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Transcript of Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago...
![Page 1: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes —
(Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia Mutualism.
Shaina Short
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 2: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
– Native Medicago truncatula legume populations • Protein based plants• France, Greece, Spain, Portugal
– Sinorhizobium meliloti rhizobial strains ABS7 and WS480• Nitrogen fixing bacteria• ABS7 lab cultured strain, WS480 European strain
Introduction: variables investigated
![Page 3: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
– Native Medicago truncatula legume populations• Protein based plants
• France, Greece, Spain, Portugal
– Sinorhizobium meliloti rhizobial strains ABS7 and WS480• Nitrogen fixing bacteria• ABS7 lab cultured strain, WS480 European strain
– Nitrogen fertilizer treatments
Introduction: variables investigated
![Page 4: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
– Native Medicago truncatula legume populations • Protein based plants• France, Greece, Spain, Portugal
– Sinorhizobium meliloti rhizobial strains ABS7 and WS480• Nitrogen fixing bacteria
• ABS7 lab cultured strain, WS480 European strain
– Nitrogen fertilizer treatments
– Imposed herbivore treatments on legume leaflets
Introduction: variables investigated
![Page 5: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
Root releases a signal in the form of a flavonoid detected by only Rhizobia
![Page 6: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
In the Rhizobium, flavonoid activates the gene regulator Nod D
![Page 7: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
The Nod gene is activated as the transcription factor, Nod D, binds tothe Nod Box, a DNA region.
![Page 8: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
Nod genes are produced. These enzymes are used in a metabolic pathway.
![Page 9: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
This metabolic pathway creates a Nod factor consisting of a chitinlike substance
![Page 10: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Introduction: Background on nodulation
The Nod Factor signals the initiation of the Rhizobia-legume symbiotic relationship by producing an infected thread in the root, ultimately developing nodules
![Page 11: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Investigate mutualistic behaviors shared between four M. truncatula legume populations and two S. meliloti rhizobia strains with and without nitrogen and herbivore treatments.
Purposes
![Page 12: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Investigate mutualistic behaviors shared between four M. truncatula legume populations and two S. meliloti rhizobia strains with and without nitrogen and herbivore treatments.
– The study focused on the legume’s mutual benefits by measuring legume fitness levels through pod mass, flowering, growth rates, and above ground biomass.
Purposes
![Page 13: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Investigate mutualistic behaviors shared between four M. truncatula legume populations and two S. meliloti rhizobia strains with and without nitrogen and herbivore treatments.
– The study focused on the legume’s mutual benefits by measuring legume fitness levels through pod mass, flowering, growth rates, and above ground biomass.
– The study focused on the mutualistic behavior of rhizobia through nodule development.
Purposes
![Page 14: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
•Legumes varying in genomes vary in preference towards rhizobia strain.
K. P. Smith et al.
Hypotheses
![Page 15: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Legumes varying in genomes vary in preference towards rhizobia strain.
•Herbivore treatments directly disrupt the Krebs cycle and photosynthesis of legumes, making it difficult for the legume to develop extensive root systems in order to obtain carbon. Therefore, the legumes are eager to express mutual behaviors.
D. A. Samac et al.
J. S. Pate
Hypotheses
![Page 16: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•Legumes varying in genomes vary in preference towards rhizobia strain.
•Herbivore treatments directly disrupt the Krebs cycle and photosynthesis of legumes, making it difficult for the legume to develop extensive root systems in order to obtain carbon. Therefore, the legumes are eager to express mutual behaviors.
•Increased nitrogen levels will have negative effects on mutual behaviors of legumes because it will make it easier for the legumes to obtain nitrogen with limited root growth.
F.D. Dakora et al.
Hypotheses
![Page 17: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Preparing and Growing Seeds
—Clean seeds
—Randomize populations
—Record fitness levels (first flowering, leaf number, vine lengths, first pod, pod number)
Mutualistic responsestrain inoculations
Herbivore treatments
Method and Materials
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Preparing and Growing Seeds
Legumes Inoculations
—Dilute rhizobia strains and combination strain (10^8 cell/ml OD 0.1)
—Inject 1 mL of rhizobia strain or combination into surrounding soil
Mutualistic responsestrain inoculations
Herbivore treatments
Method and Materials
![Page 19: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Preparing and Growing Seeds
Legumes Inoculations
Harvesting
—Remove legumes from the surrounding soil
—Count nodules
—Remove and dehydrate nodules from roots
—Dry and store above and below-ground biomasses
—Dehydrate the nodules in silicon filled Eppendorf tube
Mutualistic responsestrain inoculations Herbivore treatments
Method and Materials
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Preparing and Growing Seeds
Legumes Inoculations
Harvesting
S. meliloti rhizobia Distraction
—Hydrate and sterilize nodules
—Mix in to BYMA buffer solution
Mutualistic responsestrain inoculations
Herbivore treatments
Method and Materials
![Page 21: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Preparing and Growing Seeds
Legumes Inoculations
Harvesting
S. meliloti rhizobia Distraction
S. meliloti Strain Analysis
—Plate distracted S. meliloti on BYMA with solidified granulated agar
—Incubate plates at 30C
—Check for blue coloration
Mutualistic responsestrain inoculations Herbivore treatments
Method and Materials
![Page 22: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
Figure 1: Effects of Rhizobia Inoculations and Nitrogen Treatments on Intial M.Truncatula Pod Production
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Time Until First Pod (days)
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
-Greece and Portugal had earliest initial pod production with combination strain
-Spain had earliest initial pod production with combination strain only without added N2
