Effects of exercise on cvs & resp s
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Transcript of Effects of exercise on cvs & resp s
آية آية البقرة 3232البقرة
Gad El-Mawla Abd El-AzizProfessor of PhysiologyMansoura University
M.B., B.Ch. 1974 Mansoura University, Egypt.
M.Sc. (Physiology) 1980.
PhD. (Physiology) 1984.
Professor of Physiology (1994).
E-mail: [email protected]
Effects of muscular exercise on CVS and Respiratory systems
IntroductionIntroduction▪The stress of heavy exercise on The stress of heavy exercise on
the body systems is much more the body systems is much more than any other stresses.than any other stresses.▪If extremes of exercise are
continued for slightly prolonged time, they may be fatal.
▪The metabolism of the body The metabolism of the body during a marathon race during a marathon race increases 2000 % above normal.increases 2000 % above normal.
Exercise physiologyExercise physiology
▪It is the study of the changes It is the study of the changes which occur in body organs and which occur in body organs and systems during exercise. systems during exercise.
▪It deals with the causes of these It deals with the causes of these changes, mechanisms, significance changes, mechanisms, significance and limits.and limits.
▪It includes all types of exercise in It includes all types of exercise in all persons, young or old, athletes, all persons, young or old, athletes, normal or diseased.normal or diseased.
Sports physiologySports physiology
Sports physiologySports physiology▪It is a study of the ultimate limits It is a study of the ultimate limits
to which most of the body to which most of the body mechanisms can be stressed.mechanisms can be stressed.
▪The aim of this study is to make The aim of this study is to make athletes stronger and faster, to athletes stronger and faster, to win in competitions, to exceed the win in competitions, to exceed the World or Olympic records, and to World or Olympic records, and to gain medals.gain medals.
Sport physiology makes athletes Sport physiology makes athletes stronger and faster, to win in stronger and faster, to win in
competitionscompetitions
Sport physiology, to reach the top, to Sport physiology, to reach the top, to exceed the World or Olympic records, and exceed the World or Olympic records, and
to gain medals and cups.to gain medals and cups.
Sports MedicineSports Medicine▪It is the study of the diseases or It is the study of the diseases or
trauma which occur during sports.trauma which occur during sports.
▪The aim of this study is to prevent The aim of this study is to prevent and treat sport trauma, and and treat sport trauma, and rehabilitate the athletes after these rehabilitate the athletes after these trauma. trauma.
▪In sport medicine the following In sport medicine the following specialties must act together; exercise specialties must act together; exercise physiology, physiotherapy, physiology, physiotherapy, orthopedic, surgery , psychiatry and orthopedic, surgery , psychiatry and medicine.medicine.
▪It is a line of treatment
used in most lesions of
musculoskeletal system.
Therapeutic exerciseTherapeutic exercise
▪An exercise program is established to manage each part of the body and each type of the lesion.
Therapeutic exerciseTherapeutic exercise
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
1) HR: ( up to 200 b / min, HR Max) due to:
1- Conditioned ref. 2- Emotions
3- Bainbridge reflex 4- Alam Smirk ref.
5- Sympathetic 6- Adrenaline
7- T 3 & T 4 8- CO2, H+, O2
9- Temperature 10- Respiration
I. Systemic effects:
Benefits of Exercise
Exercising increases the pulse rate which means
more oxygen is being delivered to active tissues.
Exercising within the target heart rate range
increases the strength of the heart.
The stronger the heart the lower the resting
heart rate.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
2) SV: (up to 200 ml / beat ) due to:
Starling's law Blood temperature Sympathetic stimulation Adrenaline secretion Coronary blood flow
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation3) VR: due to:
Contraction of muscles squeezes BV between ms fibers.
Blood volume due to contraction of spleen Respiration negativity of the thorax HR Rapid emptying of veins Force from
front Force of ventricular contraction Force
from behind
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
4) COP: (up to 35 - 40 liters / min) due to:
HR
SV , COP ( 9 folds ) = HR × SV
VR , VR to the heart = COP pumped from
the heart.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
5) Coronary blood flow due to:
Anrep's reflex,
Sympathetic stimulation.
Adrenaline secretion.
Cardiac metabolism metabolites
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
6) ABP due to: Peripheral resistance due to stim. of VCC:Peripheral resistance due to stim. of VCC:
o- McDowell's reflexo- CO2, H+, O2 stimulate VCC directly & reflexlyo- Activity of respiratory center o- Sympathetic stimulation.
