Effects of Magnetic Fields On the Current-Voltage (I-V) Curve Characteristics of the Chitosan Membrane

Ni Nyoman Rupiasih, Made Sumadiyasa, I Ketut Putra, Ratih Wulandari and Ida Wisnu Sari

The International Conference on Science, Technology and Humanities

The Patra Jasa Hotel Bali, Indonesia, 14-15 November 2019

Dept. of Physics, Fac. of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali Group Research Material Sciences and Technology-Polymer and Biomaterial

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

3. Results and discussion

4. Conclusion

Contents:

• CHITOSAN is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit). It is made by treating the CHITIN with an alkaline substance, such as sodium hydroxide.

- Molecular Formula: (C6H11NO4)n

- Synonym: Deacetylated chitin; Poly(D-glucosamine)

Chitin

Chitosan

INTRODUCTION

Chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is a derivative of glucose.Formula: (C8H13O5N)n

Chitin

Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects (crustaceans and insects), the cell walls of fungi, and certain hard structures in invertebrates and fish. In terms of abundance, chitin is second to cellulose.

➢ Especially from shrimps, crabs and prawn, those were a waste as a byproduct of the seafood industry.

INTRODUCTION

Chitosan has attracted great interest due to:- Biocompatibility- high charge density,- non-toxicity and adhesion; antibacterial effect, heavy metal

adsorption, film and membranes; Nanofiber.

Applications:- Chitosan film for packaging, particularly as an edible packaging

food industries- Chitosan based membranes used in RO, gas separation, dialysis

and pervaporation waste water treatments, beverages industry, .

- It is used as a composite, polyelectrolyte complex or a blend with another polymer.

❑ The I-V curve usually reflects the electric property of the membrane and gives information on the transport mechanism of ions, including concentration polarization.

INTRODUCTION

One important characteristic of chitosan in the form of membrane is the current–voltage (I-V) curve.

✓ Typically the I–V curves of an ion-exchange membrane can be divided into three regions as shown in Fig. 1. Region I the ohmic region where the current density is related to the electrical potential difference governed by Ohm’s law.

Jae-Hwan Choi, Hong-Joo Lee, and Seung-Hyeon Moon (2001)

INTRODUCTION

Fig. 1. The I- V curve for CMX (cation-exchange membrane) membrane in contact with 0.025 M NaCl solution.

❑ The shape of the I–V curve in an ion-exchange membrane varies with the external conditions, such as concentration (1, 3), flow rate (9), and the physicochemical conditions of the membrane surface (4).

INTRODUCTION

➢ The purpose of this research is to study the effect of magnetic fields on the I-V curve characteristics of the chitosan membrane based on the concentration polarization.

➢ That consists of the plateau length, limiting current density (LCD), and the ratio of the resistance of region III (RIII) to region I (RI) (RIII/RI) of the I-V curve.

➢ For a potential used as ion exchange membrane.

2. Materials and Methods

Materials:

▪ Chitosan powder used is shrimp-based product (DD = 87.4%)

▪ The molecular weight of 900,000 Da and solubility in acetic acid is 99.4%.

▪ Sodium hydroxide and acetic acid were analytical grade (p.a.), Demineralized water was used in preparing solutions.

The magnetic field is applied during the membrane formation stage.

Condition:➢ The magnetic field used was 1.5 mT.➢ The exposure times were 2, 4, 8 and 12 h.

Methods

DC current source

Multimeter

Helmholtz coil

Glass plate

The magnetic field Set Up

Chitosan Membrane 2% Preparation

12

Casting method

5 g Chitosan powder + 250 ml acetic acid 1%

The Mixture stirred Dope solution 2%

Cast the dope solution on the glass plate and dried it for 14 d at room temperature

Membrane chitosan 2% dipped in 1% of NaOHsolution for ~ 12 min

washed with aqua-dm 3 times, then dried at room temperature.

