EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON TOPICAL ...

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Sharma et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON TOPICAL

DELIVERY OF PIROXICAM FROM EMULGEL FORMULATIONS

Sharma Geetanjali* and Bhatt D. C.

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Guru Jambheshwar University of

Sciences and Technology, Hisar, 125001.

ABSTRACT

Synthetic and natural polymers play a vital part in pharmaceutical

research and development. Pharmaceutical applications of polymers

range from inert bulk excipients to sophisticated drug delivery

technologies. The polymers are being used in applications in which

they are expected to be pharmacologically inactive and aid in the

delivery of existing small molecule or macromolecule drugs. Polymers

provide a range of benefits in drug delivery applications that result in

improved drug delivery, including controlled release of drugs,

adjustable pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution profile, and improved

drug safety.

KEYWORDSa: Piroxicam, Macromolecule drugs, Pharmacokinetic

and bio-distribution profile.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, there has been great interest in the use of novel polymers with complex

functions as emulsifiers and thickeners because the gelling capacity of these compounds

allows the formulation of stable emulsions and creams by decreasing surface and interfacial

tension and at the same time increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase. In fact, the

presence of a gelling agent in the water phase converts a classical emulsion into an Emulgel.

(Arora et al., 2015).

An important factor that influences the progress of potential new drug carriers is the

development of excipients which have properties that may enhance the bioavailability and

stability of the drug. Excipients are defined as inactive ingredients which are mixed with

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.421

Volume 7, Issue 3, 1205-1222 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

20 Jan. 2018,

Revised on 10 Feb. 2018,

Accepted on 02 March 2018

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20183-11188

*Corresponding Author

Sharma Geetanjali

Department of

Pharmaceutical Sciences &

Research, Guru

Jambheshwar University of

Sciences & Technology,

Hisar, 125001.


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active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in order to create a drug product. Although these

substances are included in the inactive ingredients list put together by the FDA, they usually

have well defined functions in a drug product. (Kalpesh et al., 2014).

Polymeric excipients include macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g., sodium

alginate, gelatin, chitosan and cellulose derivatives; semisynthetic polymers, e.g., cellulose

derivatives; synthetic polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycols, poloxamers, polylactides,

polyamides, acrylic acid polymers, etc.; and fermentation products, e.g., xanthan gum. These

polymers are employed in drug dosage forms administered through every possible routes:

orally, parenterally, nasally, intravaginally, rectally, inhalationally, on the oral mucosa,

topically and in ophthalmic preparations. (Joseph et al., 2017).

Multifunctional polymers are macromolecular compounds which may have additional

properties such as sensitivity to stimuli, mucoadhesion, inhibition of enzymes, intestinal

epithelium penetration enhancement, efflux pump inhibition, increased buffer capacity,

sorptive properties, taste-masking ability, pharmacological activity and the ability to form

conjugates or interact with enzymes responsible for drug metabolism. In this article, a group

of these polymers which are employed in pharmaceutical technology will be evaluated.

(Arora et al., 2015).

Drug delivery across the skin (Baibhav et al., 2011)

The skin barrier properties reside in outermost layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum

corneum is effectively a 10-15 µm thick matrix of dehydrated dead keratinocytes

(corneocytes) embedded in a lipid matrix. There are two important layers in the skin: the

dermis and epidermis. The outermost layer, the epidermis, is approximately 100 to 150 µm

thick, has no blood flow and includes a layer within it known as the stratum corneum.

Beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains the system of capillaries that transport blood

throughout the body. If the drug is able to penetrate the stratum corneum, then it can enter the

blood stream by passive diffusion. There are two concepts in the design of transdermal

delivery, namely, the reservoir type and matrix type. Others are actually extensions of these

two concepts and both involve diffusion of drug molecule through the skin barrier.

Modulation of formulation excipients and addition of chemical enhancers, such as fatty acids,

surfactants, esters and alcohols that exert their action via a temporary alteration of barrier

properties of the stratum corneum by various mechanisms, including enhancing solubility,


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partitioning into the stratum corneum, fluidizing the crystalline structure of the stratum

corneum and causing dissolution of stratum corneum to enhance drug flux. However, due to

low permeability coefficients of macromolecules, the enhancement effects required to ensure

delivery of pharmacologically effective concentrations are likely to be beyond the capability

of chemical enhancers tolerated by the skin. Therefore, several new active transport

technologies have been developed for the transdermal delivery of drugs. (Bhatt et al., 2013).

