EIA: changing expectations, purpose and approach
Transcript of EIA: changing expectations, purpose and approach
Lam Kin Che 林健枝 Director, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability
Professor, Department of Geography & Resource Management
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Environmental Protection in Hong Kong: Past and Future
Hong Kong EPD 25 Anniversary Public Seminar
27 October 2011
EIA: changing expectations,
purpose and approach
Themes of IAIA Conference in
last decade
• 2012: Energy Future
• 2011: Impact Assessment and Responsible Development for Infrastructure,
Business and Industry
• 2010: Transitioning to the Green Economy
• 2009: Impact Assessment and Human Well-Being
• 2008: The Art and Science of Impact Assessment
• 2007: Growth, Conservation and Responsibility
• 2006: Power, Poverty and Sustainability
• 2005: "Integrity is your destiny"
• 2004: Impact Assessment for Industrial Development—Whose business is it?
• 2003: Building Capacity for Impact Assessment
• 2002: Assessing the Impact of Impact Assessment
Themes of IAIA Conference in
last decade
• 2012: Energy Future
• 2011: Impact Assessment and Responsible Development for Infrastructure,
Business and Industry
• 2010: Transitioning to the Green Economy
• 2009: Impact Assessment and Human Well-Being
• 2008: The Art and Science of Impact Assessment
• 2007: Growth, Conservation and Responsibility
• 2006: Power, Poverty and Sustainability
• 2005: "Integrity is your destiny"
• 2004: Impact Assessment for Industrial Development—Whose business is it?
• 2003: Building Capacity for Impact Assessment
• 2002: Assessing the Impact of Impact Assessment
Themes of IAIA Conference in
last decade
• 2012: Energy Future
• 2011: Impact Assessment and Responsible Development for Infrastructure,
Business and Industry
• 2010: Transitioning to the Green Economy
• 2009: Impact Assessment and Human Well-Being
• 2008: The Art and Science of Impact Assessment
• 2007: Growth, Conservation and Responsibility
• 2006: Power, Poverty and Sustainability
• 2005: "Integrity is your destiny"
• 2004: Impact Assessment for Industrial Development—Whose business is it?
• 2003: Building Capacity for Impact Assessment
• 2002: Assessing the Impact of Impact Assessment
Themes of IAIA Conference in
last decade
• 2012: Energy Future
• 2011: Impact Assessment and Responsible Development for Infrastructure,
Business and Industry
• 2010: Transitioning to the Green Economy
• 2009: Impact Assessment and Human Well-Being
• 2008: The Art and Science of Impact Assessment
• 2007: Growth, Conservation and Responsibility
• 2006: Power, Poverty and Sustainability
• 2005: "Integrity is your destiny"
• 2004: Impact Assessment for Industrial Development—Whose business is it?
• 2003: Building Capacity for Impact Assessment
• 2002: Assessing the Impact of Impact Assessment
Environmental assessment has come
a long way in past four decades
• Project refinement (environmental
protection)
• Project justification
• Public engagement
• Public ―participation‖ (in decision
making)
Environmental assessment is often
characterized by conflict and
controversy… this is an inevitable
consequence
纷争在环评过程中是常见的
…也是难以避免的
Sadler and Armour, 1987
Opposition to the Express Rail
Source: Oriental Daily 27.07.2010
Opposition to Landfill Extension
by TKO Residents
蘋果日報
EIA of Hong Kong Zhuhai Macau Bridge
Being Challenged
明報
Can we make some sense of
these events?
Challenges Ahead
“ The coming years will be a narrative of
tension, a series of conflicts with difficult
choice between the imperative of present
and those of tomorrow. How we resolve
this tension will be the measure of our
vision and leadership.”
