Effect of Recycled Aggregate on Mechanical and Durability ... · concrete using RAC was prepared it...

Effect of Recycled Aggregate on Mechanical and

Durability Properties of Concrete

Krishan Pareek

Department of Green Technology for Sustainability, Nanhua University, Chiayi County, Taiwan

Email: [email protected]

Srishti Saha, Nayan Gupta and Purnachandra Saha

School of Civil Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India

Email: {Srishti.civil94, nayanshub, dr.purnasaha}@gmail.com

Abstract—Recycled aggregate is a term used to describe

crushed concrete, mortar, bricks or asphalt from

construction debris that is reused in other building projects.

Recycled aggregate is produced by crushing demolished

waste to reclaim the aggregate. For the past few decades the

availability of Construction and demolition waste (C&DW)

has increased so much that the concrete industry has begun

utilizing it therefore reducing cost of aggregates. Utilizing

C&D waste in structures decreases carbon emission and

helps concrete industry to expand further without ill-

treating the environment. The objective is to study the

mechanical properties (such as Compressive Strength,

Splitting Tensile Strength and Flexural Strength) and

durability properties (such as Resistance to Chloride,

Carbonation and Freeze and Thaw) of concrete using reused

aggregate. It is observed that the mechanical and durability

behaviour of reused aggregate concrete (RAC) is secondary

to that of standard concrete but with the using different

admixture and different mixing approach, desired

properties can be achieved. Moreover, it was seen that the

improvement of the mineral admixtures to execution change

of the reused aggregate are higher than that to the

characteristic of natural aggregate.

Index Terms—C&D Waste, Recycling waste materials,

Strength, Durability properties

I. INTRODUCTION

In the course of the last couple of decades,

construction industry has developed quickly in this

manner creating Construction and demolition waste

(C&DW) through remodeling of actual framework or

decimation during the socio-economic improvement of a

nation. Around 850 and 530 million tons of C&DW is

created per annum in the European Union and India

individually [1-2] with low use rate; representing a

genuine worry on supportability in development

traditions. Comprehensively structures cause 33% of the

aggregate ozone-depleting substance emanation and

expend around 40% of the worldwide vitality utilization

in created and creating nations. Conventionally, C&DW

items would be dumped in the landfill destinations or

Manuscript received August 16, 2018; revised October 5, 2018;

utilized as a part of asphalt development [3-4]. In any

case, as the land for landfill ends up being uncommon

example Hong Kong [5] and the global request of these

aggregate outstretch as high as 51.7 billion tons

consistently. Later 2018, plan to deal with using the

C&DW material is getting, opportunity to be need of

extraordinary significance. The excavating, handling and

transport tasks utilized for obtaining and haulage of a

substantial measure of total expend extensive measures of

vitality and carbon outflow [4] alongside the antagonistic

impact on the environment of forested zones and stream

beds. Thus, a possibility for virgin aggregate has been a

consuming concern for a quite a while. For industry, there

are likewise critical motivating forces. One source

records C&D tipping costs at $100 per ton, and related

cargo charges moving material to the landfill at $0.25 per

mile/ton [6]. Reusing devastation waste that it can be

utilized to supplant the Common Aggregates (NA) from

the last couple of decades. This has, in this manner, been

coming up as a probability for the substitution of NA.

The impact of rehashed reused aggregate can't be

completely comprehended without legitimate

examination as the aggregate properties may fluctuate

altogether with the number of reiterations. So as to give a

reasonable development material an appropriate adjust is

fundamental between the quality and cost of RAC. The

utilization of RAC is an exceptionally financially savvy

choice if the quality stays practically identical to the

regular cement. To upgrade the utilization of RAC and its

acknowledgment as a manageable development material,

the examination of mechanical and sturdiness properties

is important which will help pick up certainty with

respect to its application and lead us all together more

like a perfect sheltered and economical answer for our

requirement for green framework [7-9]. The objective of

this examination is to review the various properties of

concrete formed with reusing waste materials giving

different guidelines and research work possible in this

field. The different stages of Recycled aggregate are

shown in Fig. 1.