COP due to:COP due to:o- HR which leads to Diastolic BP.o- SV which leads to Systolic BP.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
7) Work of the heart:
The work (10 times or more):
Potential work = COP x ABP
Work of the whole heart: 480 Kg. Meter/ hour.
COP. Arterial BP. Velocity of blood flow ( the work 20 %).
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
8) Mechanical Efficiency of the heart:
ME of the heart is the percentage ratio of the
work done to the total energy expenditure.
ME of the heart equals 20 % during rest, 30% ME of the heart equals 20 % during rest, 30%
during muscular exercise, 40% in athletes during muscular exercise, 40% in athletes
during exercise.during exercise.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
9) Cardiac Reserve:
Cardiac reserve is the difference between work
of the heart during rest and that done during
sever muscular exercise . Mechanism: HR reserve; by accelerationHR reserve; by acceleration SV reserve; by dilatation (SV reserve; by dilatation ( EDV) and also EDV) and also
by by ESV ESV Hypertrophy of the cardiac muscleHypertrophy of the cardiac muscle
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
1) Blood flow to the active muscle: COP ABP. VD of the B.V of the active muscles:
oLoven's reflex CO2, H+, O2
oLactic acid, adenosine, histamine, N2O, K+ etc. temperature of the active muscle VD.oReactive hyperemia Sympathetic stimulation.
II. Local effects in active muscle:
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on circulationcirculation
2) Tissue fluid formation and lymph flow:
Cap. BP filtering force.
Capillary permeability.
3) O2 supply to the active muscle:
Shift of O2 dissociation curve to the Rt.
Pressure gradient of O2 .
II. Local effects in active muscle:
Distribution of blood during Exercise
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
I. Increase pulmonary ventilation:
It from resting 8 to 120-160 L / min.
It is due to rate and depth of respiration, which results from stimulation of the respiratory center.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
I. Increase pulmonary ventilation:
(A) Nervous mechanism: (A) Nervous mechanism:
1- Conditioned reflexes 2- Emotions
3- Hering Breuer Reflex 4- Paradoxical Reflex
5- From respiratory ms. 6- Harrison's Reflex
7- From the muscles & joints
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
I. Increase pulmonary ventilation:
(B) Chemical mechanism: (B) Chemical mechanism:
1- CO2 tension:
a) Direct action on the R.C
b) Reflex action on chemo-receptors
2- H+ concentration of blood:
3- O2 tension:
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
I. Increase pulmonary ventilation:
(c) Physical mechanism: (c) Physical mechanism:
Impulses from thermal receptors to the
respiratory center,
These receptors are stimulated by increase
temperature accompanying muscular exercise.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
II. ↑ Gas Exchange at the lungs:
↑ Pressure gradient of gases
↑ Surface area of the pulmonary mb
↓ Thickness of the pulmonary mb
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
III. ↑ O2 consumption:
The basal O2 consumption is 250
ml/min.
It increases 8 - 12 fold during severe
exercise.
In endurance athletes it can increase to
16 - 20 fold, i.e. 4 - 5 liters O2 / minute.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
Increase OIncrease O22 during exercise comes from: during exercise comes from:
↑ COP.
↑ Skeletal muscle blood flow.
↑ Pulmonary ventilation.
Shifting of O2 dissociation curve to right.
III. ↑ O2 consumption:
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
III. ↑ O2 consumption (VO2 Max):
VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen
in ml, one can use in one minute / kg of body
weight.
It is a good measure for physical fitness.
It denotes the capacity of the body to
generate power.
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
VOVO22 maxmax is defined by Fick’s Equation: is defined by Fick’s Equation:
VOVO22 max = COP ( A.Omax = COP ( A.O2 content2 content – V.O – V.O2 content2 content))
Cooper test: The distance covered running in 12
minutes is measured. VO2 Max = (d 12 - 505) / 45
ml/ kg/min
Other VO2 max Tests: 6 min Cycle test, Home step
test, Treadmill test, Fitness walking test, 2.4 Km run test.
III. ↑ O2 consumption (VO2 Max):
VO2 MAX TEST
Direct measurement of VO2 max:
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
Normal data for VO2 max:Male (values in ml/kg/min):
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespiration
Normal data for VO2 max:Female (values in ml/kg/min):
Effects of exercise on Effects of exercise on RespirationRespirationNormal data for VO2 max:
Ideal VO2 max scores for various sports:
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