There are three primary mechanisms of topical drug absorption; transcellular, intercellular

and follicular. Most of the drugs pass through the tortuous path around corneocytes and

through the lipid bilayer to viable layers of the skin. The next most common route of delivery

is via the pilosebaceous route. The barrier resides in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the

stratum corneum, as evidenced by approximately equal rates of penetration of chemicals

through isolated stratum corneum or whole skin. Creams and gels that are rubbed into the

skin have been used for years to deliver pain medication and infection fighting drugs to an

affected site of the body. These include, among others, gels and creams for vaginal yeast

infections, topical creams for skin infections and creams to soothe arthritis pain. New

technologies now allow other drugs to be absorbed through the skin (transdermal). These can

be used to treat not just the affected areas but the whole body (systemic). (Rele et al., 2010).

Literature Review

Jain et al., 2010 developed ketoconazole emulgel for topical drug delivery. Emulgel

formulations of ketoconazole were prepared using 2 types of gelling agents: Carbopol 934

and Carbopol 940.

Kullar et al., 2012 prepared Mefenamic acid emugel for topical delivery. Emulgel of

mefenamic acid was prepared by using Carbapol 940 as a gelling agent. Mentha oil and clove

oil were used as penetration enhancers.

Khunt et al., 2012 formulated Piroxicam emulgel using different combinations of oil,

emulsifiers, co-surfactant and carbomer (Carbopol 940 and Carbopol 934).

Rao et al., 2013 developed Metronidazole emulgel. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were

developed for various microemulsion formulations composed of Capmul 908-P, Acconon

MC8-2 EP, and propylene glycol.


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Hosny et al., 2013 prepared & pharmacodynamically evaluated ketoprofen emulgel using

Hydroxypropyl celluloses (HPC) and hydroxylpropylmethyl celluloses (HPMC).

Shingala et al., 2012 developed and evaluated topical emulgel of lornoxicam using different

polymer bases like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M.

Deveda et al., 2010 prepared a gellified emulsion for sustain delivery of itraconazole for

topical fungal disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Piroxicam was obtained as a gift sample from Mesha Pharma Lab Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. All

the chemicals used in experimental work were of analytical grade and used as supplied. The

materials and equipments used in experimental work are listed below in Table 1.0 and Table

1.1 respectively.

Methods of Preparation

Preparation of emulgel by using different natural and synthetic polymers

The gel phase was prepared by dissolving the required amount of polymer in 5ml of distilled

water. The oil phase was prepared by mixing 1.5ml of Span-20 with 5ml of Liquid Paraffin.

The aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving 1ml of Tween-20 in 5ml of purified water.

Propyl Paraben (0.03gm) was dissolved in 5ml of Propylene glycol and 500mg of Piroxicam

was dissolved in 3ml of Ethanol, separately. These two solutions were mixed. The above

solution was mixed with the aqueous phase and 0.25ml of Clove oil was added in oil phase.

The oil and aqueous phases were heated separately at 70 -80 up to complete mixing. To

prepare emulsion, the oil phase was added in to aqueous phase with smooth mixing. The pH

of emulsion was adjusted by adding 3 ml of Triethanolamine. This emulsion was

incorporated in to gel phase in 1:1 ratio. It was stirred continuously to prepare an Emulgel.

Different batches were prepared by using various polymers (Carbopol 934, HPMC, Xanthan

Gum). The batch specifications for Carbopol 934, HPMC and Xanthan gum based Emulgel

formulations are discussed below in Table 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 respectively.

Characterization and evaluation of prepared formulation of emulgel

Compatibility study: The drug and polymer interactions were studied by Fourier Transform

Infrared Spectroscopy by Potassium bromide (KBr) disc method. In this method, a small

amount of drug was mixed with the spectroscopic grade of KBr and triturated for uniform

mixing. A thin and transparent pellet was prepared by applying 2000 psi pressure. The


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prepared pellet was exposed to the IR beam and spectrum were recorded at the scanning

range of 400-4000 cm-1

by using FTIR Spectrophotometer.

Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis

DSC thermogram of Emulgel formulations was recorded using Differential Scanning

Calorimeter (Q600 SDT, TA Systems, USA) to confirm the authenticity of drug. About 4 to

5mg of samples were crimped in a standard aluminium pan and heated in a temperature range

of 20 to 400 at the heating rate of 10 per minute in nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate, 100

ml/min).

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis

The morphology of emulgel formulation was determined by scanning electron microscopy.

SEM gives a three-dimensional image of the globules. The samples were examined at

suitable accelerating voltage at different magnifications. A good analysis of surface

morphology of disperse phase in the formulation was obtained through SEM.

