Effect of rates of castor cake and banana pseudostem sap … and inference of such nutrient rich...

An Asian Journal of Soil ScienceVolume 8 | Issue 2 | December, 2013 | 264-269

Effect of rates of castor cake and bananapseudostem sap on the nutrient concentration,uptake and yield of organic garlic (Allium sativumL.) (cv G G-2)

T.D. PATIL AND B.N. KOLAMBE

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

MEMBERS OF RESEARCH FORUM :

Received :11.07.2013; Revised :04.09.2013; Accepted : 25.09.2013

SummaryAn investigation was carried out at organic farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during the Rabiseason of 2010-2011and 2011-12 to study the effects of rates of castor cake and banana pseudostem sap onnutrient concentration, their uptake and yield of organically grown garlic. The nutrient concentration (N, P,K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in leaves and cloves were estimated after harvest of garlic. Organic treatmentssignificantly influenced on nutrient content in garlic. The maximum concentration of these nutrients wasrecorded with the application of 33.3 per cent N through vemicompost + 33.3 per cent N through biocompost+ 33.4 per cent N was through castor cake + 2000 lit sap of pseudostem sap (T

12). While, the minimum

content was recorded with treatment T13

( recommended dose,100:50:50 through chemical fertilizers). Theleaves, bulb and total uptake of major and minor nutrients were significantly influenced by the differentorganic treatments, being maximum with treatment T

12 followed by T

11during both years of and in pooled

analysis. Higher uptake of these nutrients was recorded by bulb than leaves. Although higher levels of organicmanures recorded higher uptake. The lowest uptake was recorded in treatments T

1 where only 66.6 per cent

of N added through vermicompost and bio-compost during experimentation. The highest garlic bulb yield(47.63, 83.10 and 65.36 q ha-1, respectively) and leaves yield (7.01, 9.22 and 8.15 qha-1, respectively) wereobtained under treatment T

12 during both years and in pooled analysis. Significantly the lowest values of bulb

and leaves yield were observed with treatment T1 (No castor cake + No sap). In organic vs inorganic comparison,

quit higher values were recorded in organic treatment, where the maximum nutrients were added throughorganic manures. Data aptly noticed that increasing levels of castor cake and pseudostem sap increased thegarlic yield in both years and in pooled analysis.

Key words : Pseudostem sap, Nutrient concentration, Uptake, Yield, Biocompost, Vermicompost, Garlic

How to cite this article : Patil, T.D. and Kolambe, B.N. (2013). Effect of rates of castor cake and banana pseudostem sapon the nutrient concentration, uptake and yield of organic garlic (Allium sativum L.) (cv G G-2). Asian J. Soil Sci., 8(2):264-269.

Research Article

Corresponding author :T.D. PATIL, Department of SoilScience and Agricultural Chemistry,College of Agriculture, DHULE (M.S.)INDIAEmail: [email protected]

Co-authors :B.N. KOLAMBE, Department of SoilScience and Agricultural Chemistry,N.M. College of Agriculture,Navsari Agricultural University,NAVSARI (GUJARAT) INDIA

IntroductionExcessive use of fertilizers and insufficient use of

organics has led to decrease in soil fertility. Conservation andefficient use of natural resources are the means to achievesustainable high yields, food, nutritional security andenvironmental safety. Organic farming is thought to be one ofthe ways for achieving these goals on a long term. There is a

keen awareness worldwide in recent years on the excess useof inorganic fertilizers and other chemicals leading toenvironmental pollution and pest out breaks. Sustainedproduction strategies often involve application of organicsources. Garlic is a short duration (4 to 4.5 months), exhaustivecrop and responds well to nutrition. Hence, dose of nutrientsis essential to get good yield. Organic cultivation is not newto India. In the role of organic manures have positive influence

HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE 265 Asian J. Soil Sci., (Dec., 2013) 8 (2) :

on soil texture and structure, better water holding capacityand drainage which in term help for better growth anddevelopment of bulb for crops like garlic. Different organicmanures influence differently in terms of yield and quality ofgarlic. Patil (2008), analysed the samples of banana pseudostemand recorded the content of macro elements in the range of0.70-1.5 % N, 0.11-0.20 % P, 2.25-3.95 % K, 0.05-0.11 % S andmicro nutrients were observed in the range of 50-100, 100-200,5.0- 2.8 ppm of Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. Hence, it isnecessary to generate the valuable information pertainingfeasibility and inference of such nutrient rich material as liquidorganic fertilizer on garlic under micro irrigation system.