Ban Ki-moon UN Sec General, 6 Jan 2009
Sites/
Routes
Impact
Minimization
Alternative
Evaluation
Optimization
Plans
Technical
Justification
Design/Plan
Modification
“Yes-No” Decision
Projects
EA Moving Upstream
Sustainability
Conflict Resolution
Development Scenarios
Evaluations
Development Strategy
Consensus
Building
Need /
Alternatives
Planning
Social Economic
Evaluation
Policies
Public Consultation
Two Directions of EA Development
Refinement of the EA tools
Ch
an
gin
g S
co
pe
• Legal framework
• Assessment methodology
• Cumulative impact
• EIA follow up
• EIA review
• Regional EIA
• SEA
Problems
Limitations
Evolution the EIA process over time
Tools
Method
EIA SEA
HOW?
WHERE?
WHAT?
WHY?
Cumulative
Impact
Legal
Framework
Rationality
Problems
Limitations
Monitoring
EIA follow up
Socio-economic
Regional EA
Scenario
Evaluation
Policy alignment
Capacity analysis
Scope
Institution
Strategy
Purpose of EIA/SEA
• How? (In what form, design and sequence
should development be carried out?)
• Where? (Where should the proposed
development go?)
• What? (How can the need be met?)
• Why? (Is there a need? Is it really good for
the society?)
Source: Rob Verheem
Strategic Thinking: Space occupied by
same number of people in cars, in a bus,
and on bicycles
Demonstration on main street of Muenster how much space cars take compared
to buses or bikes to transport the same number of people
After Pucher
Two Dimensions of Change
EIA SEA
Assessment-based
Strategy-based
SEA
How
Where
What
Why
Value-laden
Discourse
Rationalization
Tip of Iceberg Problem
All
Development
Activities
Tip of Iceberg Problem
Plan, Pgm, Pol’cy
Strategy
All Activities
Two Directions of EA Development
Refinement of the EIA tools
SE
A T
oo
ls &
Ap
pro
ach
es
• Regional EA
• Scenario evaluation
• Institution analysis
• Underscoring ―strategic‖ thinking
• EIA review
• Lacking – conflict resolution & consensus
building
SEA is NOT
SEA should be
Reason
Law Humanity
法 理 情
Key Elements of Environmental Discourse
Different Perspectives of EIA: Between
the proponent and the public
Project Planning Public Concerns
EIA EIA
Looking for Something at Night
Reason
Law Humanity
法 理 情
Key Elements of Environmental Discourse
EIA Ordinance
―An Ordinance to provide
for assessing the impact on
the environment of certain
projects and proposals, for
protecting the environment
and for incidental matters‖
Reason
Law Humanity
法 理 情
Key Elements of Environmental Discourse
Reason
• Reasoning
– Scientific
– Optimality
– Sustainability
• Reasonable
– Environmental justice
– Social justice
Searching for a waste disposal site with
marine access in HK – “Rational ” Site
Selection Process
Composite Constraints Map
ERM
Incompatible Areas
ERM
Reason
• Reasoning
– Scientific
– Optimality
– Sustainability
• Reasonableness
– Procedural justice
– Environmental justice
– Social justice
Debate on standalone
baseline analysis
Reason
• Reasoning
– Scientific
– Optimality
– Sustainability
• Reasonable
– Procedural justie
– Environmental justice
– Social justice
Opposition to the Express Rail
What are they against?
明報
Reason
Law Humanity
法 理 情
Key Elements of Environmental Discourse
Humanistic Considerations
• Risk perception
• Trust
• Benefit sharing
How is risk perceived by
experts and the lay public?
Based on risk
level accepted
as just tolerable
in UK for Canvey
DG complex
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1 10 100 1000 10000
No. of Fatalities (N)
Fre
quency (
F)
of
Accid
ents
with N
or
More
Fata
litie
s p
er
Year
.
All Events
Marine Events Only
Jetty Events Only
All Tank Farm Events
Instantaneous Tank Wall Failures Only
Pipeline Events Only
UNACCEPTABLE
ALARP
ACCEPTABLE
•Overall, the probability of a hazard to
life posed by PAFF is extremely low
•100% tank scenario risks are
extremely low
•Jet A-1 does not produce flammable
vapour and is difficult to ignite
• PAFF has extensive safety features,
approved by FSD including spill
containment
•Acceptable to be located with industrial
/ residential developments, even next
to high temperature works, like furnace
My Friend, would you like to hear the
odds of that occurring again?