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Figure 2: Effects of S. Meliloti Inoculations and Nitrogen Treatments on Average M. truncatula Pod Mass
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Pod Mass (g)
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
-N2 treated France and Greece produced greater pod mass than those without added N2
-Spain produced a greater pod mass without added N2 and the combination strains Rhizobia inoculations on Pod Mass p < 0.05
Nitrogen Treatments on pod mass p < 0.01
![Page 24: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 3: Effects of Rhizobia Inoculations and Nitrogen Treatments on Average M.Truncatula Pod Number
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Pod Number
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
-Average Pod Number was greatest for Spain and Portugal with the combination strain and without added N2
-Average pod number was greatest for France and Greece with added N2
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
![Page 25: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 4: Effects of Rhizobia Inoculations and Nitrogen Treatments on First M.truncatula Flower
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Time until First Flower (days)
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
-All populations produced earliest flowers with combination strain and added N2
-The Spain population without added N2
consistently produced earliest flowers
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
![Page 26: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
-Without added N2 all populations had highest nodule number with the combination strain
-Greece, Portugal, and France with added N2 produced most nodules with ABS7
Rhizobia on Nodulation p < 0.05
Population on nodulation p < 0.05
Figure 5: Effects of Rhizobia Inoculation and Nitrogen Treatments on M.truncatula Average Nodule Development
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Nodule Number
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
![Page 27: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 6: Effects of Rhizobia Inoculation and Nitrogen Treatments on M.truncatula Above-ground Biomass
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
ABS7 ABS7/WS480 WS480
Rhizobia Inoculation
Average Above-ground Biomass
France Population
France 4 with Nitrogen
Greece 6
Greece 6 with Nitrogen
Spain 9
Spain 9 with Nitrogen
Portugal 10
Portugal 10 with Nitrogen
-All populations had an increase in above-ground biomass with added nitrogen.
-France and Spain without N2 produced greatest above-ground biomass with the combination strain
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
![Page 28: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Results: mutualistic response strain inoculations
Figure 7: Average Vine Length of the France Populations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 2 4 6 8
Date of Data Collection
Vine Length in cm
ABS7
ABS7 with nitrogentreatment
ABS7-WS480
ABS7-WS480 with nitrogentreatment
WS480
WS480 with nitrogentreatment
Figure 8: Average Vine Length of the Greece Population
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8
Date of Data Collection
Vine Length in cm
ABS7
ABS7 with nitrogen treatment
ABS7-WS480
ABS7-WS480 with nitrogentreatment
WS480
WS480 with nitrogentreatment
Figure 9: Average Vine Length of the Spain Populations
05
10152025303540
0 2 4 6 8
Date of Data Collection
Vine Length in cm
ABS7
ABS7 with nitrogentreatmentABS7-WS480
ABS7-WS480 withnitrogen treatmentWS480
WS480 with nitrogentreatment
Figure 10: Average Vine Length of the Portugal Populations
05
1015202530354045
0 2 4 6 8
Date of Data Collection
Vine Length in cm
ABS7
ABS7 with nitrogentreatment
ABS7-WS480
ABS7-WS480 withnitrogen treatment
WS480
WS480 with nitrogentreatment
-Figures 7-10 show populations with nitrogen produced longer vine lengths. -Figures 7 and 8, the average vine lengths with ABS7+WS480 was intermediate to the vine length of legumes inoculated with ABS7 and WS480. (p < 0.05)
![Page 29: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Results: herbivore treatments
Figure 11: The Effects of Herbivore Treatments on Nodule Numbers of the Spain and Portugal Populations
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 21 70 1 21 70
Time of Herbivore Treatment (days)
Average Nodule Number
Population 9
Population 10
Imposed Herbivore Treatment on day 3
-Spain increased nodule development with herbivore
![Page 30: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mutualistic response strain inoculations
• The ABS7-WS480 rhizobia strain inoculation proved to be the most powerful symboiant.
Conclusion
![Page 31: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mutualistic response strain inoculations
• The ABS7-WS480 rhizobia strain inoculation proved to be the most powerful symboiant.
• ABS7 proved to produce the stronger symbiotic relationship
Conclusion
![Page 32: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mutualistic response strain inoculations
• The ABS7-WS480 rhizobia strain inoculation proved to be the most powerful symboiant.
• ABS7 proved to produce the stronger symbiotic relationship
• WS480 strain enhanced the strength of the legume-rhizobia relationship when combined with ABS7.
Conclusion
![Page 33: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mutualistic response strain inoculations
• The ABS7-WS480 rhizobia strain inoculation proved to be the most powerful symboiant.
• ABS7 proved to produce the stronger symbiotic relationship
• WS480 strain enhanced the strength of the legume-rhizobia relationship when combined with ABS7.
Herbivore Treatment
• Herbivore treatments increased the strength of the symbiotic relationship
Conclusion
![Page 34: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Practical Implication• To learn how to induce this sugar and nitrogen uptake symbiotic relationship for similar protein-based crops.
– How much nitrogen is beneficial
![Page 35: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Practical Implication• To learn how to induce this sugar and nitrogen uptake symbiotic relationship for similar protein-based crops.
– How much nitrogen is beneficial
• To understand evolutions patterns of legume populations and rhizobia strains in order increase the efficiency of nitrogen fixation, ultimately improving crop growth.
– To find the ideal strain for specific populations of legume.
![Page 36: Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes — (Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649c755503460f949283c5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Peter Tiffin
Katy Heath
Lois Fruen
Breck research team
Acknowledgements
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Effects of Herbivore Damage and Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Selective Benefits of the (Medicago truncatula) legumes —
(Sinorhizobium meliloti) Rhizobia Mutualism.
Shaina Short
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.