Egypt and Incas
description
Transcript of Egypt and Incas
![Page 1: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Egypt and Incas
Lsn 3
![Page 2: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Part 1: Egypt
![Page 3: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ID & SIGs
• Amon-Re, hieroglyphs, Lower Egypt, Memphis, mummification, Nile River, pharaoh, pyramids, Queen Hatshepsut, Thebes, Upper Egypt
![Page 4: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Centralized Aspects of Egyptian Civilization
• Nile River– Agriculture– Trade
• Cities
• Social Hierarchy
• Religion
![Page 5: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Nile River Basin:
A Ribbon of Green
Agriculture
![Page 6: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Agriculture
• Herodotus called Egypt the “Gift of the Nile”
• Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s annual floods to become an especially productive agricultural region– After the floods receded in late summer,
cultivators could go into the floodplains in late summer and sow their seeds without extensive preparation of the soil
![Page 7: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Agriculture
• Expanded agriculture led to expanded populations and demand for increased production
• Cultivators moved beyond the Nile’s immediate floodplains building dikes to protect their fields from floods and catchment basins to store water for irrigation
![Page 8: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Shaduf
• To lift water from the canal Egyptians used a shaduf, a large pole balanced on a crossbeam with a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other.
• When the rope was pulled, the bucket would be lowered into the canal.
• The counterweight would raise the bucket.
• The farmer would then carry the bucket to the field and water it.
![Page 9: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Economic Exchange
• The Nile provided excellent transportation which facilitated trade.
• Nile flows north so boats could ride the currents from Upper to Lower Egypt.
• Prevailing winds blow almost year-round from the north so by using sails, boats could then make their way back upriver.
![Page 10: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Economic Exchange
• Egypt needed to trade because, beside the Nile, it had few natural resources– For example, Egypt had very few
trees so all its wood came from abroad, especially cedar from Lebanon
• Much trade between Egypt and Nubia– Importance of trade was reflected
in the names of southern Egyptian cities
• Aswan comes from the ancient Egyptian word swene which means “trade”
• Elephantine owed its name to the elephant ivory trade
![Page 11: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cities
![Page 12: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Upper and Lower Egypt• Ancient Egypt was
divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt.
• Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River’s delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean.
• Upper (southern) Egypt was the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south of the Delta.
![Page 13: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cities• Relatively few cities and high
administrative centralization• Memphis
– Founded by Menes around 3100 BC as capital of a united Upper and Lower Egypt
– Located at the head of the Nile River Delta
• Thebes– Administrative center of
Upper Egypt– Seat of worship for Amon
![Page 14: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Religion and Education
![Page 15: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Religion and Education
• Two main gods were Amon (Thebian deity associated with the sun, creation, fertility, and reproductive forces) and Re (the sun god worshipped at Heliopolis)– Eventually the two
were combined in the cult of Amon-Re
![Page 16: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Brief Period of Monotheism
• For a brief period Akhentan challenged the Amon-Re cult by proclaiming Aten as the one and only true god– Once Akhenaten
died, traditional priests restored the Amon-Re cult
The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family
![Page 17: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mummification
• In order to prepare a person for the long and hazardous journey before they could enjoy the pleasures of the afterlife, the body of a dead person was preserved by a process called mummification.
![Page 18: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Judgment• The Egyptians viewed the heart as the seat of
intellect and emotion.• Before entering the pleasures of eternity, the
dead person had to pass a test in which Anubis, the god of the dead, weighed the person’s heart against Ma’at, the goddess of justice and truth, who was represented by a feather.
![Page 19: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Judgment
• If the deceased’s good deeds outweighed the bad, then his heart would be as light as the feather (heavy hearts bore the burden of guilt and evil), and Osiris would welcome the newcomer to the next world.
• If the deceased fell short in his judgment, his body would be eaten by a monster that was part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus.
![Page 20: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Osiris
• Patron of the underworld, the dead, and past pharaohs
• Cult of Osiris demanded observance of high moral standards– As lord of the underworld, Osiris had the
power to determine who deserved the blessing of immortality and who did not
![Page 21: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
![Page 22: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Social Hierarchy• Pharaoh
– Egyptian kings of a centralized state– Claimed to be gods living on earth in human form
• Bureaucrats– Because the pharaoh was an absolute ruler there was little room
for a noble class as in Mesopotamia– Instead professional military forces and an elaborate bureaucracy
of administrators and tax collectors served the central government• Patriarchal
– Vested authority over public and private affairs in men– However, more opportunities for women than in Mesopotamia as
evidenced by Queen Hatshepsut reigning as pharaoh• Peasants and slaves
– Supplied the hard labor that made complex agricultural society possible
– Among the slaves were the Hebrews
![Page 23: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Pharaohs
Tutankhamun (King Tut) 1334 and 1325 BC
Ramesses II 1279-1213 BC
![Page 24: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pyramids• Pyramids
– Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and divine stature; royal tombs
– Pyramid of Khufu involved the precise cutting and fitting of 2,300,000 limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons
– Estimated construction of the Khufu pyramid required 84,000 laborers working 80 days per year for 20 years
The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at
Giza.
