Modeling Effects of Rainwater Harvesting Systems on Water ...
Effects of Biomass Production and Harvesting on Environmental Quality
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Transcript of Effects of Biomass Production and Harvesting on Environmental Quality
Effects of Biomass Effects of Biomass Production and Production and Harvesting on Harvesting on
Environmental QualityEnvironmental Quality
Erik B. SchillingErik B. SchillingNational Council for Air & Stream ImprovementNational Council for Air & Stream Improvement
Southern Regional CenterSouthern Regional CenterNewberry, FLNewberry, FL
General FactsGeneral Facts
Currently 32M acres of plantation forests Currently 32M acres of plantation forests in SE USin SE US Predominately Loblolly Pine, lesser extent Predominately Loblolly Pine, lesser extent
Slash PineSlash Pine SE US average growth rate of 5 tons acSE US average growth rate of 5 tons ac-1-1
yryr-1-1
This is much less than many forest plantations This is much less than many forest plantations throughout the worldthroughout the world
Models, field trials, etc. indicate that Models, field trials, etc. indicate that growth rates exceeding 10 tons acgrowth rates exceeding 10 tons ac-1-1 yr yr-1-1 are biologically feasible.are biologically feasible.
Increasing Growth RatesIncreasing Growth Rates GeneticsGenetics
Improve desired ecophysiological traitsImprove desired ecophysiological traits• Leaf area, water and nutrient use efficiency, Leaf area, water and nutrient use efficiency,
etc.etc. FertilizeFertilize Reduce competitionReduce competition
Traditionally, mechanical site preparationTraditionally, mechanical site preparation• Costs can be high, potential for Costs can be high, potential for
environmental impactsenvironmental impacts Today, industry relying heavily on Today, industry relying heavily on
chemical site preparation – herbicideschemical site preparation – herbicides
Soils and SedimentSoils and Sediment
Sediment and Intensive Sediment and Intensive Forestry Forestry Temple Inland Alto Temple Inland Alto
WatershedsWatersheds
McBroom 2005Blackburn et al. 1986
Fertilization, Herbicides and Fertilization, Herbicides and Water QualityWater Quality
Forest FertilizationForest Fertilization
Over 1.5M acres Over 1.5M acres fertilized with P or fertilized with P or N+P in 2002N+P in 2002
Mid-rotation Mid-rotation fertilization (stand fertilization (stand age 8-15 yrs)age 8-15 yrs) 85% of FNC stands 85% of FNC stands
respond to fertilizationrespond to fertilization 150-200 lbs N + 25 lbs 150-200 lbs N + 25 lbs
P acre most commonP acre most common Costs - $100 per acre Costs - $100 per acre
Fox et al. 2006
Forest Fertilization and Water Forest Fertilization and Water QualityQuality
NCASI Technical Bulletin #782 NCASI Technical Bulletin #782 National review of forest fertilization studiesNational review of forest fertilization studies
Forest fertilization commonly leads to Forest fertilization commonly leads to moderate increases in streamwater moderate increases in streamwater nutrient concentrationsnutrient concentrations
Greatest nutrient increases come from:Greatest nutrient increases come from: Direct application to streamsDirect application to streams Ammonium nitrate forms of fertilizerAmmonium nitrate forms of fertilizer Excessive application ratesExcessive application rates Repeated applicationsRepeated applications
Even in these situations, impacts are Even in these situations, impacts are too too smallsmall to degrade water quality to degrade water quality
Carteret 7 StudyCarteret 7 Study Loblolly pine (15-yr-old stand)Loblolly pine (15-yr-old stand)
170 kg N + 28 kg P ha170 kg N + 28 kg P ha-1-1, as urea and DAP, as urea and DAP Ground applicationGround application Nutrient concentrationsNutrient concentrations
• NONO33 increased from 0.6 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L increased from 0.6 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L
• NHNH44 increased from 0.06 mg/L to 3.8 mg/L increased from 0.06 mg/L to 3.8 mg/L
• P increased from 0.04 mg/L to 0.18 mg/LP increased from 0.04 mg/L to 0.18 mg/L Returned to baseline levels ~ 3wksReturned to baseline levels ~ 3wks Important to note that streams were Important to note that streams were
avoidedavoidedCampbell 1989
Why Interest in Herbicides?Why Interest in Herbicides? Herbicide applications
reduce competition for: Light Water Nutrients
Increased productivity Reduce site
preparation costs Questions on the fate
of herbicides: Water quality Aquatics Wildlife
Haywood et al. 2003
