Seeking God in Einstein’s Universe Aileen A. O’Donoghue Into the Vastness.
Einstein’s Universe and Beyond…
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Transcript of Einstein’s Universe and Beyond…
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Einstein’s Universe Einstein’s Universe and Beyond…and Beyond…
Professor Lynn Cominsky
Sonoma State University
January 15, 2004
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National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
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Space
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Aerospace Technology
Biological and Physical Research
Space Science
Earth Science
Human Exploration and Development of Space
NASA ENTERPRISES
Education
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Living with a Star
Mars Exploration
program
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Astronomy and Physics Division
Infrared, Visible and Ultraviolet
Radio, Microwave, X-ray, Gamma-ray, Gravity, Cosmic Rays
Structure and Evolution of the Universe
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Structure and Evolution of the Structure and Evolution of the UniverseUniverse
1. To explain structure in the Universe and forecast our cosmic destiny;
2. To explore the cycles of matter and energy in the evolving Universe;
3. To examine the ultimate limits of gravity and energy in the Universe ranging from the closest stars to the most distant quasars.
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Structure and Evolution of the Structure and Evolution of the Universe MissionsUniverse Missions
ACE HETE-2ASTRO E2 INTEGRALChandra LISACHIPS RXTEConstellation-X SWASGALEX SwiftGLAST WMAPGravity Probe B XMM-Newton
Hubble
Not yet launched
In orbit
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Spanning the EM Spectrum
ASTRO-E2
Chandra
CHIPS Con-X
GALEXGLAST
HETE-2
INTEGRAL
MAP
RXTE
SWAS
XMM-Newton
Swift
Energy (eV)
Radio Infrared Visible UV X-ray Gamma ray
ACE
GP-B LISA
Misfits of Science:
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10http://universe.sonoma.edu
Your first choice for on-line information!
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SEU Main research areasSEU Main research areas Cosmic Microwave Background X-ray Astronomy Gamma-ray Astronomy Gravity
Coming soon ---- Beyond Einstein!
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X-ray Astronomy – a brief X-ray Astronomy – a brief historyhistory
Began in 1962 with the discovery of first extra-solar X-ray source (Sco X-1) in a rocket flight by Giacconi et al. (Nobel prize in 2002)
First satellite was SAS-A aka Uhuru (1970-3)
Uhuru
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X-ray AstronomyX-ray Astronomy First imaging X-ray satellite was Einstein
Observatory (1978-81) Currently in orbit: RXTE, Chandra and
XMM-Newton (ESA/NASA)
Einstein
Chandra
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X-ray SourceryX-ray Sourcery Earliest source was Sun – corona and flares
Then neutron stars and black holes in accreting binaries were discovered to be strong x-ray emitters – 10 orders of magnitude greater!
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Einstein’s Theory of General Einstein’s Theory of General RelativityRelativity
Event horizon around singularity is defined by radius where escape velocity is equal to the speed of light
Not even light can escape, once it has crossed the event horizon
R = 2GM/c2
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Chandra X-ray ObservatoryChandra X-ray Observatory 1 arcsecond images
“HST of X-ray Astronomy”
Breakthroughs in every area of studyStarsCompact ObjectsGalaxiesGalaxy Clusters
1-10 keV X-rays Launched 7/23/99
Cas A SNR shows central NS in one of Chandra’s first images
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Black Holes Are Everywhere!Black Holes Are Everywhere!