Resource and Research MethodsThe field experiment was conducted at organic farm of

Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during the Rabi 2010and 2011, the experimental soil was deep black clayey soil intexture, low in nitrogen (190.00 kg ha-1) high in P

2O

5(45.52 kg

ha-1) and very high in K2O (320.00 kg ha-1) with pH 7.95. The

experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 13treatments and three replications involving followingcombination of treatments.

T1: No castor cake + no sap,

T2: No castor cake + 1000 l sap,

T3: No castor cake + 1500 l sap,

T4 : No castor cake + 2000 l sap,

T5: 50% castor cake + no sap,

T6

: 50% castor cake + 1000 l sap,T

7: 50% castor cake + 1500 l sap,

T8

: 50% castor cake + 2000 l sap,T

9:100% castor cake + no sap,

T10

:100% castor cake +1000 l sap,T

11:100% castor cake +1500 l sap,

T12

: 100% castor cake +2000 l sap,T

13: Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer. (100:50:50).

A common dose of 33.3% N was applied on N equivalentbasis from vermicompost and 33.3% N from biocompost atthe time garlic planting. Remaining 33.4% N was appliedthrough castor cake one month after planting on equivalentbasis as per the treatments. The pseudostem sap was appliedat 45 and 55 days after planting in all the treatments.

The planting was done at the spacing 15 x 10 cm withgross plot size 3.60 x 3.0 m and net plot size 0.90 x2.60 m. In thefirst year, planting date was 1.12.2010 and harvest date was12.4.2011while, during second year of experiment, plantingwas done on 24.11.2012 and harvesting was done on 17.4.2012.

Research Findings and DiscussionThe results obtained from the present investigation as

well as relevant discussion have been summarized underfollowing heads :

Plant nutrient concentration :Plant nutrient concentration in leaves and cloves of major

nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur andmicronutrients like iron, manganese, copper and zinc of garlicplant after harvest was significantly affected by variousorganic and inorganic treatments.

Major nutrient concentration :The mean data presented in Table 1 indicated that the

nitrogen content in leaves was highest (2.380 and 2.390%,respectively) in the treatment T

12 which receives 33.3 per cent

N through vemi-compost + 33.3 per cent N throughbiocompost + 33.4 per cent N was through castor cake + 2000l sap of pseudostem sap during first and second year ofexperimentation. In garlic cloves, nitrogen concentration washighest in the treatment T

12 (4.133 and 3.693 %, respectively)

during both the years of experimentation. Treatment T12

wasat par with treatment T

11, T

10, T

9, T

8 and T

13 and significantly

superior over the rest of the treatments. While, lowest nitrogenconcentration in leaves and cloves was observed in treatmentT

1 (RDF through chemical fertilizer) during both years of

experimentation.The highest concentration of phosphorus in leaves

(0.403 and 0.487 %, respectively) and in cloves (0.733 and0.713%, respectivey) was found in treatment T

12 during first

and second year and was at par with T11

, T10

, T13

, T9 and T

8

and significantly superior over rest of the treatments duringexperimentation. The lowest concentration of phosphorus wasnoted in the treatment T

1 in respect of leaves and cloves.

However, the higher concentration of phosphorus was notedin cloves as compared to leaves.

