Eisenhower & The Cold War Foreign Policy, 1953-60.
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Transcript of Eisenhower & The Cold War Foreign Policy, 1953-60.
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Eisenhower & The Cold War
Foreign Policy, 1953-60
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Election of 1952
• WWII General and Hero• Both parties want him• Ends up going with the Republicans
Dwight D. EisenhowerWar Hero
Richard Milhous NixonSenator from California
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Election of 1952
• The Issues
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Election of 1952
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End of the Korean War, 1953
• 1952 - Eisenhower becomes President– Promised to end war in Korea
• Negotiates end of war– 38th parallel– Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
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Eisenhower Foreign Policy
• John Foster Dulles– Secretary of State
• Allen Dulles– Director of CIA– “New Look” policy
• Economic interests as well as military are important
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Iran, 1953• Democratic government elected
in 1951– Mohammed Mossadeq
• British and Americans concerned over control of oil
• Operation Ajax– CIA involved in coup to restore monarchy
to Iran– Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
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Guatemala, 1954
• Guatemalans elect Jacobo Arbenz President– Land Reform– United Fruit Company
• Operation PBSUCCESS– Covert CIA support for coup– Military dictator restored to power
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Election of 1956
• A Rematch
Pres. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson with Estes Kefauver
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Election of 1956
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Hungary, 1956
• Stalin dies 1953; Replaced by Krushchev
• Spontaneous uprising of students in Hungary–Demands to remove Soviet troops
• Soviets send in Red Army and brutally crush rebellion
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Consequences
Over 30,000 Hungarians dead200,000 Hungarians fleeCamp Kilmer (Rutgers)
Despite comments of support from US for Hungarian dissidents, US takes no actionWhy not?
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The Suez Canal Crisis, 1956-57
• Egypt, under Nasser, nationalize Suez Canal
• British, French and Israel threaten to invade– Isreali troops invade Sinai– UK/France issue ultimatum, invade
• US/UN support Egypt
• UN Takes Canal Zone, returns to Egypt
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Consequences
• Actions by Britain and France send Nasser more firmly to Soviets
• Sets stage for 1967 Arab-Israeli War
• Eisenhower asks Congress to use military force in Mideast if countries are threatened, as well as money for ME development– Eisenhower Doctrine
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The Middle East
• The United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 1958-61– Pan-Arab Nationalism– Egypt, Syria and almost Iraq– Support from USSR
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Lebanon, 1958• Threatened Civil War
– Muslims v. Maronite Christians– Muslims support U.A.R.
• Operation Blue Bat– 14,000 troops sent to quell
uprising– First application of Eisenhower
Doctrine
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U-2 Crisis, 1960
• US has manned spy planes (the U-2) that fly over Soviet Union
• In May 1960, one is shot down– Francis Gary Powers, CIA Pilot– US forced to acknowledge program– Eisenhower refuses to apologize– Powers later traded for Soviet spy
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French Indochina
• French colony since 1887– Ho Chi Minh– After WWII wanted
independence
• Dien Bien Phu, July 1954– Last battle for French
• Geneva Peace Accords
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SEATO
• Eisenhower concerned about Geneva Accords– Feels people might vote for communists
• Sec. of State, John Foster Dulles– Southeast Asia Treaty Organization– Voids Geneva Accords
President Eisenhower John Foster Dulles
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Ngo Dinh Diem
• President of South Vietnam
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National Liberation Front (NLF)
• Formed in 1960– Also called “Viet Cong”
• Supported by Ho Chi Minh– North Vietnam (DRV)