig

    cUthf;Fk; gzpia> me;ehl;L

    kf;fSf;F gpujpepjpfs; mlq;fpa

    Xh; mikg;Ng Nkw;nfhs;Sk;>

    murpayikg;ig ,aw;wp Vw;Wf;

    nfhs;tjw;fhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk;>

    mj;jifa mikg;gpw;F

    murpayikg;G eph;za rig vd;W

    ngah;.

    murpayikg;G eph;za rig vd;w

    fUj;J ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa ,af;f

    tsh;r;rpAld; ePz;l njhlh;Gila

    xd;whFk;.

    ,e;jpa kf;fs; jkf;Fj;jhNk Xh;

    murpayikg;ig ,aw;wpf;

    nfhs;tjw;fhf murpay; eph;za

    rig xd;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;

    vd;w fUj;J 1919 Mk; Mz;L

    ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lj;jpd;

    tiutpNyNa ,Ue;jJ.

    1928 Nk 19Mk; Njjp gk;ghapy;

    eilngw;w midj;Jf; fl;rp khehL

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;

    Nfhl;ghLfis tiuaWg;gjw;fhf

    Nkhjpyhy; NeUtpd; jiyikapy;

    xU FOit mikj;jJ.

    mf;FO mspj;j “NeU mwpf;if”

    ,e;jpahtpw;fhd KO epiwthd

    murpayikg;G xd;iw ,aw;w

    ,e;jpah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy;

    Kaw;rpahFk;.

    1936 Mk; Mz;bd; yf;Ndh

    fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ntspapypUe;J

    jpzpf;fg;gLk; ve;j tpjkhd

    murpayikg;gpidAk; Vw;f

    KbahJ vdTk;> taJ te;Njhh;

    thf;Fhpik %yk;

    Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; murpay;

    eph;za rigahy; cUthf;fg;gLk;

    FbauR vd;w E}iy vOjpath; - gpNshl;Nlh

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 10

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tbtikg;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhd gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhpd; fUj;jpw;fpzq;f tpjp 32 murpayikg;gpd; capUk; ,jaKk; MFk;.

    murpayikg;gpidNa Vw;f KbAk;

    vdTk; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ.

    1940Mk; Mz;L Kjd; Kiwahf

    murpay; eph;za rigf; Nfhhpf;if

    Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

    mjd; gpd;dh; fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO

    (1942)> Gjpa murpayikg;ig

    cUthf;Fk; gzp Kw;wpYk;

    ,e;jpah;fs; trk; tplg;gLk; vd;Wk;>

    murpay; eph;za rigahy;

    tiuag;gLk; murpayikg;ig

    gphpl;b\; muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

    vd;W mwptpj;jJ.

    ,Wjpahf 1946 Mk; Mz;L khh;r;

    15y; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; ml;ypapd;

    mwptpg;ig njhlh;e;J>

    mikr;ruitj; J}Jf;FOtpd;

    jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa

    tpLjiyr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F

    tUk; tiuapy; ,e;jpa

    murpayikg;G eph;za rig

    ,iwahz;ikiag; ngw;wpUf;f

    -tpy;iy.

    tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;dNu ,iwah

    -z;ikAilajhf khwptpl;lJ.

    ,e;jpah tpLjiy mile;jNghJ

    mjw;nfd murpayikg;G

    eilKiwf;F tUk;tiu gphpl;b\;

    ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa 1935 Mk;

    Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murhq;f

    rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

    murpayikg;G eph;za rigapd;

    gpwgzpfs; :

    murpayikg;G eph;za rigahdJ>

    murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ

    jtpu> gpw gzpfisAk; Mw;wpaJ.

    mitahtd :

    1. fhkd;nty;j; mikg;gpy; ,e;jpah

    cWg;gpduhtjw;F Vw;gspg;G

    toq;fpaJ (Nk 1949)

    2. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpaf; nfhbia

    mwptpj;jJ ([{iy 22> 1947)

    3. Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;F %d;W

    thufhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng mq;fPfhuk;

    mspj;jJ.

    4. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa fPjj;ijAk;>

    Njrpag; ghliyAk; Vw;Wf;

    nfhz;lJ. ([dthp 24> 1950)

    ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauRj;

    jiytuhf lhf;lh;. ,uhN[e;jpug;

    gpurhj; mth;fisj;

    Njh;e;njLj;jJ. ([dthp 24> 1950).

  • ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    Page 11

    gy;NtW ehLfspd; murpay; mikg;G %yq;fs;

    mit>

    mnkhpf;fh Kfg;Giu

    mbg;gil chpikfs;

    ePjpg; Gzuha;T

    ePjpgjpfs; gjtp ePf;fk;

    jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; ePjpkd;wk;

    ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;w Kiw>gpujk ke;jphp>rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;

    Kiw

    rl;lj;jpd; top Ml;rp>xw;iwf; FbAhpik

    mah;yhe;J muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwfs;

    FbauRj; jiythpd; Njh;jy; Kiw

    ,uh[;a rigf;F 12 cWg;gpdh; epakdk;

    fdlh kj;jpapy; typikAld; $ba $l;lhl;rp Kiw

    mjpfhug; gfph;T kw;Wk; kj;jpa murplk; vQ;rpa

    mjpfhuq;fs;

    njd; M‡g;hpf;fh rl;ljpUj;j Kiw

    u\;ah mbg;gilf; flikfs;

    M];jpNuypah nghJg;gl;bay;>kj;jpa khepy cwTfs;

    n[h;kdp mtruepiy gpufldj;jpd; NghJ mbg;gil

    chpikfs; ,ilePf;fk;

    [g;ghd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;> eilKiwAk;

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    rl;lk;> 1935 (%d;wpy;

    ,uz;L gq;F ,jpypUe;J

    vLf;fg;gl;lJ)

    $l;lhl;rp Kiw> MSeh; gjtp>

    neUf;fb fhy epiy

  • KfTiu

    Page 1

    KfTiu

    Kfg;Giu vd;gJ ,aw;wg;gl;l

    rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J

    itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;.

    Kjd;Kjypy; Kfg;Giuia

    murpayikg;gpy; toq;fpa ehL

    mnkhpf;fh. mjid njhlh;e;J

    ,e;jpah kw;Wk; gy ehLfs;

    toq;fpaJ.

    Kfg;Giu:

    ,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk;> ,e;jpahit

    xU ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkjh;kk;

    rhh;e;j> kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp>

    FbauR mikf;fTk;> mjd; Fbkf;fs;

    midtUf;Fk;

    r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp

    (JUSTICE) fpilf;fTk;

    rpe;jidapy; rpe;jidia

    ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;>

    gw;WWjpapy; kw;Wk; topghl;by;

    Rje;jpuKk; (LIBERTY)>

    jFjp epiyapy; kw;Wk; tha;g;gpy;

    rkj;Jtk; (EQUALITY)> cWjpahf

    midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;aTk;>

    jdp xUthpd; khz;Gf;Fk;>

    rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij (FRATERNITY)

    midthplj;jpy; tsh;f;fTk;> ehl;bd;

    xw;Wikf;Fk;> xUikghl;Lf;Fk;

    cWjpaspf;Fk;

    tpOkpa KiwikAs;s cWjp

    G+z;L> 1949 etk;gh; 26-k; ehshfpa

    ,d;W ek;Kila murpayikg;G

    eph;za rigapy;>

    ,t;turpayikg;ig Vw;W rl;lkhf

    ,aw;wp ekf;F ehNk toq;fpf;

    nfhs;fpNwhk;.

  • KfTiu

    Page 2

    gz;bj [t`h;yhy; NeU

    mth;fshy; brk;gh; 13> 1946 y;

    ,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd;

    Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa jPh;khdk;

    Kd;nkhopag;gl;L> [dthp

    22>1947y; murpay; eph;za

    rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

    gpd;G ,J ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;

    Kfg;Giuahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F Kfg;Giu

    Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath; -

    [t`h;yhy; NeU. kf;fNs

    mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;W

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu

    $WfpwJ.

    ,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik cila

    rkjh;k> kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp

    kw;Wk; FbauR ehlhf cs;sJ.

    ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>

    rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait ekJ

    Nehf;fq;fs; vdTk; murpayikg;G

    rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu $WfpwJ.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu

    ",e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Md;kh" -

    vd;W $wpath; jh$h;jh]; ghh;ft;.

    murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

    NghNj KfTiuAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;

    -gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;>

    kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,jpy;

    Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;

    gl;l ehs; etk;gh; 26> 1949.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;

    Kfg;Giuapy; cs;s rkj;Jtk;>

    Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs;

    gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; topahf

    Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd;gb

    ,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik ngw;w

    kf;fshl;rpf; FbauR vdTk;>

    rkjh;k newp rhh;e;j> kjr;rhh;gw;w

    FbauR vdTk; $WfpwJ.

    Nfrthde;j ghujp - Nfush muir

    vjph;j;J njhlq;fpa tof;fpy; (1973)

    Kd;Diu 'murpay; mikg;gpd; xU

    gFjpNa" vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk;

    $wpaJ.

    ,iwahz;ik nfhz;l rkjh;k

    rkarhh;gw;w kf;fshl;rp Fbauir

    mikj;jpl cWjp G+z;l ,e;jpa

    kf;fshfpa ehk;> midj;J

    Fbkf;fSk; r%f> nghUshjhu>

    murpay; ePjp vz;zj;jpy;>

    ntspg;gLj;jypy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;

    gw;WWjpapy;> topgLjypy; Rje;jpuk;

    jFjpepiyapYk; tha;g;GhpikapYk;

  • KfTiu

    Page 3

    ,e;jpahtpd; caph; ehb fpuhkq;fs; vd;W $wpath; kfhj;kh fhe;jp

    rkepiy ngwTk; mij mth;fs;

    ahthplj;Jk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jdpegh;

    fz;zpak;> kw;Wk; ehl;bd; xw;Wik

    kw;Wk; xUikg;g hL nfhz;l

    rNfhjuj;Jtk; ngw;wpl cWjp nra;J>

    ,e;j 1949-Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk;

    26-Mk; ehs;> ekJ murpayikg;G

    mitapy; ,e;j murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lj;ij ,q;F Vw;W> ,aw;wp ekf;F

    toq;FfpNwhk;.

    Kfg;Giuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :

    1. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij

    ,aw;wpath;fs; ve;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf

    mjid ,aw;wpdhh;fs;> mjd;

    %yk; mth;fs; mila tpUk;gpa

    murpay;> rKjha> nghUshjhu

    khWjy;fs; ahit vd;gd gw;wpa

    Fwpg;Gfis KfTiu gfph;fpwJ.

    2. murpayikg;gpd; cl;gphpTfspy;

    fhzg;gLk; Fog;gq;fis

    njspTWj;jTk; rpy Neuq;fspy;

    Kfg;Giu gad;gLfpwJ.

    3. ,jd; %yk; ePjpj;Jiw

    murpayikg;gpd; khz;gpid

    rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy; tpsk;g

    ,aYk;. NkYk; murpayikg;gpd;

    ,iwahz;ik mjpfhuj;ij %yth;

    vth; vd;gjidAk;> murpayikg;G

    ,aw;wg;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

    ehspidAk; Kfg;Giu

    nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    Kfg;Giuapd; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; :

    KfTiuapy; ,Jtiu xNu xUKiw

    jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 42tJ

    rl;l jpUj;jk; (1976) %yk; rkjh;kk;>

    kjr;rhh;gw;w vd;w thh;j;ijfSk;>

    xUikg;ghL vd;w thh;j;ijAk;

    Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

    [dehafk; (Democracy)

    Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; fUj;Jg;gb

    [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy;

    kf;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk;

    kf;fspd; murhFk;. ,J kf;fshy;

    Ml;rpashHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLk;

    kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk;

    xg;Gjypd;gb muR nray;gLk; xU

    Ml;rp KiwahFk;.

    [dehaf murpd; gpw ,ay;Gfshd

    rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd;

    cupikfs; kw;Wk;

    Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;>

    midtUf;Fk; ePjp kw;Wk;

    rkj;Jtj;jpy; ek;gpf;if Rje;jpukhd

    kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw

    gj;jpupf;if Rje;jpuk; NeHikahd

    kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd NjHjy;fs;

    Nghd;wit.