Physical Appearance

The emulgel formulations were studied for their physical parameters such as colour,

homogeneity, consistency and phase separation.

Determination of pH

pH of emulgel was measured by using Digital pH meter. 1gm of emulgel was dissolved in

25ml of distilled water. Then the electrode was dipped into the formulation and constant

readings were noted. The measurements of pH of each formulation were performed in

triplicate and average values were calculated.

Viscosity Measurement

The viscosity of different emulgel formulations was determined at 250C using a Brookfield

Viscometer using Spindle No. 6 at 20 rpm.

Drug Content Determination

The Emulgel (1gm) was diluted with 20ml of methanol and volume was made upto 100ml

using Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.4. Further dilutions were made with the same to

prepare 10µg/ml solutions. The solution was filtered and absorbance was measured at 355nm.

Spreadability (Pednekar et al., 2015)


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Spreadability was measured in terms of diameter of emulgel circle produced when emulgel is

placed between two glass plates. A weighed quantity (350mg) of emulgel was taken on one

glass plate and another glass plate was dropped from a distance of 5cm. the diameter of the

circle of spreaded emulgel was measured.

Swelling Index (Ranga et al., 2012)

1 gm of emulgel was taken on porous aluminium foil and then placed separately in a 50 ml

beaker containing 10 ml 0.1N NaOH. Then samples were removed from beakers at different

time intervals and put it on dry place for 10-15 min. After that it was reweighed.

Swelling Index (SW) % =[(Wt – Wo)/ Wo] × 100

Wt = Weight of swollen emulgel after time t.

WO = Original weight of emulgel at time zero.

Extrudability Study (Pednekar et al., 2015)

The prepared emulgel was filled in clean, lacquered aluminium collapsible tubes with a 5mm

opening nasal tip. Extrudability was determined by measuring the amount of emulgel

extruded through the tip on applying a constant load of 1 kg over the tube.

Extrudability = Applied weight to extrude emulgel from tube (in gm) / Area (in cm2).

Accelerated Stability Study: The prepared emulgels were packed in aluminum collapsible

tubes (5 g) and subjected to stability studies at 5 °C, 25 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/65% RH, and

40 °C/75% RH for a period of 2 months. Samples were withdrawn after 15 days and

evaluated for physical appearance, pH, drug content.

In-vitro Drug Release Study (Kapadiya et al., 2016)

The In-vitro drug release from the formulations were studied by using USP-II dissolution

apparatus (Paddle type). The Emulgel formulations containing drug were taken in dialysis

bag (pore size 2.4nm). Dialysis bags were attached with paddle and placed into flask

containing 900ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) maintained at a temperature of 37±0.5 . 5ml of

samples were withdrawn and replaced with same volume of fresh dissolution medium. These

samples were subjected to estimation of the drug content by measuring absorbance at 355nm

using UV-Visible Double Beam Spectrophotometer against blank.

Drug Release Kinetics (Kapadiya et al., 2016)


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The data obtained from above drug release study were fitted to various kinetic equations such

as zero order, first order, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer- Peppas model.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Compatibility of drug with selected polymers

The polymers as well as other excipients used in formulation were found to be compatible

with drug. FT-IR study showed that there was no major change in the position of peak

obtained in the drug alone and in a mixture of drug with excipients, indicating that there was

no interaction between drug and excipients as in figures 1.0, 2.0, 3.0.

Differential scanning calorimeteric study

The melting point of emulgel was found to be in the range of 180-200 . The various

thermograms are shown in figure 3.0(a,b).

Scanning electron microscopic analysis

The morphological characterization of prepared emulgel showed gellified network like

structure and uniform distribution as observed in the SEM photograph shown in figures 4.0,

5.0, 6.0, 7.0.

Characterization of prepared emulgel of piroxicam

Physical Appearance: The physical parameters of emulgel formulations of Piroxicam was

determined by visual inspection. The formulations were found to be homogeneous, off white

to yellowish and of uniform consistency.

pH determination

The pH of different formulations of Emulgel was measured by using Digital pH meter. the

readings were noted in triplicate and the average pH was found to be in the range 6.9-7.4.

Spreadability

The spreadability of Emulgel formulations was calculated by using following formula

S = M × L/T

Where, M = Weight tied to upper slide (gm) L = length of glass slide (cm)

T = time taken to separate the slides (sec)

The results are shown in Table 1.5 and Figure 8.0.


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Viscosity measurement: The viscosity of the different emulgel formulations was determined

at 25°C using a Brookfield viscometer with spindle no 6 at 20 rpm by Brookfield viscometer.