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International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research Vol. 8, No. 2, May 2019

© 2019 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.doi: 10.18178/ijscer.8.2.119-125

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 1. (a) (b) (c) and (d) shows different stages of Recycled aggregate

II. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

A. Compressive Strength

Strength durability and performance is affected by the

compressive strength of concrete, therefore, becoming a

standout amongst the most effective properties of

hardening of concrete. Properties of RAC depends on

various factors such as properties of adhered mortar,

water cement ratio, various types of admixtures, mixing

approach and different properties of RAC’s [10-14].

When the water-cement ratio is kept to be constant and

RA amount is increased it was seen that there was a

decrease in compressive strength up to 10% lower in

comparison to natural aggregate concrete [15]. When

there is the replacement of natural aggregate by 25% it

was seen that compressive strength remains unaffected by

this cause. This indifferent behaviour may be due to good

control of RA grading to a larger content It was observed

that when 100% replacement of RA is done in concrete

there is 50% increase in standard deviation. According to

some researches it was observed that as compared to

NAC, RAC required 0.05 to 0.01 lesser w/c ratio to attain

analogous compressive strength [16-17]. Because of low

water accessibility b/t aggregate and old mortar, it was

seen that Interfacial Transitional Zone (ITZ) was weaker

as compare to concrete with NA. This Interfacial

Transitional Zone act as a weaker link and become a

dominating factor for concrete defect. In this manner, it

tends to be inferred that the compressive strength of RAC

relies upon the quality of RA utilized. High compressive

strength of RAC is observed when better RA is used.

When contrasted with the compressive strength of their

fundamentally less distinction in compressive strength

when higher grade concrete is prepared using RAC [18-

19]. When M100 M80 M60 M45 and M30 grade parent

concrete using RAC was prepared it was concluded that

there was 0.04% 0.01% 8.6% 12.6% and 21.1% lower

compressive strength was observed as compared to NAC.

With a gain in target strength, the use of Recycled

Aggregate Concrete is less recommended due to RAC’s

unreliability [20].

When compared to normal concrete the strength of

RAC decreases with an increase in water absorption.

According to some researches increment in water

absorption to a decrease in compressive strength is less

consequential. It was found that the compressive strength

depends on the quality of ITZ created. Between aggregate

and mortar and doesn’t depend completely on water

absorption [18-19]. In an experiment when the

compressive strength was compared between Reusing

Aggregate Concrete formed with air-dried Reusing

Aggregate and Reusing Aggregate Concrete prepared

with saturated surface dry (SSD) Recycling Aggregate. It

was seen that SSD RA have the lower compressive

strength and the reason behind this anomaly is loss of

adsorbed water in presoaked aggregate in fresh concrete

[21]. Therefore, with a gain in the strength of parent

concrete, the compressive strength of RAC also increases

[19-20, 22].

In a long-term study, it was seen that strength

developed in normal concrete and in RAC made with

100%, 50%, and 20% was more after 28 days. But it was

contracted 28 days to 5 years in 100% RA was 50% as in

34% of normal concrete. When weaker concrete mixes

and stronger concrete mixes are compared using recycled

coarse aggregate % loss in compressive strength is more

obvious in frail mixes [23]. Fig. 2 depicts the

compressive strength of concrete when various RAC was

used.