  • KfTiu

    Page 4

    kjr;rhHgpd;ik (Secularism)

    ,J murpaiyAk;> kjj;ijAk;

    jdpj;jdpahf gpupj;J itg;gijf;

    Fwpf;Fk;. xU kjr;rhHgw;w ehl;by;

    ehl;Lf;nfd;W xU kjk; ,Uf;fhJ.

    NkYk; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk;

    jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ij gpd;gw;w

    cupik cz;L.

    ,e;jpahTk; xU kjr;rhHgw;w

    ehlhFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd;

    midj;J kjq;fSk; ghugl;rkpd;wp

    elj;jg;gLtNjhL (rHt jHk

    rk;gth) rpWghd;ik kjq;fspd;

    eyd;fSk; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

    r%fj;Jtk; (Socialism)

    ,J Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;

    jdpegUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;

    nfhs;iff;Fk; vjpuhdjhFk;. ,J

    cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf

    cupikfis r%fk; KOtjpw;Fk;

    nghJthdjhf khw;wf;$Lk;

    jj;Jtk; MFk;.

    rkj;Jtk;> midtUf;Fk; eytho;T>

    kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G

    Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l

    r%fj;jpid mikf;f ,k;Kiw

    toptFf;Fk;.

    r%fj;Jtk; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij

    murpd; %yk; epiwNtw;Wk;. muNr

    nghJeydpd; gpujpepjpahFk;.

    ,k;Kiwapy; jdpahH

    nrhj;Jupikf;F ,lk; ,Ue;jhYk;

    mt;Tupik nghJ eyid fUj;jpy;

    nfhz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk;

    fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

  • murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

    Page 1

    1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gy;NtW

    tiffspy; jdpr; rpwg;GilaJ. ,J

    cyf ehLfspd; kw;w

    murpayikg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J

    NtWgl;ljhd gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;

    $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. mjd;

    rpwg;Gf; $Wfshtd>

    1. ePz;l murpayikg;G:

    ve;j ehl;bd; murpay;

    rl;lj;ijAk;tpl ,e;jpa murpay;

    rl;lk; ePskhdJ. rhjhuz rl;lk;

    ,aw;Wk; tptfhuk; MapDk;>

    my;yJ eph;thfr; nray; MapDk;

    vy;yh tp\aq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa

    tphpthd Mtzkhf ,J

    jpfo;fpwJ.

    Muk;gj;jpy; 395 ruj;Jf;fisAk; 22

    gFjpfisAk; 8

    ml;ltizfisAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

    jw;NghJ 25-ghfq;fs;> 12 -

    ml;ltizfs;> 465 - ruj;Jfs;

    cs;sJ.

    2. gy;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J

    vLj;jhsg;gl;l murpayikg;G:

    mnkhpf;fh : Kfg;Giu>

    mbg;gil chpikfs;> ePjpg;

    Gzuha;T

    u\;ah : mbg;gilf; flikfs;.

    njd; Mg;gphpf;fh: rl;l jpUj;j

    Kiw

    M];jpNuypah : nghJg;gl;bay;

    3. nefpoh murpayikg;G

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; rpy

    tifaq;fs; vspa Kiwapy;

    jpUj;jg;glyhk; vd;Wk;> rpy

    tifaq;fs; mt;tsT vspjhf

    jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl ,ayhJ.

    MfNt ek;Kila murpayikg;G

    nefpOk; ,ay;Gk;> nefpoh ,ay;Gk;

    nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    4. $l;lhl;rp kw;Wk; xw;iwahl;rp

    $Wfs; :

    xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpy;

    mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; ika

    muRf;Ff; fPo;gbe;jitahfTk; ika

    murplkpUe;J mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W

    mjd; gpujpepjpfshfTk;

    nray;gLk;.

  • murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

    Page 2

    $l;lhl;rp mikg;gpy; vOjg;gl;l>

    nefpo;r;rpaw;w murpayikg;Ng

    Nkyhz;ik kpf;fjhf tpsq;fp ika

    muRf;Fk;> khepy muRfSf;Fk;

    mjpfhuj;ij gfph;e;jspf;Fk;. mit

    jk; mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs;

    Rje;jpukhf nray;gl mDkjpf;Fk;.

    5.kf;fs; ,iwahz;ik :

    kf;fs; ,iwahz;ik vd;w

    nfhs;ifia mbg;gilahf itj;J

    cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; murpay

    -ikg;ghf ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    tpsq;FfpwJ.

    6.ehlhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw :

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gphpl;ldpd;

    ehlhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwia

    Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    eph;thfj; Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lk;

    ,aw;Wk; JiwfSf;fpilapy;

    neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;Gk;

    xUq;fpizg;Gk; mikag;

    ngw;wpUg;gNj ,k;Kiwapd;

    rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

    7. Rje;jpukhd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j

    ePjpj;Jiw:

    ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuq;fisf;

    nfhz;l Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiwia

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G Vw;gLj;jp

    ,Uf;fpwJ.

    xd;wpak;> khepyk;> chpikapay;>

    Fw;wtpay;> murpay; rl;lk; cs;gl

    vy;yhr; rl;lq;fisg; gw;wpAk;

    tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wjhf

    cah;ePjpkd;wq;fSk;> cr;rePjp

    -kd;wKk; nfhz;l xUq;fpize;j

    xU ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G

    cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    8. taJ te;Njhh; thf;Fhpik :

    ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp vDk;

    -NghJ xUtUf;F xUthf;F

    vd;gij ehk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;.

    taJ te;j ,e;jpaf; Fbkf;fs;

    midtUf;Fk;> vt;tpj ghugl;rKk;

    ,d;wp> rkthf;Fhpik mspf;fg;

    -gl;Ls;sJ. NkiyehLfspy;>

    Kd;Ndwpa kf;fshl;rp ehLfspy;

    $l gbg;gbahfj;jhd;

    midtUf;Fk; thf;Fhpik

    mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

    1988-k;Mz;L murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lk; 61tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gb

    thf;Fhpik taJ 21-ypUe;J 18

    Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

    9. mbg;gil chpikfs; :

    Xh; murpy; kf;fs; mDgtpf;Fk;

    chpikfisf; nfhz;Nl me;j

    murpd; jd;ikia mwpe;J

    nfhs;syhk;.

  • murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

    Page 3

    mitahtd :

    1. rkj;Jt chpik(ruj;J 14-18)

    2. Rje;jpu chpik(ruj;J 19-22)

    3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G

    chpik(ruj;J 23-24)

    4. rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fj;

    jilaw;w Rje;jpuk;(ruj;J 25-28)

    5. gz;ghL kw;Wk; fy;tp fw;gjpy;

    chpikfs;(ruj;J 29-30)

    6. murpayikg;Gf;F cl;gl;L

    epthuzk; NjLk; chpik (ruj;J 32)

    ve;jnthU Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil

    chpikfis kPWtjhf VNjDk;

    rl;lNkh> eph;thfr; nray;ghNlh

    mikAkhdhy; mjid vjph;j;J

    cr;rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cah;ePjp

    kd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhluyhk;.

    10. mbg;gil flikfs; :

    1976 Mk; Mz;L 42 tJ

    murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jk; IV-A

    gFjpapy; jdpj;jiyg;gpy;

    Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gilf;flikfs;

    Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

    42-tJ ,e;jpa murpay; rl;l

    jpUj;jk; %yk; mbg;gilf;

    flikfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Gjpa

    gFjp Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpaf;

    Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk;

    gjpndhd;W flikfis mJ

    tpjpf;fpwJ.

    11. newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; :

    mah;yhe;jpy; murpayikg;igg;

    gpd;gw;wp ,e;jpa murpay; rl;lj;jpy;

    muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiwf;

    Nfhl;ghLfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

    muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghL gFjp

    IV

    12. FbAhpik :

    gFjp III, IV, IVA Mfpa %d;W

    gFjpfSk; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fspd;

    eyid NgZtij mbg;gil

    Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk;> xd;Wgl;l

    ,e;jpahitAk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;

    vd;w Nehf;fj;jpy; $l;luR mikg;G

    ,Ue;j NghjpYk; xNu FbAhpik

    nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1955 Mk; Mz;L

    ,e;jpaf; FbAhpikr; rl;lk;

    ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

    13. rkar; rhh;gpd;ik :

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahit

    xU rkar; rhh;gw;w murhf

    mikj;Js;sJ. mJ vy;yhf;

    Fbkf;fisAk; jq;fs; tpUk;Gk;

    rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;wTk;> gpwUf;Fg;

    Nghjpf;fTk;> gug;gTk; chpikfisf;

    nfhLj;Js;sJ.

    14. neUf;fb fhy rl;ltif Kiwfs;:

    ehl;by; mrhjhuzkhd R+o;epiy

    epyTk;NghJ ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik>

    xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL kw;Wk;

  • murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;Gf; $Wfs;

    Page 4

    ghJfhg;G kf;fshl;rp murpay; Kiw

    ,tw;iwf; fhf;f neUf;fb

    epiyapid mky; nra;tjw;F

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; tif

    nra;fpwJ.

    Nghh;> ntspehl;Lj; jhf;Fjy; kw;Wk;

    cs;ehl;L MAjf; fyfq;fshy;

    ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F

    mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLk; vdf;

    fUjpdhy;> ,e;jpa KOikf;FNkh

    my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpf;Nfh

    Njrpa neUf;fb epiyia Njrpa

    neUf;fb epiy 352 tJ gphpT

    FbauRj; jiyth; gpufldg;gLj;j

    -yhk;. khepy neUf;fb 356-tJ

    gphpT.

    xU khepy murhq;fj;ij

    murpayikg;Gr; rl;l tifKiw

    -fspd;gb elj;j ,ayhj R+o;epiy

    cUthfp cs;sJ vd mk;khepy

    MSeh; mDg;gpa mwpf;ifiag;

    ngw;wjpy; NghpNyh my;yJ

    NtWtpjj;jpNyh FbauRj;jiyth;

    jpUg;jpAw;why;> mth; me;j

    khepyj;jpy; neUf;fb epiyiag;

    gpufldg;gLj;jyhk;.

    15. Rje;jpukhd murpayikg;G

    mikg;Gfs;:

    1. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    rl;lkpaw;Wk; Jiw> eph;thfj;

    Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw mikg;Gfis

    kl;Lk; tiuaWf;fhky;>

    Rje;jpukhf ,aq;ff;$ba

    murpayikg;G epWtdq;

    fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ.

    2. ,j;jifa mikg;Gfs;

    kf;fshl;rpapd; khz;Gfis

    epiy ehl;Ltjw;fhf

    Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

    mit:

    1) Njh;jy; Mizak;

    2) ,e;jpa muRj; jiyikf;

    -fzf;fhah; kw;Wk; jzpf;ifj;

    Jiwj; jiyth;

    16.%d;wLf;F murhq;f Kiw :

    73tJ kw;Wk; 74tJ ,e;jpa

    murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fs;

    %d;whtJ mLf;fhd cs;shl;rp

    mikg;Gfspd; mikg;G> mjpfhuk;>

    gzpfs; Mfpatw;iw tiuaiw

    nra;jd.

    ,J cyfpd; Ntnwe;j murpay

    -ikg;gpYk; fhzg;glhj xd;whFk;.

    ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G

    xd;wpa murhq;fk;> khepy

    murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp

    murhq;fk; vd;w %d;wLf;F

    murhq;fkhf cs;sJ.

    Njrpa nfhbahdJ 1947 Mk; Mz;L [Piy 22 murpay; eph;za rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 1

    A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg; gFjpfSk; (ruj;J 1-4)

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahtpd;

    epyg;gug;ig> mjhtJ

    Ml;rpg;gug;ig jdJ KjyhtJ

    gFjpapy; njspthf mwptpf;fpwJ.