Black holes in quasars
QSO
Galaxy
Empty
Black holes in“normal” galaxies
Black holes in empty space
Chandra deep field
Deep Image
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Coming soon – we hope! NuSTARComing soon – we hope! NuSTAR SMEX Phase A study underway Spectrum Astro will provide spacecraft and
Mission Operations Center Focusing hard X-ray telescope (6-80 keV) with
CdZnTe detectors Black hole finder and supernova remnant studies Launch in 8/07 if selected for flight
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Gamma-ray Astronomy: Gamma-ray Astronomy: The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Whole sky glows
Extreme environments
Probes of the Universe
CGRO/EGRET All Sky Map
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Early Gamma-ray AstronomyEarly Gamma-ray Astronomy
• Gamma-ray Bursts• Vela Program : A Bomb or Not a Bomb?• A few hundred events, a few hundred theories
Gamma-ray Sources• SAS-2 – discovered 2 pulsars (1972)• COS-B – about 25 sources (1975-82)
• Most unidentified, but 1 quasar• Diffuse extra-galactic background
• Compton GRO – four instruments• Opened up the gamma-ray Universe
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Mass and energyMass and energy
Einstein’s most famous equation Einstein realized that mass and energy were
equivalent and interchangeable This interchange is commonly observed in high-
energy astronomy Swift and GLAST use this principle in different
ways
E = mc2
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Creating Energy from MassCreating Energy from Mass
When two oppositely charged particles meet in flight, they can annihilate to create two gamma-ray photons traveling in opposite directions
The rest mass of an electron or its anti-particle, the positron, is 511 keV/c2
Annihilating an electron creates E= 511 keV
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Explosions in SpaceExplosions in Space Energy is also
created from mass when stars explode
Supernovae herald the deaths of stars
Gamma-ray Bursts signal the deaths of even more massive stars
They are the birth cries of black holes
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Gamma-Ray BurstsGamma-Ray Bursts
When you’ve seen one gamma-ray burst…..
You’ve seen one
gamma-ray burst!
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Distribution of GRBs in the SkyDistribution of GRBs in the Sky
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Swift Gamma-ray Burst MissionSwift Gamma-ray Burst Mission Will study Gamma-Ray
Bursts with a “swift” response
Burst Alert Telescope X-ray Telescope UV/Optical Telescope Spacecraft by Spectrum
Astro To be launched in 2004 Nominal 2-year lifetime
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Repoints within 50 s after detecting GRB to obtain X-ray and optical data
Detects about 150 GRBs per year and their afterglows
Sends initial coordinates of burst to ground within 15 s
Sends high resolution coordinates of GRB to ground within 50 s
Determines distance to burst within 1000 s
Swift.sonoma.edu
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Creating Mass from EnergyCreating Mass from Energy Pairs of oppositely
charged particles can be produced from a single energetic gamma-ray photon, interacting with converter material
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Pair production in spacePair production in space NASA is launching
GLAST in 2007 Large Area Telescope
(joint with DOE) GLAST Burst Monitor LAT uses pair
production to track gamma-rays from space to their sources – often huge black holes!
Spacecraft by Spectrum Astro
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GLAST LAT TechnologiesGLAST LAT Technologies
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Explore the era of star formation in the universe, the physics of dark matter and the creation and evolution of galaxies
GLAST ScienceGLAST Science
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Going Beyond EinsteinGoing Beyond Einstein
NASA is beginning a new program to test predictions of Einstein’s theories:– What happens at the edge of a black hole?– What powered the Big Bang?– What is the mysterious Dark Energy that is
pulling the Universe apart? Do Einstein’s theories completely describe
our Universe?
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BE Great ObservatoriesBE Great Observatories
Constellation X LISA
Four X-ray telescopes flying in formation
Three satellites, each with 2 lasers and 2 test masses
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Beyond Einstein ProbesBeyond Einstein Probes
Census of hidden
Black Holes
Dark Energy InflationBlack Hole Finder
Measure expansion
history
Polarization of CMB
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BE Mission Concept StudiesBE Mission Concept Studies Black Hole Finder:
– EXIST: Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope
– Spectrum Astro is providing spacecraft information to concept study
– SSU is leading E/PO Dark Energy Probe:
– Leading concept is SNAP: Supernova Acceleration Probe
– NASA and DOE have signed agreement for “Joint Dark Energy Mission”
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Beyond Einstein Vision Beyond Einstein Vision MissionsMissions
Big Bang Observer Black Hole Imager
Direct detection of gravitational waves from Big Bang
Resolved image of the Event Horizon
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Some last words from EinsteinSome last words from Einstein
“The most incomprehensible thing about the Universe is that it is comprehensible”
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Background followsBackground follows
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GLAST designGLAST design