The mean data on leaves and cloves potassium contentstated that the concentration of potassium in leaves washighest in treatment T

12(1.66 and 1.68%, respectively) during

both the years. The potassium content in leaves in treatmentT

12 was at par with T

11, T

10, T

9, T

8, T

7, T

13 and T

5. While, in

respect of cloves, the maximum potassium content (1.48 and1.47 %, respectively) during first year and second year wasrecorded in treatment T

12 and it was at par with treatments T

11,

T10

, T9, T

8, and T

7 and significantly superior over rest of all

treatments. The lowest potassium content in leaves (1.44 and1.40 %) and in cloves (1.17 and 1.16 %) was recorded intreatment T

1 during first and second year of study.

The sulphur content in leaves ranged between 0.617 to0.420 per cent and in cloves ranged between 1.177 to 0.677per cent and the highest content of sulphur in leaves andcloves was observed in treatment T

12 followed by T

11 during

first year and second year of study. However, the lowestsulphur content in leaves (0.420 and 0.433 %) and in cloves(0.677, 0.733 %) were noticed during both year of study intreatment T

1 where, there is no application of castor cake and

banana pseudostem sap.Application of organic manures improve the absorptive


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EFFECT OF CASTOR CAKE & BANANA PSEUDOSTEM SAP ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND & YIELD OF GARLIC

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power of cation and anion on soil particle, no leaching lossof major and minor nutrients and these are released slowlyduring the crop growth results in active higher crop majornutrients uptake and ultimately the yield of crops. The higherconcentration of nutrients in plant is the indication goodgrowth of plants which results in higher yield and nutrientuptake by plants. Similar results were obtained by Bhanavaseet al. (1996), Patil (2008), Somsundaram et al. (2009) andChattoo et al. (2010).

Micronutrients concentration :The mean data pertaining to iron, manganese, copper

and zinc concentration (mg kg-1) in leaves and cloves depictedin Table 2 showed that the garlic cloves contains higherconcentration of all micronutrients than leaves.

The highest iron content in leaves was found in treatmentT

12 (94.67 and 92.67 mg kg-1) during both years followed by

T11

. While, the iron content in cloves ranged from 127.67 to126.33 mg kg-1 during the course of study and the maximumcontent was recorded in the treatment T

12which receives 100%

castor cake + 2000 l of banana pseudostem sap. The lowestiron content in leaves (78.33 and 78.00 mg kg-1) and in cloves(105.33 and 110.5 mg kg-1 ,respectively ) were recorded intreatment T

13. However, it was noticed that lower level of

organic manures decreased the availability of iron in garlic.The highest content of manganese in leaves was found

in treatment T12

(11.50 and 11.78 mgkg-1 ,respectively ). The

leaves content in treatment T12

was at par with the treatmentT

11, T

10 and T

9. In case of cloves, the manganese content was

ranged between 32.97 to 29.00 mg kg-1 and the highest contentwas recorded in treatment T

12. The lowest content of

manganese in leaves and cloves was recorded in the treatmentT

1 (without castor cake and pseudostem sap application).

In garlic plant the copper content ranged between 5.03to28.03 mg kg-1.The highest content of copper in the leaveswas observed in the treatment T

12(6.90 and 6.93mgkg-1,

respectively) during first and second year. The treatment T12

was at par with T11

, T10

, T9, T

8 and T

7. As compared to the

leaves, the cloves had higher concentration of micronutrientsand the maximum copper content (27.37 and 28.03 mgkg-1

respectively) was noticed under T12

treatment during first andsecond year. During both the years, treatment T

12 was found

at par with T11

, T10

, T9, T

7 and T

6 treatments. It was noticed

that increasing the levels of castor cake and bananapseudostem sap also increased the copper content. However,the lowest copper content in leaves (5.2 and 5.03 mg kg-1 ) andin cloves (24.53 and 24.50 mg kg-1, respectively) was noticedin treatment T

1 , where, there was no application of castor

cake and pseudostem sap.The highest zinc content in leaves was found in treatment

T12

( 22.90 and 22.43 mg kg-1, respectively) during first yearand second year followed by T

11. While, in case of cloves the

maximum zinc content (52.30 and 52.60 mg kg-1 ) was recorded

in treatment T12

and was significantly superior to the rest ofall treatments. The lowest zinc content in leaves (19.63 and19.17 mg kg-1) and cloves (45.83 and 45.80 mg kg -1,respectively) were noted in treatment T

1during the both years

of experimentation.