The results are shown in Table 1.6 and Figure 9.0.

Swelling index

The percentage swelling index of emulgel formulations was calculated by using following

formula.

Swelling Index (SW) % =[(Wt – Wo)/ Wo] × 100

Wt = Weight of swollen emulgel after time t.

WO = Original weight of emulgel at time zero.

The results are shown in Table 1.7 and Figure 10.0

Accelerated stability studies

All the prepared emulgel formulations were found to be stable upon storage for 2 months, no

change was observed in their physical appearance, pH, rheological properties and drug

content. The emulgel formulations were found with pH 7.2±0.5 after 2 months and the drug

content was observed through UV visible spectrophotometric determination. The drug

content was found to be in the range 78 - 92.06%.

Extrudability measurement: The Extrudability was measured by application of force to the

aluminium collapsible tube containing emulgel. The area of ribbon of emulgel was measured

and Extrudability was measured by formula.

Extrudability = Applied weight to extrude emulgel from tube (in gm) / Area (in cm2)

The results are shown in Table 1.8.

In-vitro drug release studies: The percent drug release of Piroxicam from emulgels in 8

hours is shown in Table 1.9 and figure 11.0. The percent cumulative drug release was found

to be in the range 80.98% to 92.74%. The higher drug release from emulgels was attributed to

the presence of permeation enhancers in the formulations.

Kinetics of in-vitro drug release

To analyze the mechanism of drug release from the emulgel formulations, in vitro drug

release data of all formulations were subjected to the kinetic analysis. The dissolution profiles

of batches were fitted to various models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi and

Korsemeyer and Peppas models. The model for best fit was predicted from the value of R2.


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The value which was closer to 1 was selected as the best fit model for the drug release. The

R2 values of all models are shown in Table 1.9. It was observed that the formulation obeyed

zero order kinetics and Higuchi’s model as shown in Figures 12.0, 13.0.

Table. 1.0: List of materials used.

S. No. Materials Source

1 Piroxicam Mesha Pharma Lab Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

2 Carbopol-934 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

3 Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Thomas Baker Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai

4 Xanthan Gum Thomas Baker Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai

5 Liquid Paraffin High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

6 Tween-20 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

7 Span-20 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

8 Propylene Glycol Central Drug House, Delhi, India

9 Ethanol S.D.Fine-Chem Ltd., Mumbai

10 Propyl Paraben High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.

11 Clove Oil Central Drug House, Delhi, India

12 Triethanolamine S.D.Fine-Chem Ltd., Mumbai

Table. 1.1: List of equipments used.

S. No. Equipments Source

1 UV-Visible Double beam

Spectrophotometer Systronics 2203

Systronics (India) Ltd.

2 Centrifuge Remi Motors Ltd., Mumbai, India

3 FTIR Spectrophotometer Perkin-

Elmer BX 2

Perkin-Elmer Life and Analytical

Sciences, USA

4 Scanning electron microscope

5 Hot air oven Narang Scientific Works, New Delhi

6 Weighing balance HR 2000 A & D Pvt. Ltd. Japan

7 Dissolution Apparatus KI 350(7) Khera Instruments Pvt. Ltd., Delhi

8 pH meter pH 600 Pocket sized pH meter, Mauritius

9 Viscometer Brookfield viscometer

Table. 1.2: Batch Specifications for Carbopol-934 based emulgel formulations.

Batch F1 F2 F3

Drug (mg) 500 500 500

Carbopol-934(mg) 1000 1500 2000

Liquid paraffin(mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0

Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0

Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5

Propylene glycol (mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0

Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0

Propyl paraben (mg) 0.03 0.03 0.03

Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25

Triethanolamine (mg) 3.0 3.0 3.0


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Table. 1.3: Batch Specifications for HPMC based emulgel formulations.

Batch F4 F5 F6

Drug (mg) 500 500 500

HPMC (mg) 1000 1500 2000


Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0

Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5


Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0


Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25

Table. 1.4: Batch Specifications for Xanthan Gum based emulgel formulations.

Batch F7 F8 F9

Drug (mg) 500 500 500

Xanthan Gum (mg) 1000 1500 2000


Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0

Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5


Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0


Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25

Table. 1.5: Spreadability of different formulations.

Formulations Spreadability (gm.cm/sec)

F1 20.16

F2 21.32

F3 19.98

F4 21.60

F5 20.62

F6 19.08

F7 19.65

F8 18.34

F9 18.88

Table. 1.6: Viscosity of Emulgel formulations.