    ,g;gFjpapy; ehd;F gphpTfs;

    cs;sd.

    ruj;J 1. Ml;rpg; gug;G :

    KjyhtJ gphptpd; ruj;J 1(1)-d;gb

    ,e;jpah gy khepyq;fspd;

    $l;bizg;G MFk;. ,e;jpah

    ghujk; vd;w ngauhYk;

    toq;fg;glyhk;.

    ruj;J 1(2) MdJ khepyq;fSk;>

    mtw;wpd; vy;iyfSk; Kjyhk;

    ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;lthW

    ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WfpwJ.

    ruj;J 1(3) MdJ ,e;jpah

    vy;iyiag; gw;wp $WfpwJ.

    khepyq;fspd; vy;iyfisAk;>

    Kjyhk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fg;

    -gl;Ls;s A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd;

    vy;iyfisAk;> ,e;jpah ifafg;

    -gLj;jf; $Lnkdg;gLfpw gpw

    vy;iyfisAk; cs;slf;fp

    ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $WfpwJ.

    ruj;J 2. Gjpa khepyj;ijr; Nrh;j;jy;

    my;yJ epWTjy; :

    ruj;J 2-d;gb ghuhSkd;wk;

    xUrl;lj;jpd; thapyhfj;jhd;

    nghUj;jnkdf; fUJk; xg;ge;j

    tpjpKiwfs;> epge;jidfspd;

    mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;

    -Fs; Gjpa khepyq;fisr; Nrh;j;Jf;

    nfhs;syhk; my;yJ Kw;wpYk; Gjpa

    khepyq;fis ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;

    -Fs; epWtNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F

    mjpfhukspf;fpwJ.

    ruj;J 3 . xU Gjpa khepyj;ij

    cUthf;Fjy;> gug;Gfs;> vy;iyfs;

    kw;Wk; ngah;fis khw;Wjy;:

    ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs; xU Gjpa

    khepyj;ij cUthf;f KbAk;.

    NkYk;> Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk;

    khepyq;fspd; gug;Gfis>

    vy;iyfis my;yJ ngah;fis

    khw;wTk; KbAk;.

    ,g;gphptpd;gb ghuhSkd;wk; xU

    rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf

    1. xU khepyj;jpd; vy;iyiag;

    gphpg;gjhNyh my;yJ ,uz;L

    my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 2

    khepyq;fis my;yJ khepyq;

    -fspd; gFjpfis ,izg;gjhNyh

    my;yJ ve;j vy;iyiaahtJ

    VjhtJ xU khepyj;jpd; gFjpAld;

    ,izg;gjhNyh xU Gjpa

    khepyj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.

    2. ve;j khepyj;jpDila gug;igAk;

    Fiwf;fr; nra;ayhk;.

    3. ve;j khepyj;jpDila vy;iyiaAk;

    khw;wyhk;.

    4. ve;j khepyj;jpDila ngaiuAk;

    khw;wyhk;.

    ruj;J 3: fPo; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gly;:

    1. FbauRj;jiythpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;gb

    kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwpKfg;

    -gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

    2. FbauRj;jiyth; ghjpf;fg;gLk;

    me;j khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F jdJ

    fUj;ij Fwpg;gpl;l fhymstpw;Fs;

    njhptpf;f mDg;gg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

    3. vdpDk; me;j khepy rl;lkd;wk;

    ntspapLk; fUj;J FbauRj;jiy

    -tiuNah my;yJ ehlhS

    -kd;wj;ijNah fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.

    4. ,t;thW khw;wp mikf;Fk; kNrhjh

    ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rhjhuz

    ngUk;ghd;ikAld; rhjhuz

    rl;lk; thapyhf epiwNtw;wg;gl

    Ntz;Lk;.

    5. Mdhy; ,t;TWg;gpd;gb ,e;jpa

    epyg;gFjpia may;ehl;bw;F

    nfhLf;fKbahJ. mg;gb VjhtJ

    xU epyg;gFjpia nfhLg;g

    njd;why; ruj;J 368 fPo;

    rl;ljpUj;jk; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

    jw;nghOJ 29 khepyq;fSk;> 7

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; cs;sJ.

    ruj;J 4. vt;thW> Gjpa khepyq;fis

    cUthf;fyhk; my;yJ

    khw;wpaikf;fyhk; vd;w topKiwia

    vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.

    ehk; Vw;fdNt ghh;j;jJ NghyNt

    rpwg;G eilKiwfisg;

    gpd;gw;whkNyNa ve;jnthU

    rl;;lj;ijAk; ,aw;WtJ Nghy

    rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikapy;

    ,r;nraiy Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

    RNjr khepyq;fs; ,izg;G :

    ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; 1947>

    ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; vd;w ,U

    ehLfis cUthf;fpaJ.

    mg;NghJ ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; 565

    RNjr kd;duhl;rpg; gFjpfs;

    mike;jpUe;jd.

    ,g;gFjpfs; ahTk; ,e;jpahTld;

    ,iztjw;Nfh my;yJ ghfp];

    -jhDld; ,iztjw;Nfh my;yJ

    jdpj;J Rje;jpu ehLfshf

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 3

    ,aq;fNth ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk;

    1947 top nra;jJ.

    Vwj;jho 562 RNjrp muRfs; ,e;jpa

    A+dpaDld; ,ize;jd.

    kPjKs;s 3 RNjr muRfshd

    i`juhghj;> [{dhfj; kw;Wk;

    fh\;kPh; ,izg;gpw;F kWj;Jtpl;ld.

    1. fh\;kPh; - 1948 ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

    2. i`juhghj; - 1948 fhty;Jiw

    eltbf;ifahYk;> 3. [{dhfh; - 1949

    xg;ge;jk; kf;fs; thf;nfLg;G

    %ykhfTk; ,e;jpahTld;

    ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

    rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly;kw;Wk; tp.gp.

    Nkdd; MfpNahh; jdJ murpay;

    jpwikapdhYk; fLikahd

    eltbf;iffshYk; me;jg;

    gFjpfis ,e;jpa A+dpaDld;

    ,izj;jhh;.

    nkhopthhpahd khepyq;fs;

    cUthf;fk;:

    1920 Mk; Mz;L mstpNyNa

    fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; mikg;Gfs;

    nkhopapd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l

    gFjpfspy; ,af;fj; njhlq;fpd.

    tpLjiy mile;j gpd;dh;

    nkhopapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs;

    khw;wp mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w

    Nfhhpf;if tYtile;jJ.

    ,e;jpahtpy; 845 nkhopfs;

    Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; 22-

    nkhopfs; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy;

    mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    ,f;Nfhhpf;ifia Muha;tjw;fhf

    ,e;jpa muR jpU.v];.Nf.jhh;

    mth;fs; jiyikapy; xU FO

    xd;wpid [{d; 1948y; mikj;jJ.

    mf;FO brk;gh; 1948y; mwpf;if

    rkh;g;gpj;jJ. jhh;f;FOthdJ

    khepyq;fs; eph;thf trjpfspd;

    mbg;gilapNyNa gphpf;fg;gl

    Ntz;LNkad;wp nkhopapd;

    mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;glf; $lhJ

    vdf; fUj;J njhptpj;jJ.

    ,f;FOtpd; KbTfs; jpUg;jp

    mspf;fhjjhy; [t`h;yhy; NeU>

    ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> gl;lhgp

    rPj;jhuhikah MfpNahh;

    jiyikapy; kPz;Lk; JVP FO

    etk;gh; 1948-y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

    ,f;FOTk; nkhop mbg;gilapyhd

    khepyg; gphptpidia epuhfhpj;jJ.

    vdpDk;> nghl;b =uhkY vd;gth;

    jdp Me;jpu khepyk; (1953) Nfl;Lg;

    Nghuhb cz;zh Nehd;gpUe;J caph;

    tpl;lhh;.

    ,jdhy;>1953 Mk; Mz;L

    nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J

    njYq;F NgRk; gFjpfs;

    gphpf;fg;gl;L> Kjy; nkhopthhp

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 4

    khepykhf Me;jpuh

    cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    jdp Me;jpu khepyk; cUthdijj;

    njhlh;e;J gpw gFjpfSk;

    nkhopthhpahfg; gphptpidf;

    Nfhhpf;ifia Kd; itj;jd.

    ,jdhy; gry; myp> Nf.vk;.gdpf;fh;

    kw;Wk; Nf.vd;.Fd;\;U

    MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l %th; FO

    1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ jdJ

    mwpf;ifia 1955-y; rkh;g;gpj;jJ.

    ,f;FOthdJ nkhopthhp khepy

    kWrPuikg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

    vdpDk;> xU nkhop xU khepyk;

    vDk; nfhs;ifia epuhfhpj;jJ.

    ,e;jpahtpd; xw;WikNa Kjd;

    Kiwahd fhuzpahf fzf;fpy;

    nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W

    $wpaJ.

    NkYk;> ,f;FO eilKiwapy;

    ,Ue;J ehd;F tif khepyq;fisg;

    gFg;gpid ePf;ff; NfhhpaJ.

    1955-y; ,f;FOtpd; mwpTiufis

    Vw;W khepy kWrPuikg;G rl;lk;

    (1956) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

    ,jd;gb 14 khepyq;fSk; 6

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSk; etk;gh; 1>

    1956-y; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

    1950-f;F gpwF cUthf;fg;gl;l

    khepyq;fs; :

    Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; nkl;uh]py; rpy

    gFjpfisAk; Nrh;j;J Me;jpug;

    gpuNjr khepyr; rl;lk; 1953-Mk;

    Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    1. F[uhj; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh :

    gk;gha; (kWrPuikg;G) 1960d;gb

    gk;gha; khepyk; F[uhj; kw;Wk;

    kfhuh\;buh vd;w ,U

    khepyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    2. Nfush khepy kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk;

    1956-d;gb (etk;gh;)

    cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jpUthq;$h;

    kw;Wk; nfhr;rpd; Mfpa gFjpfis

    cs;slf;fpaJ.

    3. fh;ehlfh: murh;fshy; Msg;gl;l

    ikR+h; khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J khepy

    kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1956-d;gb

    cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1973-y;

    fh;ehlfh vd;W ngah;

    khw;wg;gl;lJ.

    4. ehfyhe;J: ehfyhe;J khepyr;

    rl;lk; 1962d;gb ,k;khepyk;

    m];]hkpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    5. mhpahdh: gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpypUe;J

    gQ;rhg; kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk; 1966-

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 5

    d;gb ,k;khepyk; m];]hkpypUe;J

    gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    6. ,khryg; gpuNjrk; : A+dpad;

    gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;j ,khr;ryg;

    gpuNjrk;> ,khr;ryg; gpuNjr

    khepyr; rl;lk; 1970-d;gb khepy

    me;j];Jf;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

    7. Nkfhyah : ,J 23 murpayikg;G

    jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1969-d;gb

    Kjypy; m];]hkpy; ,Ue;J

    Jiz khepykhf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    8. gpd;dh; 1971k; Mz;L tlfpof;F

    gFjpfs; (kWrPuikg;G) rl;lk;

    1971-d;gb KOikahd khepy

    me;j];J ngw;wJ.

    9. kzpg;G+h;> jphpGuh : ,e;j ,uz;L

    khepyq;fSk; tlfpof;F gFjpfs;

    (kWrPuikg;G) rl;lk; 1971-d;gb

    A+dpad; gpuNjrkhf ,Ue;J

    khepy me;j];Jf;F cah;e;jJ.

    10. rpf;fpk;: 35-tJ murpayikg;G

    jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1974d;gb

    rpf;fpkpw;F ,iz khepy

    me;j];J toq;fg;gl;lJ.

    11. kpNrhuk; : kpNrhuk; khepyr; rl;lk;

    1986-d;gb KOikahd khepy

    me;j];jpw;F cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

    12. mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrk; :

    mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjr khepyr;

    rl;lk; 1986-d;gb KOikahd

    khepy me;j];J ngw;wJ.

    13. Nfhth : A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fshd

    Nfhth> ilA> lhkd;

    Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Nfhth

    gphpf;fg;gl;L Nfhth> lhkd;

    kw;Wk; ilA+ kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lk;

    1987-d;gb khepy me;j];J

    toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> lhkd;

    kw;Wk; ilA+ Mfpad A+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fshfNt cs;sd.