Plant nutrients uptake :The uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn)

by garlic leaves, bulb and total uptake was recorded duringthe experimentation. In all cases the higher uptake of nutrientswas recorded by bulb than leaves of garlic. The maximumuptake of these nutrients by leaves and bulb was recorded intreatments T

12 fallowed by T

11 during both years and in pooled

mean. However, as the levels of organic manures i.e. castorcake and pseudostem sap increased, the uptake of garlic wasalso increased. The lowest uptake was recorded in treatmentT

1 where, there is no application of castor cake and banana

pseudostem sap. The higher nutrients uptake in treatmentsT

12 might be due to the higher availability of these nutrients

under this treatment. Although the total uptake of N, P, K andS by garlic recorded under T

12 (organic treatment) was found

increased by 37.72 and 78.88, 40.02 and 81.30, 30.88 and 87.38and 84.38 and 150.64 per cent over treatment T

13(inorganic)

during first and second year of study, respectively (Table 3).Similar increasing trend was observed with uptake of

micronutrients. The total uptake of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, bygarlic observed with treatment T

12 (organic) was found

increased over treatment T13 (inorganic) by 46.72 and 63.05,36.67 and 54.88, 39.48 and 67.54, and 37.21 and 67.50 per centrespectively during first and second year of experimentation(Table 4).

Due to the application of organic manures, there isenhancement of microbial activities in soil. This results in thebreak down of organic manures and release of the nutrientsthrough mineralization. These released nutrients are inavailable forms and directly taken up by the plant. Hence,there was higher uptake of nutrients.

The results of this investigation are matching with theinvestigation of Bhanavase et al. (1996), Somasundaram et al.(2009), Patil (2008) and Chattoo et al. (2010).

Garlic bulb and leaves yield :The result on garlic bulb yield (Table 5) indicated that

the treatment T12

resulted in highest bulb yield during bothyears of experimentation and in pooled mean (47.63, 83.10and 65.36 q ha-1, respectively). From the result it was observedthat the treatment T

12 was significantly superior over rest of

the treatments in respect of bulb yield during experimentation.When this treatment compared with inorganic treatment (T

13),

it was observed that T12

produced 25.61, 71.05 and 51.13 percent more yield than T

13 in first year, second year and pooled

mean, respectively. The increase in yield might be due toapplication of bulky organic manures with concentrated


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EFFECT OF CASTOR CAKE & BANANA PSEUDOSTEM SAP ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND & YIELD OF GARLIC

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organic manures like castor cake with banana pseudostemsap during the crop growth.

The mean data on garlic leaves yield indicated that, theorganic treatment T

12 resulted in highest leaves yield of garlic

during both years and in pooled mean (7.01, 9.22 and 8.16 qha-1, respectively). The results obtained in the presentinvestigation are supported by the findings of Patra et al.(2011), Mohd et al. (2011) and Bhandari et al. (2012) Salukhe,(2010). In the present investigation the increase in the yield ofbulb and leaves were observed highest because of applicationof organic manures improve the absorptive power of cationand anion on soil particle and these are released slowly duringthe crop growth results in active growth crop and ultimatelythe yield of crops.

Conclusion :It can be concluded from the above investigation the

application recommended dose of nitrogen through organicmanures (bulky and concentrated) i.e. 33.3% N throughvermicompost, 33.3% N through biocompost and 33.4% Nthrough castor cake with 2000 litres of psuedostem sap at 45and 55 DAS gave higher yield of garlic bulb, leaves and leaves,bulb concentration and uptake of nutrients by organicallygrown garlic.