Dried Chitosan Membrane ready to characterize or used

Chitosan Membrane 2%

Chitosan Membrane 2% treated by magnetic field

13

Casting method

5 g Chitosan powder + 250 ml acetic acid 1%

The Mixture stirred Dope solution 2%

Cast the dope solution on the glass plate and keep in the magnetic field for a certain time: 2, 4, 8 and 12 h, then dried it for 14 d at room temperature

Membrane chitosan 2% dipped in 1% of NaOHsolution for ~ 12 min

washed with aqua-dm 3 times, then dried at room temperature.

Dried Chitosan Membrane ready to characterize or used

Chitosan Membrane 2% treated by magnetic field for 2 h

Calomel Electrode

multimeter

Electrolit solution

Ion transport chamber DC source

Chamber 1Chamber 2

The I-V measurement set up

The electrodes used were Single, Hg/Hg2Cl2 reference electrodes. The electrolyte solutions used were 0.025 M HCl and CaCl2. All experiments

were carried out at a room temperature of 28.7 °C.

4. Results and Discussion

A. The current-voltage (I-V) curves

Figure 2. The current-voltage (I-V) curves of the chitosan membranes exposed to magnetic field: M-2h, M-4h, M-8h, and M-12h in 0.025 M HCl electrolyte solution.

4. Results and Discussion

A. The current-voltage (I-V) curves

Figure 3. The current-voltage (I-V) curves of chitosan membranes without and exposed to magnetic field: M-0, M-2h, M-4h, M-8h, and M-12h in 0.025 M CaCl2electrolyte solution.

A. The current-voltage (I-V) curves

Figure 1. The current-voltage (I-V) curve of the chitosan membrane without exposed to magnetic field (M-0) in 0.025 M HCl electrolyte solution.

4. Results and Discussion

Table 2. The characteristic values of current-voltage (I-V) of chitosan membraneswithout and exposed to magnetic field: M-0, M-2h, M-4h, M-8h, and M-12h in HCl and CaCl2 electrolyte solutions

MembranesElectrolyte solutions

LCD(mA/cm2)

Plateau length (V)

RI

(ohm-cm2)RIII

(ohm-cm2)RIII/RI

M-0 HCl 0.265 0.020 882.690 972.952 1.102

M-2h 0.265 0.020 866.476 1136.880 1.312

M-4h 0.265 0.020 1082.603 1394.895 1.288

M-8h 0.265 0.020 1205.110 1182.033 0.981

M-12h 0.265 0.030 1259.446 993.049 0.788

M-0 CaCl2 0.041 0.054 490.629 1234.416 2.516

M-2h 0.204 0.047 1052.964 1293.661 1.229

M-4h 0.204 0.030 1231.527 1229.407 0.998

M-8h 0.224 0.030 1127.142 980.104 0.870

M-12h 0.306 0.040 1179.106 1298.196 1.101

It’s changed according to the duration of exposure to the magnetic field and the type of electrolyte

solutions. In HCl solution, the LCD value of unexposed as well as exposed membranes was not

changed (constant), meanwhile, in CaCl2 solution, the values were increased as increasing the

exposure times. In HCl solution, the plateau lengths of the exposed membranes were not changed

except the membranes M-12 h, it increased, and in CaCl2 solution, the plateau lengths decreased.

4. Conclusion

The study has demonstrated the effect of magnetic fields on the current-voltage (I-V) curve characteristics of the chitosan membrane.

❑ The I-V curve characteristics of unexposed and exposed chitosan membranes show an I-V curve of an ion-exchange membrane which contains three regions: region I (ohmic region), region II (limiting current density region), and region III (over limiting current region).

❑ This result showed that chitosan membrane is an ion exchange membrane type both without and exposed to a magnetic field. Where on the exposed membranes, the I-V characteristic values such as the plateau length, limiting current density, and resistances ratio changed according to the duration of the exposure time.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for the Fundamental Research Grant of Udayana University for the budget year of 2018/2019.

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