Formulations Viscosity (cps)

F1 18482

F2 17341

F3 16456

F4 18120

F5 26450


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F6 27650

F7 22456

F8 21789

F9 23780

Table. 1.7: Swelling Index values of the prepared Emulgels.

Formulations Swelling Index (SW%)

F1 44.67%

F2 35.55%

F3 38.30%

F4 36.50%

F5 40.12%

F6 42.29%

F7 44.56%

F8 37.22%

F9 39.54%

Table. 1.8: Extrudability of emulgel formulations.

Formulations Extrudability (gm/cm2)

F1 15.1

F2 20.0

F3 21

F4 25

F5 30

F6 40

F7 34

F8 36

F9 29

Table 1.9: R2 values from all models of kinetic drug release

R2

values

Zero order

kinetics

First order

kinetics

Higuchi’s

model

Korsmeyer-

Peppas model

0.970 0.806 0.997 0.955


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4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0

-0.02

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.10

cm-1

%T

2000.00

1846.15

1734.26

1062.93

928.67

816.78

690.90

620.97

553.842549.013535.01

3871.14

Fig. 1.0: FTIR spectrum of Piroxicam with Carbopol 934.

4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0

-0.30

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.54

cm-1

%T

3336.81

1526.32

829.65

772.76

731.54

618.16

556.31

2929.97

1630.76 1434.96

1348.25

1295.10

1183.211152.44

1034.96

937.06

875.52

690.90 528.67

455.94

Fig. 2.0: FTIR spectrum of Piroxicam with HPMC.

4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0

-0.30

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.37

cm-1

%T

3333.17

1344.52 774.69

458.74

523.07

562.23

618.18

688.11

732.86

830.76

875.52

937.06

1040.55

1149.65

1213.98

1309.09

1432.16

1630.76

1918.88

1843.35

2767.50

3103.64

Fig. 3.0: FTIR spectrum of drug with Xanthan Gum.


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0 50 100 150 200 250

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

Heat flo

w (

W/g

)

Temperature (°C)

0 50 100 150 200 250

-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

Heat flow

(W

/g)

Temperature (°C)

3.0 (a) 3.0(b)

Fig. 3.0 (a,b): DSC thermogram of carbopol 934 and HPMC based emulgels respectively

Fig. 4.0: Scanning Electron Micrograph of Carbopol 934 based emulgel.

Fig. 5.0: Scanning electron micrograph of HPMC based emulgel.


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Fig. 6.0: Internal micrograph of emulgel.

Fig. 7.0: Scanning electron micrograph of xanthan gum based Emulgel.

Fig. 8.0: Spreadability coefficient of emulgel formulations.


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Fig. 9.0: Viscosity of emulgel formulations.

Fig. 10.0: Swelling Index of emulgel formulations.

Fig. 11.0: Comparative release profiles of different polymers based emulgels of

Piroxicam in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4).


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Fig. 12.0: Drug release by zero order kinetics.

Fig. 13.0: Drug release through Higuchi’s model.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The emulgels are relatively recent formulations for the topical drug delivery of hydrophobic

drugs as well as for the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Piroxicam is a

hydrophobic drug which belongs to BCS-II class. Piroxicam works by reducing hormones

that cause inflammation and pain in body. It is used to reduce the pain, inflammation and

stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

The study revolved around the formulation of Emulgels containing Piroxicam for topical

delivery of the drug. Emulgels were formulated to enhance the permeation of poorly water

soluble drug. A set of 9 different Emulgel formulation batches were prepared (with

permeation enhancers). These Emulgel formulations were then evaluated for their

appearance, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, Extrudability, Drug Content, Swelling Index and


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In-vitro Drug Release profiles. The pH of all emulgel formulations was found in range of 6.8

to 7.4. The values of Extrudability, Swelling index, Viscosity and Spreadability coefficient of

emulgel were found to be satisfactory. The drug release data revealed that formulation F5

(Carbopol-934 based emulgel) exhibited 92.74% drug release after 8 hrs. The Emulgel

formulations best fitted Zero order kinetics and Higuchi’s model. Stability studies were

performed on the selected formulations for a period of 2 months wherein no significant

variations were observed in the parameters measured. It could be concluded on the basis of

results of evaluation that formulation containing the highest concentration of emulsifiers

(4%), Clove oil as permeation enhancer and Carbopol 934 as the gelling agent had

cumulative drug release of 92.74% after 8 hrs. Thus Emulgels exhibited a good potential for

topical delivery of Drugs. The usefulness of Emulgel can be further explored with long term

pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.

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