Figure 2. The compressive strength of concrete using various RAC[19,24-26]

B. Split Tensile Strength

Generally, the indirect method is used to obtain the

tensile strength of concrete. The spilled tensile test is one

of the most popular indirect methods for evaluation of

tensile strength [24-26]. Water binder ratio, RA quality,

mixing met, RA replacement, curing age, type of cement

are various factors on which tensile strength of recycling

aggregates are depends [27-31]. With the expansion

Reused Aggregate substitution proportion split tensile

strength, is discovered to be decreasing [32]. When RAC

was replaced in concrete at 100%, 50% and 25% the split

tensile tends to decrease at 40%, 10% and 6%

respectively [33]. Contracting the above fact, it was

observed, when the variation ratio is up to 30% the tensile

property of RAC is the same and sometimes exceeds the

tensile strength of fresh aggregate concrete. The tensile

strength of NAC was similar to RAC made with Natural

sand and RA. It may be because of high strength bonding

between new matrix and aggregate which is created due

to water absorption capacity of RA. However normal

concrete has 20% higher tensile strength then RAC when

it was made of coarse aggregates and recycled fine

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© 2019 Int. J. Struct. Civ. Eng. Res.

aggregates [34-35]. Consequently, it can be said that the

limiting factor for tensile strength of recycling waste

depends on how fine aggregate is used. With the increase

in curing age [36] the spilled tensile strength of RAC also

increases. Dry mixing method and water-cement ratio are

some factors on which split tensile strength depends [37].

Water immersed and open environment curing [38-40] at

100% replacement ratio exhibits nearly equal tensile

strength with water immersing achieving a more desirable

when the replacement ratio decreases to 50% it shows

higher tensile strength then laboratory conditions. Some

similar results were noticed when tensile strength

increases with a loss in the w/c proportion at a lowering

water-binder scale of RAC specimen.

The negative effect of RAC decreases when super

plasticizer [41] is used. When two types of

superplasticizer are used SP1 and SP2 based on

lignosulphate and polycarboxylate. It was observed that

SP2 recorded 52.8% and SP1 recorded 26.6% increment

in tensile strength respectively it was noticed that SP1

and SP2 both undergo to increment in tensile strength at

26%, 26.6% and 52.8% respectively. Similar to

compressive strength the tensile strength of NAC is

Higher as compared to RAC when the substitution

proportion achieves 100% the strength becomes constant

[42].

As opposed to the sort of aggregate used in RAC the

development of Split tensile strength depends on the type

of binding mortar as compared to RAC arranged utilizing

Ordinary portland cement the tensile strength increases

by 25% when slag cement is used to prepare RAC [43].

The strength of concrete from which RA was obtained is

also an important aspect on which split tensile depends.

When the effect of glass fiber [41] was studied on split

tensile using 100% RA it was observed that tensile

strength using M40 and M20 grade increases by 10.57%

and 13.07% respectively as compared to those in which

glass fiber is not mixed. The tensile strength decreases

when fly ash [44] is used but after one-year RAC showed

5.3% and 3.1% increase in tensile strength as compare to

Recycled Aggregate Concrete without fly ash for 100%

and 50% replacement respectively. When Nano silica was

added to RAC for 100% replacement ratio the tensile

strength increases up to 14%. In Fig. 3 the tensile strength

of concrete using various RAC is shown.

Figure 3. The tensile strength of concrete using various RAC [16,19,24,26]

C. Flexural Strength

One more cause that affects the structural performance

of concrete is a flexural strength. It relies upon water

binder ratio, RAC replacement ratio, curing of concrete

and moisture condition of aggregate. With the adjustment

in Recycling Aggregate substitution proportion of RAC,

the flexural strength has been spotted to decrease [45-50].