    14. rl;b];fh; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L

    etk;gh; 1 Mk; ehs; kj;jpa

    gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L

    murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;

    2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    15. cj;jpuhQ;ry; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L

    etk;gh; 9 Mk; ehs; cj;jpug;

    gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L

    murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;

    2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 6

    16. [hh;fz;l; : 2000 Mk; Mz;L

    etk;gh; 12Mk; ehs; gPfhh;

    khepyj;jpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gl;L>

    murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;

    2000d;gb cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;

    7tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;j rl;lk;

    1956d; %yk; gphpT A, B kw;Wk; C

    vd;w khepyq;fspd; tiffSk;

    gphpT Dd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

    NkYk; ,e;jpah KOikAkhf

    khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;

    gl;Ls;sJ.

    khepyq;fs; my;yJ khfhzq;fs;

    vd;gij kj;jpa muRld; $l;lhl;rp

    cwT nfhz;l murpayikg;G

    myFfshFk;

    murpayikg;gpd; ruj;J 1d; gb

    ghujkhfpa ,e;jpah khepyq;fspd;

    If;fpakhFk;.

    gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; A+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fs; me;j];J khepyq;

    -fspd; me;j];jpy; ,Ue;J

    NtWgLfpwJ.

    1. mit murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhl;rp

    fl;likg;gpd; gFjpfsy;y. vdNt

    mit mjpfhu gq;fPl;by;

    gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy.

    2. mit FbauRj; jiytuhy;

    epakpf;fg;gLk; Jizepiy

    MSeh;fs; my;yJ jiyik

    Mizah;fs; %ykhf Neubahf

    kj;jpa murhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk;.

    3. jw;NghJ 7 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;

    cs;sd. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh;

    jPTfs;> rz;bfh;> nly;yp> lhkd;

    kw;Wk; ilA+> jhjh; ehfh; `Ntyp>

    yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; ghz;bNrhp.

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;

    (Administration of the Union Territories

    (UTs))

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thfk;

    mjd; Jizepiy MSeh; my;yJ

    jiyik Mizaiu epakpf;Fk;

    FbauRj; jiythpd;

    Neubf;fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPNoNa

    ,Uf;Fk;.

    ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gpd;tUk;

    mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.

    jdJ nrhe;j rl;lrigfis

    cila nly;yp kw;Wk; ghz;bNrhp

    Mfpatw;iw jtpu kw;w a+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fSf;F rl;lq;fs;

    ,aw;wyhk;.

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 7

    xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;F xU

    cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij mikf;fNth

    my;yJ mtw;Wf;F mUfpy; cs;s

    cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F me;j A+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fspd; Nky; mjpfhuk;

    cz;L vd;W mwptpf;fNth ,aYk;.

    A+dpad; gpuNjq;fspNyNa nly;yp

    -f;F kl;LNk mjd; nrhe;j cah;ePjp

    kd;wk; cs;sJ. kw;w A+dpad;

    gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; mjd; cah;ePjp

    kd;wq;fSf;Fk; gpd;tUkhW

    cah;ePjp kd;wq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

    GJr;Nrhp xd;wpa gFjp rl;lkd;wk;>

    GJr;Nrhp (eph;thf) rl;lk;> 1962d;gb

    fPo;gphpT 239A y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

    gphpT 239AA %yk; nly;yp

    rl;lkd;wk; Njrpa jiyikaf

    xd;wpakhf mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

    ghz;br;Nrhpapd; rl;lrig

    $l;lj;njhlh; eilngwhj NghJ

    FbauRj; jiyth; tpjpKiw

    -fisAk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;

    tFf;fyhk;.

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; [dehaf

    fl;likg;ig rl;lj;jpd; Kd;

    mikf;f FbauRj;jiytUf;F

    mjpfhuk; cz;L.

    ngah; tUlk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gFjpfs; ,lk; myfhghj; 1866 cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; myfhghj; (yf;Ndhtpy;

    Mak;) Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;

    1954 Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; i`juhghj;

    gk;gha; 1862 kfuh\;buk;> jhj;uh kw;Wk; efh; `Ntyp> Nfhth> lhkd; kw;Wk; ilA+

    Kk;ig (Mak; ehf;g+h;> ghQ;rp> xsuq;fhghj; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ngQ;r;)

    fy;fj;jh 1862 Nkw;Ftq;fshk;> kw;Wk; me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhghh;

    nfhy;fj;jh (Nghh;l; gpNsah;) rh;f;A+l; Mak; jPTfs;

    nly;yp 1966 nly;yp nly;yp fTfhj;jp 1948 m];]hk;> kzpg;G+h;> Nkfyhah>

    ehfyhe;J> jphpGuh> kpNrhuhk;> kw;Wk; mUzhr;ry gpuNjrk;

    fTfhj;jp (Mak; Nfh`pkh kw;Wk; rh;f;A+l; Mak; ,k;ghy;> mfh;jyh kw;Wk;

  • A+dpaDk; mjd; Ml;rpg;gFjpAk;

    Page 8

    \py;yhq; F[uhj; 1960 F[uhj; mfkjhghj; ,khr;ryg; gpuNjrk;

    1971 ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; rpk;yh

    [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

    1957 [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh; =efh; kw;Wk; [k;K

    fh;ehlfk; 1884 fh;ehlfk; ngq;f@h; Nfush 1956 Nfush kw;Wk; yl;rj;jPTfs; vh;zhFsk; kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

    1956 kj;jpagpuNjrk; [gy;g+h; Maq;fs;

    nrd;id 1862 jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp nrd;id xbrh1 1948 xbrh fl;lhf; ghl;dh 1916

    gPfhh; ghl;dh (Mak; uhQ;rp)

    gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; `hpahdh

    1966

    gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh kw;Wk; rz;bfh;

    rz;bfh;

    uh[];jhd; 1950

    uh[];jhd; N[hj;G+h; (Mak; n[ag;g+h;)

    rpf;fpk; 1975 rpf;fpk;

    rj;jP];fh; 2000 rj;jP];fh; gpyh];G+h; cj;jufz;l;2 2000 cj;jufz;l ehdplhy; [hh;fz;l; 2000 [hh;fz;l; uhQ;rp kzpg;G+h;3 2013 kzpg;G+h; ,k;ghy; Nkfhyah3 2013 Nkfhyah \py;yhq; jphpGuh3 2013 jphpGuh

  • mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

    Page 1

    ,J gFjp 3 y; mike;Js;sJ. gphpT

    12 Kjy; 35 tiu mbg;gil

    chpikfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

    mbg;gil chpikfs; kPWk;nghOJ

    ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;

    nry;yyhk;.

    mbg;gil chpikfs; murpayikg;

    -gpd; Jhz;fs; Nghd;wJ vd;W

    $wpath; - mk;Ngj;fhh;

    ,J eilKiwf;F tUk;nghOJ 7

    chpikfis ngw;wpUe;jJ.

    jw;nghOJ nrhj;Jhpik (44tJ

    rl;ljpUj;jk;> 1978) ePf;fg;gl;L MW

    chpikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    ruj;J 300A- ,d; fPo; rhjhuz

    rl;l chpikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    ruj;J (12): muR vd;gjid

    tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb muR

    vd;gJ

    1. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk;

    ghuhSkd;wk;

    2. khepy murhq;fk; kw;Wk;

    rl;lkd;wk;

    3. ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s

    midj;J cs;Sh; mikg;Gfs;

    4. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;

    fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; cs;s midj;J

    mjpfhu mikg;Gfs;

    ruj;J (13): mbg;gil

    chpikfSf;F Kuzhf cs;s

    rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; ,y;yhj

    epiynad ,g;gphptpd; %yk;

    gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    mjhtJ cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;

    cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjpg;Gduha;T

    nra;tjw;F tifnra;fpwJ.

    1. rkj;Jt chpik (ruj;J 14 Kjy; 18

    tiu):

    ruj;J (14):

    rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk;. rl;lNk

    Kjd;ikahdJ xUtd; ve;j

    epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; rl;lj;jpw;F

    Nkw;gl;ltdy;y. ,J ,q;fpyhe;jp

    -ypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

    rl;lj;jpd; rkghJfhg;G

    mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

    xNu khjphpahd #o;epiyapy;

    midtiuAk; xNu khjphpahf

    elj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpwg;G chpikfs;

    toq;FtJ ,U NtWgl;l

    mikg;GfspilNa ,Uf;fyhk;.

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;;;

    Page 2

    Mdhy; xNu mikg;Gf;Fs;

    ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

    ruj;J (15): rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;>

    gpwg;G NtWghLfs; fhl;lj; jil.

    ruj;J (16): Ntiytha;g;Gfspy;

    midtUf;Fk; rk chpik.

    ruj;J (16.4): muR Ntiyfspy;

    jho;j;jg;gl;l> goq;Fbapd>

    rpWghd;ikapdUf;F Kd;Dhpik.

    ruj;J (17): jPz;lhik xopg;G -

    jPz;lhikr; rl;lk; (1955)> gpd;dh;

    ,JNt rptpy; chpikfs;

    ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (1976) vd

    khw;wg;gl;lJ.

    ruj;J (18): gl;lq;fs; xopg;G

    (Mq;fpNyah; je;j gl;lq;fs; xopg;G>

    ,e;jpa murhy; toq;fg;gLk;

    gj;k=> gj;kG+rd; Nghd;w

    gl;lq;fSk;> ,uhZt gl;lq;fshd

    guk;tPh; rf;uh Nghd;w gl;lq;fs;

    ,Uf;fyhk;.)

    2 .Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J 19 Kjy; 22

    tiu):

    ruj;J (19, 19(i), 19(ii)): Ngr;R

    kw;Wk; fUj;Jhpik> MAjkpd;wp

    $Lk; chpik> rq;fk; mikf;Fk;

    chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; nry;y

    chpik> ,e;jpahtpy; vq;Fk; trpf;f

    chpik> ve;jj; njhopiyAk; nra;a

    chpik> $l;LwT rq;fk; mikf;Fk;

    chpik Mfpad. jw;NghJ

    jdpkdpj Rje;jpu chpikfs; 6

    tifahf cs;sJ.

    ruj;J (20): Fw;wq;fSf;F

    jz;lid mspg;gjpypUe;J

    ghJfhg;G toq;FfpwJ.

    ruj;J 20(1) :Kd;NkT rl;lq;fis

    ,aw;wj; jil.,t;thrfk;> gpd;dh;

    ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; Kd;

    NkTj;jd;ik gw;wpaJ. xU nray;

    Fw;wnkd jz;bf;ff;$ba

    njd;why; mg;NghJ nraypYs;s

    rl;lj;ij kPwpdhy; md;wp

    jz;bf;fg;gl $lhJ.

    ruj;J 20(2): ,ul;il ,lh;ghL

    (Double Jeopardy) : xNu

    Fw;wj;jpw;fhf xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

    Kiw jz;bf;f$lhJ.

    ruj;J 20(3): jd;nrayhy; jhNd

    Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F cl;gLjYf;fhd

    jil.

    ruj;J (21): caph; tho;jy; kw;Wk;

    jdpegh; Rje;jpuk;.

    ruj;J (20) kw;Wk; (21)y;

    cs;sitfis mtru epiyapd;

    NghJk;$l gphpT 359d;gb xh;

    Miz %yk; ,e;j chpikfis

    epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ.

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;

    Page 3

    ruj;J (21A): 6 Kjy; 14 tiu cs;s

    Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr fl;lha

    fy;tp toq;Fjy; (86tJ

    rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd;gb

    ,izf;fg;gl;lJ).

    ruj;J (22): ifJ nra;J fhtypy;

    itg;gjpypUe;J ghJfhg;G.

    xUthplk; ifJf;fhd fhuzq;

    -fis njhptpf;fNtz;Lk;.

    mtUila tof;fwpQUld;

    fye;jhNyhrpf;f mDkjpf;fg;

    glNtz;Lk;.

    24 kzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; mUfpYs;s

    Fw;w eLthplk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg; -

    glNtz;Lk;.

    3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik (ruj;J

    23 Kjy; 24 tiu):

    ruj;J (23): Ruz;lYf;nfjpuhd

    ghJfhg;G. rl;ltpNuhjkhf kdpjh;

    -fis tpahghuk; nra;tjpypUe;J

    ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.

    ruj;J (24): 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l

    rpWth;fis njhopw;rhiyfspNyh>

    Ruq;fq;fspNyh> gpw mghafukhd

    njhopy;fspNyh Ntiyf;F

    mkh;j;Jtij jil nra;fpwJ.