Humanistic Considerations
• Risk perception
• Trust
• Benefit sharing
Public trust in the stakeholders involved in NIMBY
facilities planning
% “Trust and Trust A Lot"
Tuen Mun Tseung Kwan O
NGO 61.71 62.90
Professional B 51.87 52.68
Legislature 29.92 28.71
Government 27.80 32.00
District Council 27.39 29.08
Political Party 12.64 12.65
Enterprises 9.84 9.73
1st
2nd
3rd
Centre of Environmental Policy and Resource Management, CUHK, Survey of 750, 2008
EIA Studies
Planning Studies
Optimization,
CBA, MCA…
Role of Experts
Report
The experts as seen by some
Humanistic Considerations
• Risk perception
• Trust
• Benefit sharing
Sai Wan
Strong Opposition from Public
Source: SCMP
Source: SCMP
Sai Kung
62
Payment for Ecological Services /
Benefit Sharing
Ecological
Services
Beneficiaries /
compensation
Problem
Identified
Solution Space over Time
Planning Design Public
Exhibition Stage Concept
Solution
space
Level of
Attention
Problem
Identified
Source: Elvis Au
When to apply humanistic measures?
Planning Design Public
Exhibition Stage Concept
Solution
space
Level of
Attention
Problem
Identified
難度
Level of
Attention
Solution
space
Solution Space over Time to Negotiate
Planning Design Public
Exhibition Stage Concept
Problem
Identified
Threshold
Should social economic
impacts be incorporated in
the EIA process?
Question reframed: how socio-economic
impacts be considered in project planning?
• EIA?
• Planning process?
• Strategic planning?
• Is environment a requirement to
be met, or something to be traded
off?
Reason
Law Humanity
法 理 情
Nature of the three dimensions
LAW
SCIENCE
SUSTAINABILITY
JUSTICE
HUMANISTIC
CONSIDERATIONS
Do’s & Don’ts
True / False?
Sustainable?
Right / wrong?
You & I
Individual & Society
Teeth,
Insensitive Change
Scientific debate
cannot resolve
value-laden issues
Motivation
Incentive to change
Source: SCMP
Source: SCMP
Today’s Takeaway
EIA is not the only Tool
Other Tools of
Environmental
Management
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
• Purpose / public aspiration has changed
over time
• EIA is largely rational / technocratic
• Rationality alone can no longer address
all types of concern
• Increasing conflicts which cannot be
resolved merely by scientific discourse
• Need to address sustainability, justice
and humanistic considerations in or
outside the EIA system
“Environmental management is not the
management of the environment per se;
but rather management of aspirations,
complexity, uncertainty and conflicts.”
Bruce Mitchell
Just established.
Watch out for our
activities!
Aspire to Inspire….Before You Expire
林健枝 HonFCIWEM, FHKIEIA, MHKIOA, SBS, JP
Email: [email protected]
Tip of Iceberg Problem
All
Development
Activities
How to make best use of the
environment?
• Does it comply with the environmental standard?
• Does it safeguard the prudent use of environment?
Baseline
Induced Impact
based on stand
alone analysis
Baseline
Induced
Impact
冰山
Different Perspectives of EIA: Between the Government and the Public
Project Planning
EIA
Public Concerns
EIA
Project Appraisal
Consideration
EIA
Tips
• Link them up
Law
Evidence-based
People-centered
Policy making
Recognize
limitations
periodic reviews
Public
engagement
Beneficial
sharing
Humanity
Reason
Tips
• Use not just your hands, but also your
• Brain
• Heart
Poverty-Environmental-Degradation
Vicious Cycle
Shock
Ecological Damage
Poverty
Unsustainable Practices
Short &
Focused
Vision
Sustainable Development
Economy
Benefit
Environment
Earth
Social-Cultural
People
Here There
Now Future
Local Global
Source: Rob Verheem, 2000