The normal concrete has 6 to 13% more flexural strength

then reclaim aggregate formed with 25% and 50% RA

[33]. When RA was replaced (100%) to make RAC 26%

less flexural strength was recorded as related to that of

standard Concrete. This is mainly because of the poor

interfacial bonding among new and old cement paste

covering RA. The study has shown that when the

replacement ratio is 40% the strength can increase and

remain unaffected for concrete made using RFA and

RCA [51-52]. As compared to conventional concrete

when 25% replacement was done by RA (by weight) at

0.55 water-cement ratio of RAC the flexural strength was

observed to reduce by 2.5% at 28 days [53]. But when

100% replacement of RAC was done the flexural strength

for three days and Twenty-Eight days was lower than

conventional concrete impartial of the sweat content of

RA. Devaluation increases furthermore when saturated

RA is used in RAC. Flexural strength of reusing waste

depends on the target strength is the main reason behind

the reduction of Flexural Strength of RAC in comparison

to normal concrete [54]. With the increment in grade of

concrete decrement in flexural Strength of Recycling

waste also increases due to the increase of Reusing

Aggregate. When w/b proportion increases the flexural

strength of reused aggregate also increases. When three

type of Recycled Aggregate Concrete the was prepared at

0.45, 0.72, 0.65 water-cement ratios with replacement up

to seventy five percent by volume of conventional

concrete by the poor quality of RA it was founded that

flexural strength reduces by 30%, 13%, and 20%

accordingly. The better flexural strength of RAC

observed when RA of Lower water absorption capacity is

used [31, 55]. Flexural strength of concrete using various

RAC is shown in Fig 4.

Figure 4. Flexural strength of concrete using various RAC [25-26]

When glass fiber [53] is mixed with reused aggregate it

was found that the flexural strength gets improved by a

significant value. When fly ash is replaced by OPC at

10% and 15% flexural strength in RAC gives better

results compared to normal concrete at 0.55 water-cement

ratio. When spent cracking catalyst (SFCC) (A Highly

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Pozzolanic Material) and fly powder were used for 50%

of ordinary portland cement trade by 15% of SFCC, 35%

fly fiery and 100% RA replacement leads to decrement in

strength by 20% at an early age [54].

III. DURABILITY PROPERTIES

A. Chloride

Chloride refers to extent to which these particles from

nature enter into the solid. This can prompt erosion in

RCC structures and along these lines, investigation of

chloride porousness is an imperative aspect that

influences the toughness of the solid. These particles

conducting component is an intricate framework and

conceivably incorporates water dispersion, impregnation,

and capillary absorption. It relies upon the NA

substitution, w/c proportion, utilization of admixture and

restoring period [35, 56-59]. In general, the protection

from chloride particle infiltration diminishes as the reused

aggregates substance increments. The Chloride particles

affect the solidness of cement subjected to the

development of ocean water, marine zones, and de-icing

salts[60-62]. The impact of consolidating RA in concrete,

the chloride particle dissemination co-effective was

estimated. It is additionally observed that the [63-64]

concrete made with RAs, for the most part, had poorer

protection from chloride particle vulnerability and

likewise demonstrate that the strength properties of the

solid made with a better than average quality RA can be

like those made with NA. RAC has a higher chloride

when contrasted with traditional cement. The expansion

in chloride infiltration with the utilization of RCA was

ascribed to the porousness of the followed mortar [65].

RAC has a higher chloride entrance when contrasted with

traditional cement. The expansion in chloride entrance

with the utilization of RCA was credited to the

penetrability of the followed mortar [56]. The use of a

super-plasticizer in concrete is useful for all properties of

aggregate as there will be execution change both in

mechanical and durability terms, counterbalancing any

negative effect of the reused solid aggregate. Accordingly,

the utilization of superplasticizers in great reused

aggregates concrete is exceptionally suggested,

prompting superb exhibitions and it is reasoned that the

utilization of SP brings about an execution change with

respect to chloride infiltration opposition [64, 66].

