EFFECT OF POWER LEVEL ON THE YIELD OF TOTAL AEROSOL … · Experimental Design •Aerosol was...

EFFECT OF POWER LEVEL ON THE YIELD OF TOTAL AEROSOL MASS AND FORMATION OF ALDEHYDES IN

E-CIGARETTE AEROSOLS

Gene Gillman, PhD

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Experimental Design

• Aerosol was collected using automatic “button pusher” using a 55 mL constant flow puff over 4 seconds every 30 seconds.

• 50:50 PG/VG liquid with 2% nicotine was used with all samples.

• Samples were collected from three separate coils, for each device.

• Duplicate samples were collected at 3.8, 4.2, 4.6 and 5.0 volts. Sub-ohm samples were collected at 10, 15, 20 and 25 watts.

• Aerosol was analyzed for aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein) production.

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Reporting Units

3

• Total resistance was measured for all devices. • Power applied to the coil is reported in watts. • Watt = (voltage)2/(resistance)

• Aerosol yields are reported per puff. • (Total yield)/(25 puffs)

• Aerosol efficiency: aerosol yield per power applied to the coil. • (mg/puff)/(watt)

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Test Items

• Device 1: Single top coil, 2.8 ohm, CE4 “top-coil” tank-style

• Device 2: Single bottom coil, 2.7 ohm, Protank 1 by KangerTech

• Device 3: Dual bottom coil, 2.8 ohm, Gladius by Innokin

• Device 4: Single bottom coil, 2.2 ohm, Nautilus by Aspire

• Device 5: Single bottom coil, 0.72 ohm, SubTank by KangerTech

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Yield Versus Power

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

5.3 6.5 7.8 9.2

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 1: Single top coil

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

5.3 6.5 7.8 9.2(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts


Yield per puff Efficiency

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Yield Versus Power

6

0

2

4

6

8

5.6 6.9 8.2 9.7

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 3: Dual bottom coil

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

5.6 6.9 8.2 9.7(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts



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Yield Versus Power

7

0

10

20

30

40

10 15 20 25

mg/

puff

Watts

Device 5: Single bottom coil

0

0.5

1

1.5

10 15 20 25(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

watts



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Formation of Decomposition Products

8

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OOH2O

H2O

C O

H

HC O

CH3

H+

Glycerol 1-Propen-1,3-diol 3-Hydroxyl-propionaldehyde Acrolein

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde

taut.

retro-aldol

Heating of propylene glycol and glycerol may produce thermal decomposition products

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Aldehydes in Aerosol

• Aerosol samples were collected in DNPH trapping solution and

analyzed for DHPH-aldehyde adducts.

• Acidic DNPH reacts with both free and hydrated forms of

aldehydes.

• Results of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein are

presented corrected for the total amount of aerosol produced

(mg/gram).

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10

0

2

4

6

8

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acrolein

mg/

gram


5.3 watt

6.5 watt

7.8 watt

9.2 watt

The highest power level tested may have exceeded the wicking rate, leading to coil overheating

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Evidence of coil overheating

11

Unused Coil Used Coil

Evidence of charring on wick

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12

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1


mg/

gram


5.6 watt

6.9 watt

8.2 watt

9.7 watt

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13

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025


mg/

gram


10 watt

15 watt

20 watt

25 watt

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Estimated Daily Exposure to Aldehydes

• Results from the aldehyde measurements were used to estimate daily exposure to the user.

• Results on a per gram basis were converted to a per day basis assuming the use of ~3 ml of liquid per day.

• Aldehyde results varied by coil tested and the data presented represent the average of three unique coils tested.

Farsalinos, K., Romagna, G., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Voudris, V., 2014. Characteristics, Perceived Side Effects and Benefits of Electronic Cigarette Use: A Worldwide Survey of More than 19,000 Consumers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11, 4356-4373.

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15

Device 1: Single top coil Power Form Acet Acrol Total Watts mg per day mg per day mg per day mg per day

Average 5.3 6.2 5.0 0.2 11 SD 1.0 6.7 5.6 0.2 9

Average 6.5 10 8.0 0.2 18 SD 1.3 8.1 7.1 0.3 11

Average 7.8 13 10 0.4 23 SD 1.5 6.0 5.1 0.2 8

Average 9.2 22 17 2.3 41 SD 1.8 14 11 3.8 18

The highest power level tested may have exceeded the wicking rate, leading to coil overheating

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Device 5: Single bottom coil Power Form Acet Acrol Total Watts mg per day mg per day mg per day mg per day

Average 10 0.05 0.03 <0.009 0.09 SD NA 0.03 0.03 NA 0.04

Average 15 0.04 0.03 <0.003 0.08 SD NA 0.01 0.01 NA 0.02

Average 20 0.04 0.02 <0.003 0.07 SD NA 0.01 0.01 NA 0.01

Average 25 0.04 0.02 <0.003 0.06 SD NA 0.009 0.01 NA 0.01

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Yield Profiles

17

050

100150200250300

5 7 9 11 13

mg

Watt

Device 1

0

200

400

600

800

1000

5 15 25 35

mg

Watt

Device 5

Yield from 25 puffs, data collected in duplicate from a single coil

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Summary of Results

• The devices tested produced from 38 mg to over 692 mg of aerosol in 25 puffs or 1.5 to 28 mg/puff.

• The mass of aerosol produced per puff/watt ranged from 0.27 to 1.1 (mg /puff)/(watt).

• The mass of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein produced per gram of total aerosol produced ranged from 0.01 to 7.3 mg/g, 0.006 to 5.8 mg/g, and <0.002 to 0.78 mg/g, respectively.

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Conclusion

• Reporting power applied to the coil in watts instead of volts corrects for differences in coil resistance.

• Reporting aerosol mass results in (mg/puff)/(watt) allows for direct comparison of aerosol formation efficiency.

• Evaluation of yield versus profiles may be useful to understand coil wicking and maximum aerosol production rates.

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Supplemental Material

Data for devices 2 and 4

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Yield Versus Power

21

0

2

4

6

8

10

5.2 6.4 7.7 9

mg/

puff

Watts


00.20.40.60.8

11.2

5.2 6.4 7.7 9(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts


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Yield Versus Power

22

02468

1012

7.3 8.9 10.6 12.6

mg/

puff

Watts


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

7.3 8.9 10.6 12.6(m

g/pu

ff)/w

att

Watts


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23

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5


mg/

gram


5.2 watt

6.4 watt

7.7 watt

9 watt

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24

00.010.020.030.040.050.060.07


mg/

gram


7.3 watt

8.9 watt

11 watt

13 watt

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EFFECT OF POWER LEVEL ON THE YIELD OF TOTAL AEROSOL … · Experimental Design •Aerosol was...

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Transcript of EFFECT OF POWER LEVEL ON THE YIELD OF TOTAL AEROSOL … · Experimental Design •Aerosol was...