    4. rka Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J 25 Kjy;

    28 tiu):

    ruj;J (25): ahUk; ve;j kjj;ijAk;

    Rje;jpukhf Vw;fTk;> gpd;gw;wTk;>

    gug;gTk; chpik.

    ruj;J (26): vy;yh rkaj;jtUk;

    rka kw;Wk; mwepiya

    mikg;Gfis mikj;J mtw;iw

    eph;tfpj;Jf; nfhs;s chpik

    ruj;J (27): kjj;jpid

    Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F

    thpnrYj;JtjpypUe;J chpik

    ruj;J (28): Kw;wpYk; murhq;f

    epjpapy; nray;gLk; fy;tp

    epWtdq;fspy; rka Nghjid

    $lhJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

    5. fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu chpik

    (ruj;J 29 Kjy; 30 tiu):

    ruj;J (29): rpWghd;ikapdh; eyd;

    fhj;jy;. jk;Kila nkhop> gz;ghL>

    vOj;J Mfpatw;iw

    Ngzpf;fhj;jy;.

    ruj;J (30): rpWghd;ikapdh; fy;tp

    epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp

    eph;tfpf;fTk; chpikaspf;fpwJ.

    ruj;J (31): nrhj;Jhpikia 44tJ

    rl;ljpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; 1978 Mk;

    Mz;L ePf;fg;gl;L gphpT 300A f;F

    khw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ,J rl;l

    chpikahFk;.

    6. murpayikg;gpd; gb jPh;T fhZk;

    chpik (ruj;J 32):

    ruj;J (32): murpayikg;gpd; 3 tJ

    gFjpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil

    chpikfs; kPwg;gLk;nghOJ cr;r

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;;;

    Page 4

    ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz ntspapl

    mjpfhuk; gilj;Js;sJ.

    ,J murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk;>

    Md;khTk; Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhh;

    mk;Ngj;fhh;.

    ,J Ie;J Nguhizfis

    toq;FfpwJ.

    1. N`g;gpa]; fhh;g]; - (Ml;nfhzh;

    ePjpg;Nguhiz)

    N`gpa]; fhh;g]; vd;w ,yj;jPd;

    nrhy;ypd; nghUshdJ xUtuJ

    cliy nfhz;L tUf

    ,J xUtiu fhtypy;

    itj;jpUg;Nghiu ePjpkd;w Kd;

    mtiu Kd; epWj;JkhW

    MizapLtjhFk;.

    ,J murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk;

    jdpegUf;F vjpuhfTk;

    toq;fg;gLk; ePjpg;Nguhiz.

    2. khz;lk]; - (nraYWj;Jk;

    ePjpg;Nguhiz)

    khz;lk]; vd;w nrhy;ypw;F

    fl;lis vd;gjhFk;.

    ePjpkd;wk; xU nghJ mjpfhuf;

    FOtpw;F vjpuhf mJ nra;af;$ba

    nghJf; flikia Mw;WkhW $wp

    ,lg;gLk; fl;lisahFk;.

    ,J jdpg;gl;l xUtUf;fhf vjpuhf

    gpwg;gpf;fg;gLtjy;y.

    3. GNuh`pgprd; - (jilAWj;Jk;

    ePjpg;Nguhiz)

    ,g;Nguhiz fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;

    mjpfhu tuk;G ,y;yhky;

    nray;gLk;NghJ my;yJ mjpfhu

    tuk;ig kPwp nray;gLk;NghJ

    mijj; jLf;Fk; Nehf;fk;

    nfhz;lJ.

    cah;epiy ePjpkd;wj;jhy; fPo;epiy

    ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F my;yJ jPh;g;ghaj;

    -jpw;F mjd; mjpfhuj;ijj;

    jLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gpwf;fg;gLk;.

    ,e;ePjpg; Nguhiz ePjp Kiwapyhd

    my;yJ ePjpKiwg; Nghy; eilKiw

    vjpuhf kl;LNk gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.

    4. nrh;rpNahiua; -

    (newpKiwg;gLj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)

    fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;

    jPh;g;ghaq;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; mjw;F

    toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhutuk;gpw;Fs;

    jkJ mjpfhuj;ij nrYj;Jfpwjh

    vd;gijf; fhzTk; kw;Wk; mjd;

    mjpfhuj;ij kPwp nray;gLtijj;

    jLj;J mjd; eltbf;iffis

    mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ePf;fp jd; Kd;

    nfhz;L tUk; fPo;ePjp kd;wq;fspd;

    jPh;g;ig ePf;fTk; nra;aTk;.

    5. Nfhtuhz;Nlh - (jFjpKiw

    tpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz)

    xU nghJg;gjtpiaf;

    nfhz;bUg;gth; chpa jFjpAk;

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;

    Page 5

    chpikAk; nfhz;Ls;shuh

    vd;gijj; jPh;khdpf;f

    ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F topahf nra;Ak;

    ePjpg;Nguhiz.

    ,yj;jpd; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ckJ

    mjpfhuk; ahJ vd;gjhFk;.

    xU gjtpia tfpg;gtiu ve;j

    mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; gjtp tfpf;fpwhh;

    vd;gij tpdTfpwJ.

    gFjp III-f;F ntspNaahd chpikfs;

    gFjp III-y; cs;s chpikfSld;

    murpayikg;gpd; kw;w rpy

    chpikfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

    ,t;Thpikfs; murpayikg;G

    chpikfs; my;yJ rl;lG+h;tkhd

    chpikfs; my;yJ mbg;gil

    chpikfs; my;yhjit mitfs;.

    gFjp XII-y; ruj;J 261

    rl;lG+h;tky;yhj topfspy; thpia

    tpjpj;jy; my;yJ t#ypj;jy;

    MfhJ.

    gFjp XII-y; ruj;J 300A

    rl;lj;jpd; topapy;yhky;

    vthplkpUe;Jk; nrhj;J

    gwpf;fg;gLjy; MfhJ.

    gFjp XV-y; ruj;J 326

    kf;fsitf;Fk;> khepyq;fspd;

    rl;lkd;w NguitfSf;Fkhd

    Njh;jy;fs; taJte;NjhUf;F

    thf;Fhpik vd;w mbg;gilapy;

    ,Uf;Fk;.

    NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l chpikfSf;F

    ePjpkd;wk; %yk; rkkhd jPh;T fhz

    KbAk;. vdpDk; ,it mbg;gil

    chpikfspypUe;J khWgl;lit.

    mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy;>

    ghjpf;fg;gl;l egh; ruj;J 32d; fPo;

    Neubahf cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij mZf

    KbAk;. ,JTk; mbg;gil

    chpikahFk; Mdhy; mbg;gil

    chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

    egh; ,t;turpayikg;G jPh;tpid

    gad;gLj;j KbahJ. mth; rhjhuz

    tof;F my;yJ ruj;J 226d;

    cah;ePjpkd;wj;ij mZf KbAk;.

    muRf;F topfhl;Lk; newpKiw

    Nfhl;ghLfs;( ruj;J 36-51)

    murhdJ xU rl;lj;ijNah (m)

    nray;jpl;lq;fisNah ,aw;Wk;

    nghOJ kf;fs; eydpy; mf;fiw

    -nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nfhl;ghLfis

    muRf;F typAWj;JfpwJ.

    newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ehd;F

    tifg;gLk;. mit>

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;;;

    Page 6

    1. r%f eyid mila topfhl;Lk;

    Nfhl;ghLfs;.

    ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; r%fePjpia

    typAWj;Jfpd;wd.

    Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk;

    tho;f;ifj; Njitfis toq;Fjy;

    Mz;> ngz; Ntiyf;Fr; rkCjpak;

    toq;Fjy;

    tUtha; Vw;wj; jho;it ePf;Fjy;

    Nghd;w gy newpKiwfis

    typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.

    ruj;J (38): kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;il

    typAWj;JfpwJ.

    kf;fspilNa tUkhd NtWghLfs;

    (rkkpd;ikia Nghf;Fjy;)

    ruj;J (39): rkkhd Ntiyf;F

    Mz; ngz; rkkhd jytUkhdk;>

    %y tsq;fis gfph;e;jspj;jy;.

    ruj;J (39 A): ,ytr rl;l cjtp

    kw;Wk; rkkhd ePjp

    ruj;J (39 F): MNuhf;akhd

    #oypy; Foe;ijiag; ghJfhj;jy;.

    ruj;J (41): KJikapy;> NehAw;w

    epiyapy; muR cjtp nra;jy;

    ruj;J (42): ngz;fSf;F

    NgWfhy tpLg;G kw;Wk; rYiffis

    mspf;fpwJ.

    ruj;J (43): njhopyhsh;fSf;F

    epahakhd rk;gsk; Vw;ghL nra;jy;

    ruj;J (43 A): njhopw;rhiy

    eph;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsh;fis gq;F

    nfhs;s nra;jy;.

    ruj;J (47): kJtpyf;F

    fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr;

    nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk;

    Nfhl;ghLfs;

    r%fj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;s>

    jho;j;jg;gl;l kiytho; kf;fs;

    MfpNahhpd; fy;tp>

    nghUshjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

    fpuhkgQ;rhaj;Jfis cUthf;Fjy;

    Fbirj; njhopy;fis tsh;j;jy;

    Nghd;wit

    ruj;J (40): fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J

    ruj;J (43): fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;

    Ranjhopy;> Fbirj;njhopy; kw;Wk;

    $l;LwT Kiwapy; njhopw;

    gapw;rpfis Cf;Ftpf;f toptif

    nra;fpwJ.

    ruj;J (43B): $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;

    jhkhf Kd; te;J njhopw;rhh;e;j

    Nkyhz;ikia Vw;gLj;Jjy;>

    RNal;irahf nray;gLjy;

    mjw;nfd rpy chpikfs;> Rje;jpuk;

    mspj;jy;.

    ruj;J (46): Mjpjpuhtplh;>

    goq;Fbapdh; fy;tp eyd; kw;Wk;

    nghUshjhu cjtpia

    Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

  • mbg;gil chpikfs;

    Page 7

    2. gd;dhl;L mikjp Vw;gLj;j

    topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs;

    gd;dhl;L mikjp kw;Wk;

    ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;Jjy;

    ruj;J (44): nghJ rptpy; rl;lk;

    ruj;J (45): 6 taJf;Fl;gl;l

    midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr

    fy;tp

    ruj;J (48): fhy;eilfisg;

    guhkhpj;jy;

    ruj;J (48 A): Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk;

    tdtpyq;Ffis ghJfhj;jy;

    ruj;J (49): Njrpa rpd;dk;

    ghJfhg;G

    ruj;J (50): ePjpj;JiwiaAk;

    eph;thf JiwiaAk; gphpj;jy;

    ruj;J (51): rh;tNjr mikjp>

    xw;Wikapy; ehl;lk; nrYj;Jjy;.

    3. gy; tifahd newpf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

    rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp> ehL

    KOtJk; midtUf;Fk;

    nghJthd rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw

    eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit

    ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

    ruj;J (50): ePjpj;JiwiaAk;

    eph;thf JiwiaAk; gphpj;jy;

    ruj;J (51): rh;tNjr mikjp>

    xw;Wikapy; ehl;lk; nrYj;Jjy;.

    4. gy; tifahd newpf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

    rkePjp> ,ytr rl;l cjtp> ehL

    KOtJk; midtUf;Fk;

    nghJthd rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;iw

    eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit

    ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

  • mbg;gil flikfs;

    Page 1

    mbg;gil flikfs; (ruj;J 51A) 1976Mk; Mz;L 42-tJ

    rl;ljpUj;jk; thapyhf ,e;jpa

    murikg;gpy; Gjpjhf gFjp IV A

    Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fPo; ruj;J

    51A Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    ruj;J 51A ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf; -

    Fhpa 11 mbg;gilf;flikfis

    vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

    Rtuz;rpq; jiyikapyhd FO

    xd;W 1976 Mk; Mz;L mikf;fg;

    -gl;L mbg;gilf; flikfs;

    murpayikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.

    murpaikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa

    10 flikfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

    1. murpaikg;Gr; rl;lq;fspd;gb

    elj;jy; kw;Wk; NjrPafPjk;> Njrpaf;

    -nfhb Njrpar; rpd;dq;fSf;F

    kjpg;G mspj;jy;

    2. ehl;bd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

    tPuh;fspd; cd;dj czh;Tfis

    epidj;Jg; Nghw;Wjy;

    3. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ik

    xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL ,tw;iwg;

    Ngzpf;fhj;jy;

    4. ekJ ehl;bd; ,iw ghJfhg;gpw;fhf

    mf;fiw nfhs;sy; Njit

    Vw;gl;lhy; ghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy;

    Vhpfs;> MWfs;>

    tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;w ,aw;if

    tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; juk;

    cah;j;jYk; Ntz;Lk;.