Literature CitedAnhwange, B.A. and Ugye, T.D. (2008). Chemical composition ofbanana plant. J. Environ. & Agric. Chem., 8(6): 437-442.

Bhandari S.A., Patel, K.S. and Nehate, D.S. (2012). Effect ofintegrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality ofgarlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Gujarat Garlic-3. Asian J. Hori., 7(1):48-51.

8th

of ExcellenceYear

Bhanawase, D.B., More, N.B., Wandre, S.S. and Basbin, A.B. (1996).Studies on integrated use of phosphate with sulphitation press mudcake in suru sugar cane (Co.740). Indian Sugar, 9:411-415.

Chattoo, M.A., Najar, G.R., Mir, S.A. and Faheema, S. (2010). Effectorganic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield, nutrientuptake and economics of onion cv. Yellow Globe. J. Eco. FriendlyAgric. 5(1) : 12-14.

Mohd, T.A., Desai, J.D., Parmar, S.B. and Parmar, B.R. (2011).Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and qualityof garlic cv G G-1. Asian J. Hort., 6(1) : 52-55.

Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1967). Statistical methods foragricultural workers, ICAR Pub, New Delhi, pp.152-165.

Patra, Parth Sarthi, Sinha, A.C. and Mahesh, S. S. (2011). Yield,nutrient uptake and quality of groundnut (Arachis hypogea). IndianJ. Agron., 56(3) : 237-241.

Patil, A.P. (2008). Nutrient, pseudostem and sucker management inratoon banana under drip irrigation. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, NavsariAgricultural University, Navsari, GUJARAT (INDIA).

Perkinson, J.A. and Allen, S.E. (1975). A wet oxidation procedurefor determination of N and other mineral nutrition in biologicalmaterial. Commun. in Soil Sci. & Plant Analysis, 6 : 1-11.

Piper, C.S. (1966). Soil and Plant Analysis, Hans Publication,Mumbai, M.S. (INDIA).

Salukhe, J.R. (2010). Feasibility of using banana pseudostem sapas liquid fertilizer in onion under drip irrigation. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesissubmitted to Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, GUJARAT(INDIA).

Somasundaram, E.M., Amanullah, M., Vaiyapuri, K.,Thirukkumaran, K. and Sathyamoorthi, K. (2009). Biochemicalchanges, nitrogen flux and yield of crops due to organic sources ofnutrients under maize based cropping system. J. Appl. Sci. Res.,3(12) : 1724-1729.

Table 5 : Effect of rates of castor cake and pseudostem sap on bulb and leaves yield of organically grown garlicBulb yield (q ha-1) Leaves yield (q ha-1)

Treatments2010-11 2011-12 Pooled mean 2010-11 2011-12 Pooled mean

T1 34.65 57.04 45.85 4.95 5.91 5.43T2 36.21 58.83 47.52 5.25 6.49 5.88T3 36.92 59.66 48.29 5.28 5.57 5.92T4 37.53 65.43 51.48 5.35 7.01 6.18T5 38.78 66.07 52.42 5.42 7.32 6.37T6 39.64 66.74 53.19 5.67 7.42 6.54T7 40.21 69.61 54.91 5.72 7.66 6.69T8 42.11 70.73 56.42 6.03 7.79 6.91T9 43.57 72.22 57.89 6.26 7.86 7.06T10 45.76 75.66 60.71 6.53 8.26 7.39T11 46.20 76.47 61.34 6.60 8.46 7.53T12 47.63 83.10 65.36 7.01 9.22 8.16T13 37.91 48.58 43.24 5.37 7.34 6.35SE ± 1.563 2.987 2.969 0.255 0.337 0.203CD (P=0.05) 4.563 8.720 9.152 0.746 0.983 0.574CV % 6.68 7.73 7.68 7.61 7.79 7.78


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Effect of rates of castor cake and banana pseudostem sap … and inference of such nutrient rich...

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