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physics project

1. 1. Submitted BY:SAURAVPANDEYCLASS:XII­A2. 2. Guided By :­ Class :­ XII – A Year :­ 2012­ 2013 Roll No :­ 9185574 School :­

Balwantray Mehta Vidya BhawanCertified to be the bonafide work is done byMaster ___SauravPandey___ of class XII­A in thePhysics Lab during the year 2012­2013.Date :­20­01­2013Submitted for Central Board of SecondaryEducation.Examination held in Physics lab atBalwantrayMehta Vidya Bhawan SchoolEXAMINERDate :­_________

3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanksto thePrincipal,Mr. A.K Tripathi, Balwantray MehtaVidya Bhawan School for his encouragement andfor allthe facilities that he provided for this project work. Isincerely appreciate this magnanimity bytaking me intohis fold for which I shall remain indebted to him. I extendmy hearty thanks toMrs.Aradhna Goyal, Physicsteacher,who guided me to the successful completion ofthis project. Itake this opportunity to express my deepsense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance,constantencouragement , immense motivation , which hassustained my efforts at all the stages ofthisproject work…I can’t forgot to offer my sincere thanks to Mr.Sunil,labassistant and also to myclassmates who helped me tocarry out this project work successful and for theirvaluable advice andsupport , which I received fromthem time to time….

4. 4. 1­­ Introduction2­­ Objective3­­ Material required4­­ Theory5­­ Procedure6­­ Observation7­­Conclusion8­­ Bibliography……

5. 5. OBJECTIVETHE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT IS TODETERMINE THE EFFECTOF TEMPERATURE ONTHE STRENGTH OF A MAGNET. HYPOTHESISIt is believed thatthe colder the magnet, the stronger themagnetic force. Graphically, the results will resembleanexponential curve, with magnetic force decreasing as temperatureincreases. Our independentvariable is temperature. Ourdependent variable is magnetism; this will be calculated usingtheamount of paperclips that the magnet is able to collect at eachmeasured temperature

6. 6. MATERIAL REQUIRED• Safety glasses• 3­4 permanent bar magnets• Tongs for magnet• Ice•Water• Insulating container• Three strong bowls• Small pot• Burner for heating water or oven•

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Paper clips(1000)7. 7. Magnets are frequently used in daily life. For example, magnets are used inmanufacturing,

entertainment, security, and they play a crucial role in thefunctioning of computers. Even the earthitself is a magnet. A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field . Some magnets,referredto as permanent, hold their magnetism without an external electriccurrent. A magnet of this naturecan be created by exposing a piece of metalcontaining iron to a number of situations (i.e.repeatedly jarring the metal,heating to high temperature). Soft magnets, on the other hand, arethosethat lose their magnetic charge properties over time. Additionally,paramagnetic objects arethose that can become magnetic only when in thepresence of an external magnetic field. Amagnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic force isexerted. The motion ofnegatively charged electrons in the magnetdetermines not only the polarity, but also the strength ofthe magnet (Coldmagnet). Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force . These lines originateatthe north pole of the magnet and continue to the south pole. The northpole is positive. Magneticlines of force do not intersect one another. Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domainswithin aspecific set of metal. These domains function as all atoms do, thus thetemperature affectsthe movement. The higher the heat, the greater theenergy, and as such the movement of theparticles. In contrast, coldtemperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strength andLowTemperatures). Slower movement leads to more fixed directions in terms ofthe domains. Inthe 1800’s, Pier4re Curie discovered that there exists a temperatureat which objects that werepreviously permanently magnetic lose thischaracteristic . The temperature at which thisdemagnetization occurs iscalled the “Curie point”. As the temperature of the magnet approachesthispoint, the alignment of each domain decreases. As such, the magnetismdecreases until theCurie point is reached, at which time the materialbecomes paramagnetic.