    8. mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik kdpjNeak;

    Ma;Tkdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;iw

    Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.

  • mbg;gil flikfs;;;

    Page 2

    9. ehl;bd; nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis

    mf;fiwAld; ghJfhj;jy;>

    td;Kiwiaf; iftply;

    10. midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; kpfr;

    -rpwe;j epiyia mila Kaw;rp

    nra;jy; ekJehL njhlh;e;J

    Kd;Ndwp cah;e;j epiyia

    milag;ghLgLjy;

    11. 6-14 taJ cs;s midj;Jf;

    Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp ngWtjw;F

    tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpj;jUjy;. ,e;jf;

    flik 2002-Mk; Mz;L 86-tJ

    rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb

    Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

    rl;lg;G+h;tkhf;fg;gl;l rpy mbg;gilf;

    flikfs;:

    1. 1860 - ,e;jpa jz;lidr;rl;lk;

    2. 1951 - kf;fs; gpuepjpj;Jtr;rl;lk;

    3. 1955 - FbAhpikr;rl;lk;

    4. 1972 - tdcaphp ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;

    5. 1980 - tdg;ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;

  • kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;

    Page 1

    kdpj chpikfs;

    xt;nthU kdpjUf;Fk; cs;s

    jLf;f Kbahj gphpf;f ,ayhj

    epahakhd chpikfNs kdpj

    chpikfs; MFk;.

    kdpj chpikfis cs;slf;fpait :

    tujl;rid Kiw

    gh;jh Kiw

    ghypay; td; nfhLik

    jPz;lhik

    r%f ghFghLfs;

    nfhj;jbik

    Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;

    rhjpa kw;Wk; kj td; nfhLikfs;

    murhq;fr; rl;lq;fs;

    1829 - rjp xopg;G jpl;lk; : tpy;ypak;

    ngz;bq; gpuG &uh[huhk;

    Nkhfd;uha;

    1856 - tpjit kWkz rl;lk;

    1929 - rhuhjh rl;lk;

    1955 - jPz;lhik rl;lk;

    1961 - tujl;riz jLg;G rl;lk;

    2001 - czTf;fhd chpik

    2005 - jfty; mwpAk; chpik

    2006 - Ntiytha;g;G chpik

    2010 - fy;tp chpik

    murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;

    mbg;gil chpikfs; - gFjp III

    (ruj;Jfs; 14 - 32)

    DPSP - gFjp IV (ruj;Jfs; 36 -51)

    I.eh. kdpj chpik ruj;Jfs; ruj;J 1 - rkj;Jt> Rje;jpu chpik>

    rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; nray;gly;

    ruj;J 2 - ,d> nkhop > murpay;

    ghFghbd;wp vy;yh chpikfSk;

    cz;L.

    ruj;J 3 - Rje;jpukhf ghJfhg;ghf

    tho chpik

    ruj;J 4 - ahiuAk; mbikahf

    elj;j$lhJ

    ruj;J 5 - ahiuAk;

    kdpjhgpkhdkw;w Kiwapy;

    jz;bf;ff;$lhJ.

    ruj;J 6 - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdpeguhf

    tho chpik

    I.eh. kdpj chpik Mizak;

    1948 Kjy; brk;gh; 10 ia kdpj

    chpik ehshf nfhz;lhb

    tUfpwJ.

  • kdpj chpikfs; gl;lak;

    Page 2

    jw;Nghija Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Miza jiyth;

    n`r;.vy;.jj;J

    Njrpa kdpj chpik Mizak;

    kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;

    mf;Nlhgh; 12>1993d; gb Njrpa

    kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij

    ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; %yk;

    cUthf;fpaJ.

    ,J xU jiytiuAk; ehd;F

    cWg;gpdh;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

    cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; xa;T ngw;w

    ePjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;.

    Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;

    cWg;gpdh;fs; FbauRj; jiyth;>

    gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l 6

    Ngh; nfhz;l FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb

    epakdk; nra;fpd;wdh;.

    gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ

    70 taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;.

    gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF kj;jpa

    murpNyh> khepy murpNyh ve;jg;

    gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

    khepy kdpj chpik Mizak;

    kdpj chpikfs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; mf;Nlhgh; 12>1993d; gb Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; %yk; cUthf;fpaJ

    jkpo;ehl;by; 1997-Mk; Mz;L

    Vg;uy; 17-Mk;ehs; khepy kdpj

    chpikfs; Mizak;

    cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

    gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs; my;yJ

    70 taJtiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;gh;.

    gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF kj;jpa

    murpNyh> khepy murpNyh ve;jg;

    gjtpapYk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

    rh;tNjr kdpj chpik cld;gbf;if I.eh. nghJ rigahy; brk;gh; 16> 1966 Mk; Mz;L FbAhpik kw;Wk; murpay; chpik cld;gbf;if kw;Wk; r%f> nghUShjhu gz;ghl;L chpik cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 1

    nfhj;jbik Kiwia xopj;jth; - ,e;jpuhfhe;jp

    kj;jpa muR (ruj;J 52-151)

    gFjp V - kj;jpa muR: (ruj;J 52 Kjy;

    151 tiu) FbauRj;jiyth;

    ruj;J (52): ,e;jpa FbauRj;

    jiytuhf xUth; ,Ug;ghh; vd

    $WfpwJ. ,tNu ehl;bd; jiyth;;

    Mthh;. FbauRj; jiyth; ehl;bd;

    ngaustpy; jiytuhf fUjg;gLthh;.

    ,tNu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Fbkfd;

    Mthh;. 53tJ murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lj;jpd; gb kj;jpa murq;fj;jpd;

    mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; FbauRj;

    jiythplNk cs;sJ.

    FbauRj; jiytUf;fhd jFjpfs;

    (ruj;J 58):

    ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uf;f

    Ntz;Lk;.

    35 taJ epiwT ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;f

    Ntz;Lk;

    kf;fsit cWg;gpduhfj;

    Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; jFjp cila

    -tuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. Mjhak;

    jUk; muR gjtp tfpf;ff; $lhJ

    kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuhfNth>

    jpthyhdtuhfNth ,Uf;ff;

    $lhJ.

    Fiwe;jgl;rk; 50 thf;fhsh;fshy;

    Kd;nkhopaTk;> 50 thf;fhsh;fs;

    topnkhopaTk; Ntz;Lk;.ghJfhg;G

    itg;G epjpahf &gha;. 25>000 fl;l

    Ntz;Lk;.

    FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;: ruj;J (54)

    ruj;J 52 ,e;jpahtpw;F xU

    FbauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;f

    Ntz;Lk; vd ciuf;fpwJ.

    FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jiy ,e;jpa

    Njh;jy; Mizak; elj;JfpwJ.

    FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jypy;

    khepyq;fsit> kf;fsit

    cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lg;

    Nguitfspd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

    midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk;

    thf;fspg;ghh;fs;.

    FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy;

    tpfpjhr;rhu Kiwapy; xw;iw khw;W

    thf;F> ,ufrpa rPl;L %ykhf

    eilngWk;. FbauRj; jiyth;

    Njh;jy; jfuhWfis cr;rePjpkd;wk;

    jiyapl;L jPh;j;J itf;Fk;

    xUth; vj;jid Kiw

    Ntz;LkhdhYk; FbauRj;

    jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;.

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 2

    FbauRj; jiyth; tUkhdk;

    &. 1>50>000

    2008Mk; Mz;L ehlhSkd;wk;

    FbauRj;jiythpd; rk;gsj;ij

    50% cah;j;jpaJ

    gjtp tpyfy;: ruj;J (61)

    gjtpf;fhyk; KbAk; Kd;dNu Fw;w

    tprhuiz %ykhf ,tiu gjtp

    ePf;fk; nra;a ehlhSkd;wj;jpdhy;

    KbAk; (ruj;J 61)

    FbauRj; jiyth; jdJ uh[pdhkh

    fbjj;ij Jiz FbauRj;

    jiythplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

    Jiz FbauRj;jiyth;

    kf;fsitj; jiytUf;F

    cldbahf FbauRj; jiyth;

    uh[pdkhit gw;wp mwptpg;gh;.

    FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpgpukhzk;

    gjtpf;fhyk;:

    FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5

    Mz;Lfs;.

    gjtpg;gpukhzk;:

    FbauRj; jiytUf;Fg; gjtpg;

    gpukhzk; nra;J itg;gJ

    cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp.

    mth; ,y;iynadpy; cr;r

    ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %j;j ePjpgjp.

    FbauRj; jiythpd; gjtp ePf;fk;

    ruj;J (61) : Fw;wtprhuiz %yk;

    murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk;

    nghOJ gjtpePf;fk; nra;ayhk;.

    FbauRj; jiytiu gjtpePf;f 14

    ehl;fs; Kd;djhf mwptpg;G

    mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; VNjDk; xU

    mitapy;> nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy;

    ¼gq;F cWg;gpdh; ifnaOj;Jld;

    jPh;khdk; nfhz;L te;J>2/3 gq;F

    MjuTld; jPh;khdk;

    epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; mLj;j

    mitapy; tprhuiz eilngWk;.

    tprhuizapd;NghJ mth;

    mitapy; Nehpy; tpsf;fk;

    mspf;fyhk;.

    tprhuizf;Fg; gpd; me;j

    mitapd; 2/3 gq;F cWg;gpdh;

    MjuTld; jPh;khdk;

    epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; FbauRj;

    jiyth; gjtp ,og;ghh;.

    FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

    kw;Wk; gzpfs;

    FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

    fPo;fz;lthW gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    1. eph;thf mjpfhuk;

    2. rl;lkd;w mjpfhuk;

    3. epjp mjpfhuk;

    4. ePjp mjpfhuk;

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 3

    5. ,uh[hq;f mjpfhuk;

    6. ,uhZt mjpfhuk;

    7. neUf;fb epiy mjpfhuk;

    eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;

    murhq;fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

    midj;J eph;thf nray;fSk;

    ,tuJ ngahpNyNa

    Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

    ,tuJ ngahpy; toq;fg;gLk;

    cj;juTfs; vt;thW ,Uf;f

    Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpjpfs;

    tFf;fyhk;.

    kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; vspjhd

    eilKiwf;F tpjpfs; tFf;f

    KbAk; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fSf;F

    jdJ Ntiyfis xJf;fPL

    nra;ayhk;.

    ,th; gpujkh; kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fis

    epakpf;fpwhh;. mth;fs;> ,thpd;

    tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; gjtpapy;

    ,Uf;fpd;whh;.

    ,e;jpa jiyik tof;fwpQh;

    epakdk; nra;fpwhh;. mtUila

    rk;gsk; kw;Wk; ,ju gbfisAk;

    KbT nra;fpwhh;. ,th; FbauRj;

    jiyth; tpUg;gj;jpd; nghpa

    tpUg;gj;jpd; gjtp tfpg;ghh;.

    ,e;jpa jiyik fzf;Fj;

    jzpf;if kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;>

    jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk;

    Mizah;fs;> kj;jpa gzpahsh;

    Njh;thiza jiyth; kw;Wk;

    cWg;gpdh;fs;> khepy MSeh;fs;>

    ePjpf;FOtpd; jiyth; kw;Wk;

    cWg;gpdh;fs; MfpNahiu

    epakpf;fpwhh;.

    gpujkhplk; kj;jpa murpd; eph;thf

    tptfhuq;fisAk; rl;lkd;w

    mwpf;iffisAk; gw;wpa

    jfty;fis Nfl;L njhpe;J

    nfhs;syhk;.

    jho;j;jg;gl;l goq;Fbapd; kw;Wk;

    gpd;jq;fpa gphpTfSf;fhf FOit

    mikj;J mth;fspd; epiyfis

    MuhAk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

    ,th; kj;jpa-khepy cwit

    tsh;f;fTk; xj;Jiog;igg;

    ngUf;fTk; FOit mikf;fyhk;.