Herbicide ResponseHerbicide ResponseTemple Inland Alto WatershedsTemple Inland Alto Watersheds
NCASI 2006
Herbicide ToxicityHerbicide Toxicity
Maximum measured concentrationsMaximum measured concentrations Hexazinone - 30 ppb Hexazinone - 30 ppb Imazapyr - 40 ppb Imazapyr - 40 ppb
Detection levels below 1 ppb Detection levels below 1 ppb generally less than 150 days after generally less than 150 days after applicationapplication
Imazapyr and Hexazinone Imazapyr and Hexazinone Published LCPublished LC5050 values = 10 values = 106 6 ppbppb
NCASI 2006a, NCASI 2006bNCASI 2006a, NCASI 2006b
Watershed Studies in the Watershed Studies in the SouthSouth
Consistent trends observedConsistent trends observed Small, temporary changes in stream hydrology Small, temporary changes in stream hydrology Small, temporary changes in stream water Small, temporary changes in stream water
chemistry following fertilizationchemistry following fertilization Extremely low levels of herbicide residuesExtremely low levels of herbicide residues
Disturbance events can be more Disturbance events can be more significant than ‘intensive’ management significant than ‘intensive’ management prescriptions using fertilization and prescriptions using fertilization and herbicidesherbicides Tropical and summer storm events significant Tropical and summer storm events significant
HarvestingHarvesting
Forestry BMP Efficacy in the SEForestry BMP Efficacy in the SE
Adams & Hook, 1994; Adams et al., 1995; Adams 1998
Vowell, 2001
Arthur et al., 1998
Wynn et al. 2000
McBroom et al. 2003 (TexIS)
Colyell Creek Study
Carroll et al., 2004
Rivenbark & Jackson, 2004
Robinson Forest
SMZ Study
Dry Creek (IP BMP)
Study
VT-MW BMP Study
Keim & Schoenholtz,
1999
Clay, and herbicide transport study
Lobo & Herrmann 1998
Williams et al. 1999
AR BMP Study
Completed studies
Ongoing &/or unpublished
studies
Wang et al., 2004
Clinton and Vose, 2003
Kochenderfer & Edwards 1991;
Kochenderfer et al. 1997
Svecet al., 2005
Ward & Jackson, 2005
Swift, 1986
Governoet al., 2004
Appelboom et al., 2002
LA Tech BMP Study
TX FS study Depressionalwetland BMP study
Flat Creek Study
S. Appalachian buffer width study
Headwater macroinvert. study
Stream bioindex
study
BF Grant Paired Watershed
Study
Overland flow study
Map: Southern Forest Experiment Station and Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1969. A Forest Atlas of the South. USDA Forestry Service
Curtis et al. 1990
Adams & Hook, 1994; Adams et al., 1995; Adams 1998
Vowell, 2001
Arthur et al., 1998
Wynn et al. 2000
McBroom et al. 2003 (TexIS)
Colyell Creek Study
Carroll et al., 2004
Rivenbark & Jackson, 2004
Robinson Forest
SMZ Study
Dry Creek (IP BMP)
Study
VT-MW BMP Study
Keim & Schoenholtz,
1999
Clay, and herbicide transport study
Lobo & Herrmann 1998
Williams et al. 1999
AR BMP Study
Completed studies
Ongoing &/or unpublished
studies
Wang et al., 2004
Clinton and Vose, 2003
Kochenderfer & Edwards 1991;
Kochenderfer et al. 1997
Svecet al., 2005
Ward & Jackson, 2005
Swift, 1986
Governoet al., 2004
Appelboom et al., 2002
LA Tech BMP Study
TX FS study Depressionalwetland BMP study
Flat Creek Study
S. Appalachian buffer width study
Headwater macroinvert. study
Stream bioindex
study
BF Grant Paired Watershed
Study
Overland flow study
Map: Southern Forest Experiment Station and Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1969. A Forest Atlas of the South. USDA Forestry Service
Curtis et al. 1990
Figure from M. Miwa, International Paper
BMPs Simplified to Five BMPs Simplified to Five PrinciplesPrinciples
Minimize bare ground and soil Minimize bare ground and soil compactioncompaction
Separate bare ground from surface Separate bare ground from surface waterswaters
Separate fertilizer and pesticide Separate fertilizer and pesticide application from surface watersapplication from surface waters
Provide a forested buffer around Provide a forested buffer around streamsstreams
Engineer stable road surfaces and Engineer stable road surfaces and stream crossingsstream crossings
Jackson and Olzewski 2005
Roads and Stream CrossingsRoads and Stream Crossings
Harvesting does not Harvesting does not result in declines in result in declines in environmental qualityenvironmental quality
Soils and WaterSoils and Water Roads & Stream Roads & Stream
CrossingsCrossings are the are the greatest threats to greatest threats to water quality when… water quality when…
BMPs not utilized BMPs not utilized BMPs installed BMPs installed
improperlyimproperly State BMP compliance State BMP compliance
reports point this outreports point this out
Thank You…Thank You…