![Page 25: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Specialization
• Building a pyramid would require– Laborers– Architects– Engineers– Craftsmen– Artists
![Page 26: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Bureaucrats• Below the pharaoh, the most powerful officer in
the hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucracy– All royal commands passed through the vizier
before being transmitted to the scribes in his office.
• The scribes dispatched orders to the heads of towns and villages, including rules related to the collection of taxes.
![Page 27: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Part 2: Incas
![Page 28: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ID & SIG:
• Cuzco, Inca roads, forced labor, public relief, Inca religion, terrace farming
![Page 29: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Centralized Aspects of Incan Civilization
• Cuzco
• Roads
• Social Hierarchy
• Religion
![Page 30: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Inca
![Page 31: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Inca
• By the 13th Century, the Inca had established domination over the regional states in Andean South America
• In 1438, Pachacuti launched a series of military campaigns that greatly expanded Inca authority
• By the late 15th Century, the Inca empire covered more than 2,500 miles, embracing almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina
![Page 32: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cities
![Page 33: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cities: Cuzco
• Inca capital at Cuzco served as the administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the empire
• May have supported 300,000 residents at the height of the Inca empire in the late 15th Century
• Tremendous system of roads emanated from Cuzco
![Page 34: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
New Technologies
Major Roads of the Inca Empire
![Page 35: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
New Technologies: Roads
• Built an all-weather highway system of over 16,000 miles – Ran “through deep valleys and over mountains,
through piles of snow, quagmires, living rock, along turbulent rivers; in some places it ran smooth and paved, carefully laid out; in others over sierras, cut through the rock, with walls skirting the rivers, and steps and rests through the snow; everywhere it was clean swept and kept free of rubbish, with lodgings, storehouses, temples to the sun, and posts along the way.” (Ciezo de Leon)
• Allowed the Inca government to maintain centralized control, including by means of the military
![Page 36: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
New Technologies: Roads
• Allowed the Inca government to maintain centralized control by moving military forces around the empire quickly, transporting food supplies where needed, and tying the widespread territories together
• Rest stations were built a day’s walk apart
• Runners were positioned at convenient intervals to deliver government messages
![Page 37: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Economic Exchange
Inca gold
![Page 38: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Economic Exchange
• Inca society did not produce large classes of merchants or skilled artisans
• Locally they bartered among themselves for surplus agricultural production and handcrafted goods
• Long distance trade was supervised by the central government using the excellent Inca roads
![Page 39: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Economic Exchange
• Gold, the Inca’s most valuable commodity, proved to be their undoing when Spanish conquistadors destroyed much of the empire in the early 1500s in search of gold
• The Spanish melted down almost all the gold so few works of art remain
Arrival of Francisco Pizarro in South America
![Page 41: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• In order to rule the massive territory and populations they had conquered, the Incas completely restructured much of Andean society– Relocated populations– Reordered the economy– Constructed an extensive transportation
network– Inculcated a state religion
![Page 42: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• Rulers
• Aristocrats
• Priests
• Bureaucrats
• Peasant cultivators of common birth– Much fewer skilled craftsmen than other
people of Mexica and the eastern hemisphere
![Page 43: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• Chief ruler was a god-king who theoretically owned everything and was an absolute and infallible ruler
• Dead rulers retained their prestige even after death– Remains were mummified and state
deliberations often took place in their presence in order to benefit from their counsel
– Were seen as intermediaries with the gods
![Page 44: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• Aristocrats lived privileged lives including fine foods, embroidered clothes, and large ears spools– Spanish called them “big ears”
Inca ear spools
![Page 45: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• Priests often came from royal and aristocratic families– They lived celibate and ascetic lives– Influenced Inca society by education and religious
rituals• Large class of bureaucrats to support
centralized government– Bureaucrats administered over sections of the
population based on numerical rather than geographic distribution
– Bureaucrats often were drawn from the loyal ranks of conquered people
![Page 46: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Social Hierarchy
• Peasants worked lands allocated to them and delivered substantial portions of their production to the bureaucrats– Surplus supported the ruling, aristocratic, and priestly
classes as well as providing public relief in times of famine or to widows
• Also owed compulsory labor services to the Inca state– Men provided heavy labor– Women provided tribute in the forms of textiles,
pottery, and jewelry
![Page 47: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Religion and Education
Inti Raymi, the feast of the sun
![Page 48: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Religion and Education
• Main god was Inti, god of the sun– In the capital of Cuzco, some 4,000 priests, attendants, and
virgin devotees served Inti
• Sacrificed agricultural produce or animals rather than humans
• Inca religion taught that sin was a violation of the established or natural order– Believed sin could bring divine disaster for individuals and
communities– Had rituals for confession and penance
• Believed in life after death where an individual received rewards or punishments based on the quality of his earthly life
![Page 49: Egypt and Incas](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56814f91550346895dbd4cd7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Next Lesson
• Byzantium