B. Carbonation

Carbonation is the procedure that prompts the

arrangement of CaCO3 in response of CO2 (air carbon

dioxide or fake) by a few composing of the solid,

(Ca(OH)2, SiO44-

, and aluminates), bringing about a

lessening of the acidity or alkalinity of cement. The

profundity of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is

comparing to the term of presentation. The higher the

introduction time allotment, the higher the profundity of

carbonation. The coefficient of carbonation of solid

increment with increment in RCA content, w/c proportion

under 0.45, replacement of RA and the exposure period,

the increment of RA has little impact on the carbonation

rate [32, 66-68]. It is furthermore seen that the use of

superplasticizer upgrades the carbonation execution of

bond since it prompts a diminishing of the powerful w/c

extent, which realizes a decay of porosity and CO2

vulnerability [62-63, 67]. The usage of SP upgrades the

carbonation execution of bond since it prompts a

diminishment of the successful w/c extent, which

achieves a decrease of the porosity and CO2. The

utilization of SP enhances the carbonation execution of

cement since it prompts a diminishment of the effective

w/c proportion, which brings about a lessening of the

porosity and CO2 penetrability. The utilization of SP

brought about enhancements somewhere in the range of

58% and 62% with respect to the RC and somewhere in

the range of 60% and 69% in respect to the 100%

substitution of aggregates [63].

C. Freeze & Thaw

One of the common explanations behind damage

outcomes for concrete is solidify defrost cycles, which rot

the concrete introduced to water in a cool atmosphere.

Solidifying and defrosting play a vital role on

disintegrating of all stonework and concrete substances.

When it occurs, materials with high resistance to frost

action should be used. The requirements for producing

concrete with this quality are well established. Sturdiness

misfortune through solidifying and defrosting activity is

basic in concrete basic components in numerous parts of

the world [60, 69]. The most common procedure to

overcome this problem is the introduction -into the

concrete- a given proportion of air bubbles having a

specific distribution throughout the past. Air-entraining

admixtures are early anionic surfactants, which due to

their absorbed orientation, form stabilized bubbles in the

paste [60, 70]. Air-entraining admixtures are early

anionic surfactants, which due to their absorbed

orientation, form stabilized bubbles in the paste. Air-

entraining admixtures are early anionic surfactants, which

because of their assimilated orientation, frame balanced

out rises in the glue. The solid will be insusceptible to the

impacts of solidifying and defrosting if the pores

containing freezable water are never over 91% filled; i.e.,

not basically soaked, but rather in the event that they are,

the paste should have an air-void framework with an air

bubble found not in excess of 0.2 mm from such a pore

[71]. Solidifying and defrosting mechanical activity,

when merged with the entrance of harmful salts, can

fundamentally decrease the lifespan of structures. The

wetting and drying the solid together with solidifying –

defrosting warm stun activity produces small microcracks,

thus allowing deep penetration of aggressive ions [70].

The conduct of RAC is fundamentally influenced by

its sturdiness, solidifying defrosting toughness is one of

the real concerns matter with the utilization of RAC. It

has been watched that the solidifying defrosting

opposition of Recycled Aggregate Concrete is less than

that of characteristic solid (NC). The principal motive is

by all accounts higher porosity and lowers the solidifying

defrosting obstruction of RA themselves likewise a high

substitution proportion of RAs decreases the solidifying

defrosting opposition of RAC [70, 72-73]. It is eminent

that Recycled Aggregate Concrete made with an air-

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entrained admixture would do well to execution than

Recycled Aggregate Concrete made with non-air

entrained admixture. Study reports say that RAs began

from concrete made with an air-entrained admixture

made brilliant setting defrosting restriction of RAC. The

solidifying defrosting obstruction of high quality (50 MPa)

RAC made with 100% substitution of Recycled

Aggregates.

Reused coarse aggregate conveyed from non-air-

entrained concrete made poor hardening and defrosting

resistance in concrete despite when the new structure had

an appropriate air entrainment [60,70,72]. Microstructural

ponders showed that non-air-entrained followed mortar

caused separating of the reused coarse total in itself and

surprise the incorporating new mortar after a set number

of cementing and defrosting cycles. Restricting non-air-

entrained followed mortar or updating the execution of

new enveloping structure couldn't give pleasant results

for a cementing and defrosting.

IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, an endeavor is made to cumulate the

different certainty and properties of cement with reusing

waste. As per the study, we observe that mechanical

properties of concrete with recycled aggregate are slightly

inferior to normal concrete. It was also understood that

these properties like compressive strength, split tensile

strength, flexural strength, can be improved by using

additives such as micro silica, GGBS & fly ash left after

burning coal and through proper surface treatment of RA

and by using different mixing method such as dry mixing

method. The structural element made by recycled

aggregate have comparable property compared to that the

conventional counterpart. Finally, from the study it can

be said that RA obtained from C & D waste must be

considered as a sustainable material which is not only

economic but environmentally friendly also.