    A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; eph;thfj;

    -jpid Neubahf elj;jyhk;. ,th;

    eph;thfpfisAk; epakpf;fpwhh;.

    mth;fs; MSeh; my;yJ

    Mizahsh; Mth;.

    ve;j gFjpiaAk; ml;ltizg;

    -gLj;jg;gl;l gFjpahfTk;

    goq;Fbapd; gFjpahfTk;

    mwptpf;fyhk;.

    rl;lkd;w mjpfhuk;:

    FbauRj; jiyth; vd;gth;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mjpfkhf

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 4

    ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,tUf;F fPo;fz;l

    mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.

    1. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;L

    mitfisAk; $l;lTk; my;yJ

    xj;jpitf;fTk; kw;Wk;

    kf;fsitia fiyf;fTk; ,tuhy;

    ,aYk;. NkYk; ehlhSkd;w

    $l;Lf; $l;lj;jpid ,th;

    Rl;Lfpwhh;. kf;fsit rghehafh;

    mjid top elj;Jfpwhh;.

    2. ehlhSkd;w nghJj;Njh;jy; Kbe;J

    Kjy; $l;lj;jpd; Kjy; ehspYk;>

    tUlj;jpy; Kjy; $l;lj;jpd; Kjy;

    ehspYk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

    ciuahw;Wfpwhh;.

    3. kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

    epYitapy; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;

    jdJ jftiy ,uz;L

    mitfSf;Fk; njhptpf;fyhk;.

    4. kf;fsit rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz

    rghehafh; ,lk; fhypahf ,Uf;Fk;

    gl;rj;jpy; mikg;gpd; VNjDk; xU

    cWg;gpdh; mitia top elj;Jgth;

    Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. mNjNghy;

    khepyq;fisapd; jiyth; kw;Wk;

    mitj;jiyth; ,lk; fhypahf

    ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mitapd; VNjDk;

    xU cWg;gpdiu mikaTk;

    topelj;Jgth; Nfl;Lf;

    nfhs;syhk;.

    5. ,th; 12 cWg;gpdh;fis

    khepyq;fsitapy; epakdk;

    nra;fpwhh;. mth;fs; ,yf;fpak;>

    mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%f Nrit

    Mfpa Jiwfspd; mDgtk;

    ngw;wth;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

    6. 2 Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpad;

    cWg;gpdh;fshf kf;fsitapy;

    epakdk; nra;fpwhh;.

    7. Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld;

    fye;jhNyhrpj;Jg; gpd; ehlhSkd;w

    cWg;gpdhpd; jFjpapog;ig KbT

    nra;fpwhh;.

    8. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; rpytifahd

    kNrhjhf;fis jhf;fy; nra;tjw;F

    ,tuJ Kd; mDkjp Njit. (v.fh)

    ,e;jpahtpd; njhFg;Gj; jpus;

    epjpapypUe;J nryT nra;jy;. Gjpa

    khepyq;fs; cUthf;Fjy;.

    9. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L

    mitfspYk; epiwNtw;wg;ngw;w

    xU kNrhjh ,thplk; te;jhy;

    mk;kNrhjhtpw;F rk;kjk;

    njhptpf;fyhk;

    mk;kNrhjhtpid rk;kjk;

    njhptpg;gij epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Nf kWghp

    -rPyidf;fhf jpUg;gp

    mDg;gyhk; (gzkNrhjhthf

    ,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy;)

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 5

    ,q;F ehlhSkd;wk; kPz;Lk;

    FbauRj; jiytUf;F rk;kjk;

    ngw mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F mth;

    fl;lhak; rk;kjk; njhptpf;f

    Ntz;Lk;.

    10. khepy MSeuhy;> khepy rl;lg;

    Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xU

    kNrhjh FbauRj; jiythpd;

    ghh;itf;F mDg;gg;gLkhapd;

    FbauRj; jiyth; mjw;F

    mDkjp toq;fyhk;

    mDkjp toq;Ftjid

    epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.

    khepy rl;lg;Nguitf;F

    kWrPyidf;fhf khepy MSeh;

    jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;gb top

    fhl;lyhk;.

    ,q;F ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;W

    khepy rl;lrig kPz;Lk; muR

    kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;wp

    mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F FbauRj;

    jiyth; mDkjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;

    vd;W fl;lhak; fpilahJ. kPz;Lk;

    kWghprPyidf;F mDg;gyhk;.

    ehlhSkd;wk; $l;lk; ,y;yhj

    Neuj;jpy; mtrur;rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.

    me;j mtrur;rl;lk; ehlhSkd;wk;

    njhlq;fpajpy; ,Ue;J MW

    thuj;Jf;Fs; xg;Gjy; ngw

    Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mtru rl;lj;jpid

    ve;j Neuj;jpYk; jpUk;gg; ngWth;.

    ,e;jpa fzf;F jzpf;if kw;Wk;

    fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh;> kj;jpa gzpahsh;

    NjitfisAk;> epjp Mizak;

    Nghd;witfspd; mwpf;iffis

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;g;gpg;ghh;.

    mikjp> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; etPd muR

    Mfpaitfs; me;jkhd; kw;Wk;

    epNfhghh; jPTfs;> yl;rj;jPT> jhj;uh

    kw;Wk; ehfh;`Ntyp kw;Wk; lhkd;

    kw;Wk; ilA+ Mfpa gFjpfspy; tu

    xOq;FKiwfis cUthf;fyhk;.

    ,NjNghy; GJr;NrhpapYk;

    cUthf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mg;NghJ

    rl;lrig fiye;J ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk;.

    epjp mjpfhuk;

    gz kNrhjh ,tUila xg;Gjiy

    ngw;w gpd;G jhd; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

    mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

    kj;jpa epjpia mwpf;ifia ehlhS

    -kd;wj;jpd; Kd; rkh;gpf;fpwhh;.

    ,tUila xg;Gjy; ,y;yhik ve;j

    khepy Nfhhpf;ifAk; vOg;g

    KbahJ.

    jtph;f;f Kbahj my;yJ vjph;ghuhj

    nryTf;fhf vjph;ghuh nryT

    epjpaj;jpy; gzk; ,thpd; ngahpy;

    itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 6

    epjp Mizaj;ij Ie;J

    tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw mikf;fpwhh;.

    kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa

    tUtha; gfph;T gw;wpa mwpf;if

    rkh;gpf;fpwhh;.

    ePjp mjpfhuk;

    cr;r ePjpkd;w kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;w

    jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; ePjpgjpfis

    epakpf;fpwhh;.

    rl;lj;jpy; VNjDk; re;Njfk;

    ,Ug;gpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

    MNyhrid Nfl;fyhk;. Mdhy;

    me;j MNyhrid FbauRj;

    jiytiu fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.

    ,th; Fw;wthspia kd;dpf;fyhk;>

    jz;lid khw;wk; nra;ayhk;.

    jz;lid Fiwg;G nra;ayhk;.

    jz;lid toq;Ftij

    jhkjpf;fyhk; my;yJ

    xj;jpitf;fyhk; kw;Wk;

    jz;lidia epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.

    fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; Fw;wk;

    rhl;lg;gl;lh;tSf;F ,J nghUe;Jk;:

    1. ,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy;

    jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;.

    2. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lj;jpdhy;

    jz;bf;fg;gl;lth;

    3. kuz jz;lid ngw;wth;.

    ,uh[hq;f mjpfhuk;

    ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fs; FbauRj;

    jiythpd; rhh;ghf ifnaOj;jhfpwJ.

    ,Ug;gpDk; mit ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;

    xg;Gjy; ngw Ntz;baJ mtrpak;

    cs;s tptfhuq;fs;> epWtdq;fs;

    Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpd; gpujpepjpahf

    nray;gLfpwhh;. J}jh;fisAk;>

    cah;Mizah;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhh;.

    ,uhZt mjpfhuk;

    ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;G gilfspd;

    jiyth; Mthh;. ,th; fg;gw;gil>

    tpkhdg;gil kw;Wk; Nghh;g;gilj;

    jsgjpfis epakpf;fpwhh;.

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;GjYld; Nghiu

    mwptpf;fTk; Nghiu epWj;jTk;

    nra;fpwhh;.

    neUf;fbepiy mjpfhuq;fs;

    ,Jtiuapy; FbauRj;

    jiythpd; nghJthd

    mjpfhuq;fis ghh;j;Njhk;. ,J

    mtUila rpwg;G mjpfhukhFk;.

    murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

    mghpkpjkhd mjpfhuj;jpid

    toq;fpAs;sJ.

    1. Njrpa neUf;fb epiy (ruj;J 352)

    2. FbauRj; jiyth; Ml;rp (ruj;J

    356 kw;Wk; 365)

    3. epjp neUf;fb (ruj;J 360)

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 7

    FbauRj; jiythpd; tPl;Nlh (uj;J)

    nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

    kNrhjhit FbauRj; jiythpd;

    xg;Gjy; ifnahg;gk; gpd;dh;jhd; mJ

    rl;lkhfpwJ. mt;thW FbauRj;

    jiythpd; xg;GjYf;F mDg;Gk;

    nghOJ mtUf;F %d;W khw;W

    topKiwfs; cs;sd.

    (murpayikg;gpd;gb ruj;J 111d; fPo;)

    1. mDkjp mspf;fyhk;

    2. epWj;jp itf;fyhk;

    3. gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhj

    gl;rj;jpy; kWghprPyid

    nra;AkhW ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F

    jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;.

    ,Ug;gpDk;> mt;thW kWghprPyid

    nra;a jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;NghJ>

    ehlhSkd;wk; me;j

    kNrhjhf;fspd; khWjy; nra;Njh>

    nra;ahkNyh xg;GjYf;F

    mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F xg;Gjy;

    toq;fpahf Ntz;Lk;.

    kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jhy;

    epiwNtw;wg;glyhk;> gpd;Gk; mij

    uj;J nra;a FbauRj;jiyth;

    mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,jw;F

    ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

    1. ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; mtru

    mtrukhfTk; rhpahd Kiwapy;

    tpthjk; ele;jhYk; epiwNtw;wg;

    -gl;l rl;lj;jpid jLj;jy;

    2. murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf

    ,Uf;Fk; rl;lj;jpid jLj;jy;.

    ehd;F tpjkhf uj;J mjpfhuk;

    tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

    1. KOikahd uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;

    -jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjh

    -tpw;F mDkjp mspg;gij

    epWj;jpitj;jy;.

    2. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l uj;J: ehlhS

    -kd;wj;jpy; mjpfgl;rngUk;ghd;ik

    ngWtjd; %yk; uj;J nra;af;

    -$baJ.

    3. jw;fhypf uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

    rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjd;

    %yk; uj;J nra;af;$baJ.

    4. jhkjg;gLk; uj;J: ehlhSkd;wj;

    -jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l kNrhjhtpd;

    kPJ ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fhJ

    ,Uj;jy;

    Nkw;fz;l ehd;fpy; ,e;jpa

    FbauRj; jiyth; %d;W kl;LNk

    ngw;Ws;shh;. ,jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

    uj;J ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytUf;Ff;

    fpilahJ. Mdhy; ,J mnkhpf;f

    FbauRj; jiytUf;F cz;L. kPjk;

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 8

    %d;W uj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; fPo;

    tUkhW:

    KOikahd uj;J mjpfhuk;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

    kNrhjhtpw;F FbauRj; jiyth;

    xg;Gjy; mspf;fhky; epWj;jpitj;jiy

    ,J Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j kNrhjh

    rl;lkhfhkNyNa KbT ngWk;.

    nghJthf ,uz;L jUzq;fspy;

    ,t;thW nra;ag;gLk;.

    1. jdpegh; kNrhjhthf ,Ue;jhy;

    (mikr;rh; my;yhj VNjDk;

    ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;).

    2. kj;jpa mikr;ruit ,uh[pdhkh

    nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; cs;s murhq;f

    kNrhjhf;fshy; ,Ue;jhy; Gjpa

    mikr;ruit> FbauRj; jiyth;

    me;j kNrhjhf;fspy; xg;Gjy;

    mspf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;W

    MNyhrid toq;Fk;.

    jw;fhypf uj;J mjpfhuk;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F kNrhjhit

    jpUg;gp mDg;gp kWghprPyid

    nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy;.