8. 8. THEORYA magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. Thismagnetic field isinvisible but is responsible for the most notable propertyof a magnet: a force that pulls on otherferromagnetic materials, such asiron, and attracts or repels other magnets.A permanent magnet isan object made from a material that ismagnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. Aneverydayexample is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigeratordoor. Materials thatcan be magnetized, which are also the ones that arestrongly attracted to a magnet, are calledferromagnetic (orferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rareearthmetals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone.Although ferromagnetic (andferrimagnetic) materials are the only onesattracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonlyconsideredmagnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, byone of severalother types of magnetism.Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft"materialslike annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend to staymagnetized, andmagnetically "hard" materials, which do. Permanentmagnets are made from "hard" ferromagneticmaterials such as alnicoand ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a powerfulmagneticfield during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystallinestructure, making them very hardto demagnetize. To demagnetize asaturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be applied, andthisthreshold depends on coercivity of the respective material. "Hard"materials have highcoercivity, whereas "soft" materials have lowcoercivity.The overall strength of a magnet ismeasured by its magnetic moment or,alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The localstrength ofmagnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization.

9. 9. PROCEDURECold Process1. Place paperclips in bowl.2. Situate scale near bowl.3. Weighmagnet and record.4. Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to lowest temperaturepossible.5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature of the freezer.6.Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.8.Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.9. Record temperature of magnet andgrams attracted.10. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet and thepaperclips combined.11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.12. Set freezer to 5­Celsius

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degrees higher than previous temperature. (Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperatureread by freezer thermometer)13. Repeat steps 4­12 until freezer and magnet have reached zerodegrees Celsius..

10. 10. Hot Process1. Place paperclips in the bowl.2. Situate scale near bowl.3. Weigh magnet andrecord.4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.5. Wait approximately 20minutes for the magnet to reach the temperature of the oven.6. Place magnet in bowl filled withpaperclips.7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.8. Record temperature ofmagnet and grams attracted.9. Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnetand the paperclips combined.10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.11. Allow magnet torest for 5 minutes undisturbed.12. Repeat steps 6­11 until magnet reaches room temperature.

11. 11. OBSERVATIONMAGNETS UNDER EXTREME HEATTime after removal from ovenWeight attracted (minutes) (in grams) 0 200 5 200 10 240 20 210 25 230 30 220 35 206 40 204 45200 50 185

12. 12. MAGNETS UNDER EXTREME COLDTemperature Weight attracted(degree celsius) (ingrams) ­21.3 275 ­19.4 275 ­18.1 265 ­15.3 270 ­13.7 260 ­6.7 245 ­4.6 220 ­1.7 200 0 225

13. 13. conclusion Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between temperature and magneticdomains (the atoms’ inclination to spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extremetemperatures, however, this balance is destabilized; magnetic properties are then affected. Whilecold strengthens magnets, heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words, toomuch heat can completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to move more rapidly,disturbing the magnetic domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic domainsspinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of cohesion weakens the magnetic force andeventually demagnetizes it entirely. In contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, theatoms slow down so the magnetic domains are aligned and, in turn, strengthened.FerromagnetismThe way in which specific materials form permanent magnets or interact strongly with magnets.Most everyday magnets are a product of ferromagnetism.Paramagnetism A type of magnetism thatoccurs only in the presence of an external magnetic field. They are attracted to magnetic fields, butthey are not magnetized when the external field is removed. Thats because the atoms spin inrandom directions; the spins aren’t aligned, and the total magnetization is zero. Aluminum andoxygen are two examples of materials that are paramagnetic at room temperature.CurieTemperature Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie Temperature is thetemperature at which no magnetic domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to maintainaligned spins. At this temperature, the ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. Even if youcool the magnet, once it has become demagnetized, it will not become magnetized again. Differentmagnetic materials have different Curie Temperatures, but the average is about 600 to 800 degreesCelsius.

14. 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY www.icbse.com www.sciencebuddies.com www.technopedia.comwww.wikipedia.com NCERT Physics book www.howmagnetswork.com

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