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Krishan Pareek born in Bikaner, Rajasthan,

India on 21st August 1995 He has completed his Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering in year 2018 from

KIIT Deemed-to-be University, Bhubaneswar,

India. He is currently pursuing his Master’s in Green Technology for Sustainability at Nanhua

University, Chiayi County, Taiwan. He has done

his first Summer Internship from Indian Railway. He has worked as a Trainee Engineer in his

Second Summer Internship at Simplex Infrastructure Pvt. Limited. He

has done his third Summer training in Bultify a product of ODDAKA Infratech, Bhubaneswar for G+1 designing work. In his final year of

Engineering he has worked as INTERN in Civil Center, Bhubaneswar

for about one and half year. Pareek, K., Ansari, M.S., Verma, S. and Saha, P. (2016). “Seismic Retrofitting of Structure An: Overview”,

Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in

Mechanics and Materials, December 17-18, 2016; VSSUT Burla, India.

Pareek, K., Tiwari, P., Verma, S. and Saha, P. (2017), “A Review Basalt

Fiber Reinforced Polymer And Composites”, 3rd International

Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. His research interest is in Sustainable

material.

Mr. Pareek was the Vice President of ASCE (Americal Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) KIIT University Student Chapter for Year

2016-2017. He is also a member of Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)

KIIT University students Chapter. He has bagged 2nd Prize in “National Student award competition for civil / structural engineering student for

the design of Inter State Bus Terminal for Smart City year 2016-17”

(INSDAG) organized by Minstry of Steel, India. He has also won Best Project award in School of Civil Engineering in Project EXPO 2018

KIIT University.

Srishti Saha born in Agartala, Tripura on 12 th November 1994. She has completed her

Bachelor’s in civil Engineering in year 2017

from National Institute of Technology Agartala, India. She is currently pursuing her masters in

construction engineering at KIIT Deemed -to-

be university, Bhubhaneswar , Orissa.

Nayan Gupta born in Dibiyapur, Uttar Pradesh, India on 21st May 1996. He is currently

pursuing his Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering

from KIIT Deemed-to-be University, Bhubaneswar, India. He has done his first one-

month Summer Internship in May 2017 from

National Highway Authority of India, Raipur Region. He has worked as trainee Engineer in

his Second Summer Internship at Ahmedabad

Metro. In his second and third year of Engineering he has worked as INTERN in Civil Center, Bhubaneswar for about two year. Gupta, N.,

Singh, A., and Shina, A., “Green Building: Energy Efficient System”,

3rd International Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. Singh, A.,

Sinha, A., and Gupta, N., “Hyperloop: Evaluation and Difficulties”, 3rd

International Conference On Sustainable Energy and Built Environment, March 16-17, 2017; VIT University, India. His research interest is in

Sustainable material.

Mr. Gupta was the Treasurer of ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) KIIT University Student Chapter for Year 2017-

2018. He is also a member of Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) KIIT

University students Chapter. He has bagged 2nd Prize in “National Level Technical paper writing Competition held at KIIT Deemed to be

University and Organized by ASCE KIIT student Chapter Student. He

has won first prize at IIT Kharagpur’s annual Techfest “Megalith” for Bridge Design competition.

Dr. Purnachandra Saha received his Ph.D.

from IIT Bombay and has 9 years of teaching experiences. His areas of specializations are

earthquake engineering, structural control,

sustainable materials, green building and he has written 60 research articles to date. He is a

member of ASCE and The Faculty Advisor of

ASCE KIIT University Student Chapter. He has worked in a multinational company (mainly

design of industrial structure before completing his doctoral degree) for

seven and half years. He is currently working as a senior associate professor in the school of civil engineering, KIIT Deemed to be

University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

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