    ,Ug;gpDk; ehlhSkd;wk; me;j

    kNrhjhtpy; VNjDk; khw;wk;

    nra;jhNyh my;yJ nra;ahkNyh

    kPz;Lk; FabuRj; jiythpd;

    xg;GjYf;F mDg;gpdhy; mjw;F

    fl;lhak; xg;Gjy; je;Nj

    MfNtz;Lk;. ,q;F FbauRj;

    jiythpd; uj;J mjpfhuk;

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; rhjhuz

    ngUk;ghd;ikahy; uj;J

    nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

    ,jpy; gz kNrhjhtpy;

    FbauRj;jiyth; ,e;j uj;J

    mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;j

    KbahJ. gz kNrhjhitg;

    nghWj;j tiuapy; FbauRj;

    jiyth; xg;Gjy; mspf;fhkNyNa

    itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ

    xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUg;gp

    kWghprPyidf;F mDg;g KbahJ.

    fhuzk; ,tUila xg;Gjypdhy;

    jhd; ,k;kNrhjh ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;

    mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

    jhkjg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;

    FbauRj; jiyth; kNrhjhit

    uj;Jk; nra;ahky; kWghprPyidf;F

    jpUg;gpAk; mDg;ghky; vt;tsT

    fhyk; Ntz;LkhdhYk;

    itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ,e;jpa

    murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,jw;F

    fhyf;nfL VJk; eph;zapf;ftpy;iy.

    mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,t;tif uj;J

    mjpfhuj;jpw;F FbauRj; jiyth;

    10 ehl;fSf;Fs; kWghprPyidf;F

    mDg;g Ntz;Lk;.

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 9

    ,e;j jhkjg;gLj;Jk; uj;J

    mjpfhuj;jpy; mnkhpf;f FbauRj;

    jiytiu tpl ,e;jpa FbauRj;

    jiytUf;F kpFe;j mjpfhuk;

    cz;L.

    khepy rl;lg;Nguitapd; kPJ FbauRj;

    jiythpd; uj;J mjpfhuk;:

    khepy rl;lg;Nguit ,aw;Wk;

    rl;lq;fspd; kPJk; FbauRj;

    jiytUf;F uj;J mjpfhuk;

    cs;sJ. xU kNrhjh khepy

    rl;lrigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

    gpd;G MSeh; my;yJ FbauRj;

    jiyth; MfpNahhpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;w

    gpd;dNu mJ rl;lkhfpwJ.

    khepy rl;lrigapy; epiwNtw;wg;

    -gl;l kNrhjh MSehpd; xg;Gjy;

    ngw;w gpd;G rl;lkhfpwJ. ,q;F

    ruj;J 200 d;gb MSeUf;F

    ehd;F khw;W mjpfhuq;fs;

    cs;sd.

    xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;.

    xg;Gjy; toq;Ftij epWj;jp

    itf;fyhk;.

    gz kNrhjhthf ,y;yhky;

    ,Ue;jhy; kWghprPyidf;F

    jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;.

    FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;gp

    itf;fyhk;.

    1. mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nghOJ

    ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSk;

    mkh;tpy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

    mtrur; rl;lk; VNjDk; xU mit

    mkh;tpy; ,Ue;jhYk;

    FbauRj;jiytuhy; ,aw;w KbAk;.

    Vnddpy; ,uz;L mitfspy;

    epiwNtw;wpdhy; kl;LNk mJ

    rl;lkhFk;. ,uz;L mitfSk;

    mkh;tpy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mtrur;

    rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhy; mJ

    nry;yhjhfptpLk;.

    2. jw;Nghija #o;epiy cldbahf

    mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;ba

    #o;epiy vd;W FbauRj;jiyth;

    kdepiwT nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

    $g;gh; tof;fpy; (1970) cr;r

    ePjpkd;wk; FbauRj; jiyth;

    kdepiwT vd;gjid ePjpkd;wk;

    Nfs;tp vOg;g KbAk; vd;wJ.

    fhuzk; FbauRj; jiyth; mtrur;

    rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;Lk;

    vd;gjw;fhfNt ehlhSkd;wf;

    $l;lj; njhlhpid KbTf;F

    nfhz;L te;jhy; mJ ehlhSkd;w

    eilKiwfis kPwpa nrayhFk;

    vd;wJ. 1975 y; 38 tJ

    murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpy;

    FbauRj;jiythpd; kdepiwT

    ,WjpahdJ kw;Wk; mjid

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 10

    ePjpkd;w kW Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j

    KbahJ vd;Wk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

    Mdhy; 1978-y; 44-tJ

    murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpy;

    ,J uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,g;nghOJ

    FbauRj; jiythpd; kdepiwT

    vd;gJ ePjpkd;w kW Ma;Tf;F

    cl;gl;ljhFk;.

    3. ,tUila mtrur;rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;

    mjpfhuk;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;

    rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpid Vw;wJ.

    Mdhy; ,uz;L epge;jidfs;

    cz;L.

    mtru rl;lk; vd;gJ

    ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lkpaw;Wk;

    gphpTfSf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

    mtrur; rl;lj;jpw;F rpy

    murpayikg;G tiuaiwfs;

    cs;sJ. mtrur; rl;lj;jhy;

    mbg;gil chpikfSf;F ve;j

    ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glf; $lhJ.

    midj;J mtrur; rl;lq;fSNk

    ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj; njhlh;

    elg;gpy; ,y;yhj nghOJ

    nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ.

    $l;lj;njhlh; Muk;gpj;jTld;

    ehlhSkd;wk; Kd; mtrur; rl;lk;

    rkh;gpf;fg;gLk;. ehlhSkd;wk; ,ij

    rk;kjpj;jhy; mJ rl;lkhFk;.

    xUNtis ve;j eltbf;ifAk;

    vLf;ftpy;iy vd;why; MWthuq;

    -fspy; ,J fhyhtjpahfptpLk;.

    ,q;F MW thuq;fs; vd;gJ ,U

    mitfSk; $ba Njjp MFk;.

    ,uz;lhtJ mit jhkjkhf

    njhlq;fpdhYk; mj;NjjpiaNa

    fzf;fpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

    ehlhSkd;wk; ,ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s

    -tpy;iy vd;W jPh;khdk; nfhz;L

    te;jhy;> ,J fhyhtjpahFk;. xU

    mtrur; rl;lj;jpd; mjpf gl;r

    nray;ehl;fs; MW khjKk;> MW

    thuq;fSk; MFk;. MWkhjq;fs;

    vd;gJ ,uz;L $l;lj;njhlUf;F

    ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp.

    FbauRj; jiyth; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;

    mtrur; rl;lj;jpid jpUk;gg;

    ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. mtrur; rl;lk;

    ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; FbauRj;

    jiythpd; vNjr;rjpfhuk;

    fpilahJ. mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd;

    MNyhridg;gb nray;gLfpwhh;.

    kw;w rl;lq;fisg; Nghd;W

    gpd;Njjpapl;l rl;lkhf nry;yf;

    $baJ. ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa

    rl;lq;fis jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;. thp

    rk;kge;jkhd rl;lq;fis nfhz;L

    tuyhk;. Mdhy; murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lj;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tuKbahJ.

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 11

    ,j;jifa mtrur; rl;lkpaw;Wk;

    mjpfhuk; ,q;fpyhe;jpNyh my;yJ

    mnkhpf;fhtpNyh ,y;iy. ,jpy;

    mtrur; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk;

    mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; neUf;fb epiy

    gpuflj;jpw;Fk; ve;jj; njhlh;Gk;

    ,y;iy.

    ,Jehs; tiuapy; mtru

    rl;lj;jpid kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

    ,aw;wpajw;F ve;j tof;Fk;

    cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk; tutpy;iy.

    ,Ug;gpDk; tj;th tof;fpy; (1987)

    ePjpkd;wk; $wpajhtJ’ mtrur;

    rl;lj;jpy; vt;tpj jpUj;jKk;

    ,y;yhky; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,aw;wp

    rl;lrigapy; epiwNtw;whky;

    ,Ug;gpd;> mJ murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lj;jpid kPwpajhFk;.

    FbauRj; jiythpd; kd;dpf;Fk;

    mjpfhuk;:

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;

    rl;lj;jpy; ruj;J 72 FbauRj;

    jiytUf;F kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;

    -jpid toq;fpAs;sJ.

    1. kj;jpa rl;lj;jpdhy; jz;lid

    ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;.

    2. ,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;

    ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;.

    3. kuz jz;lid ngw;wthpd; Fw;wk;

    FbauRj; jiythpd; kd;dpf;Fk;

    mjpfhuk; vd;gJ eph;thf mjpfhuk;

    ,ij vjph;j;J ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

    toq;Fj; njhlu KbahJ. ,e;j

    mjpfhuj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,uz;lhFk;.

    ePjpkd;w jtWfisr; rhpnra;jy;

    fLikahd jz;lidfspypUe;J

    tpyf;F mspj;jy;.

    1. kd;dpj;jy;

    jz;lidfisAk; Fw;wq;fs;

    midj;ijAk; ePf;fptpl;L kd;dpj;jy;

    2. jz;lid khw;wk;

    kpff;fLikahd jz;lizapypUe;J

    vspikahd jz;lidf;F khw;Wjy;

    v.fh. kuz jz;lidapypUe;J

    fLq;fhty; jz;lidahf Fiwj;J

    khw;Wjy;

    3. jhkjpj;jy; my;yJ xj;jpitj;jy;

    Fw;wthspapd; cly; eyk; FiwT

    my;yJ ngz; Fw;wthspapd; fh;g;gk;

    Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;

    jz;lidia jw;nghOJ

    mspf;fhky; rpy fhyk; jhkjpj;jy;

    my;yJ xj;jpitj;jy;

    4. epWj;jpitj;jy;

    jz;lid epiwNtw;Wtij

    (Fwpg;ghf kuz jz;lidia)

    jw;fhypfkhf epWj;jpitj;jy;. ,J

  • kj;jpa muR

    Page 12

    Fw;wthsp FbauRj; jiythplk;

    kd;dpj;jy; my;yJ jz;lid

    khw;wk; Nfhu trjpahf mikAk;.

    ,NjNghy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

    ruj;J 161 y; MSeh; khepy

    rl;lq;fspdhy; jz;bf;fngw;w xU

    Fw;wthspia kd;dpf;fyhk;.

    jz;lid khw;wk; nra;ayhk;>

    jz;lid Fiwg;G nra;ayhk;.

    jhkjpj;jhy; my;yJ

    xj;jpitf;fyhk; kw;Wk;

    epWj;jpitf;fyhk;.

    ,jdhy; MSehpd; kd;dpf;Fk;

    mjpfhukhdJ FbauRj; jiythpd;

    kd;dpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J

    NtWgLfpwJ.

    ,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jhy; jz;lid

    ngw;w Fw;wthspia FbauRj;

    jiytuhy; kl;LNk kd;dpf;f

    KbAk;. MSeuhy; kd;dpf;f

    KbahJ.

    FabuRj; jiyth; kuzjz;lid

    ifjpia kd;dpf;fyhk;. Mdhy;

    MSeuhy; mJ KbahJ Mdhy;

    MSeh; kuzjz;lid ifjpapd;

    jz;lidia Fiwf;fyhk; my;yJ

    khw;wyhk;.

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;

    FbauRj;jiythpd; epiy

    ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

    ekf;F ehlhSkd;w Kiwapyhd

    murhq;fj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jpy;

    FbauRj; jiyth; vd;gth;

    ngausitapyhd eph;thfj;

    jiytuhthh;. cz;ikahd

    eph;thfj; jiyth; vd;gJ gpujkh;

    jiyikapyhd mikr;rh;fs;

    FOthFk;. ,q;F FbauRj; jiyth;

    mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd;

    MNyhridgbNa jdJ

    mjpfhuj;jpid nra;fpwhh;.

    ruj;J 53> 74 kw;Wk; 75 Mfpait

    FbauRj; jiythpd; epiyia

    njspthf tFj;Js;sJ.

    ruj;J 53 d;gb kj;jpa eph;thf

    mjpfhuk; midj;Jk; FbauRj;

    jiythplk; cs;sJ


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