Effect of Land Use Change on Infrastructural Planning and ... · PDF fileEffect of Land Use...

European International Journal of Science and Technology ISSN: 2304-9693 www.eijst.org.uk

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Effect of Land Use Change on Infrastructural Planning and Development in

Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria

Gbenga Enisan 1*

, Eniola Aluko 2 and Umanubueso Georgewill

3

1,2,3

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology,

Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author Emails: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The research focused on the effect of land use change on infrastructural planning and development in

Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. This is to examine the effect of land use change on

Infrastructural planning and also to ensure infrastructural sustainability and urban development in the

study area. This was accomplished by the relevant information collected on the research problem with the

use of questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientist (SPSS). The formulated

hypothesis for this study was tested based on the available dataset and the prescribed method, alternative

hypothesis (H1) was accepted and null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. The conclusion was drawn in line with

the recommendation; the sample size is derived from sample taken from the total projected population of the

study with the number of household and units of building per compound. Information gathered from the

research showed that there were Land use change and infrastructural development in the study area. Also,

there is a continuous change in Land use over time as it is based on individual desire to develop,

government land use planning and community land use at large. The various land use changes gave rise to

different infrastructural development and brought in different uses which in one way or the other; alter a

particular land use planning. However, different recommendation were proposed which includes,

Revitalization, Land use and Infrastructural Sustainability, Development control, Use of Geographic

Information System (GIS), Community and Stakeholder Participation and Public Awareness Participation.

Keywords: Urban Planning, Land Use Change, Infrastructural Planning, Development

1 INTRODUCTION

It has long been recognized that an adequate supply of infrastructure services is an essential ingredient for

productivity and growth (World Bank, 1994).The planning system is a key component of infrastructure

delivery, this was also emphasize in Infrastructure UK Cost Review Report (2010) which identified it as a

major reason for excessive scheme costs compared to other European countries. In recent years, the role of

infrastructure has received increased attention. Infrastructure planning and development has ever been an

European International Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4 No. 9 December, 2015

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on-going, though with high need of attention especially in developing economy like Nigeria. With the ever

growing population, urbanization menace, the need for creating environments for business growth and

provision of a sustainable environment has called for the immediate attention to the state of infrastructure in

Nigeria and to the changes in land use. This is most important in the development of the economy and the

rural areas. And it has been noted that provision of infrastructure in many local government areas in Nigeria

is treated with levity. The intention of the Federal Government in creation of Local Governments is to

develop the rural areas (Oviasuyi, Idada and Isiraojie, (2010). Most infrastructures in Nigeria are said to be

in poor state owing to various factors like poor maintenance culture, poor or inadequate funding and also

neglects over a long period of time by government and its different agencies that are to provide and maintain

the infrastructure. In as much as Government Agencies and public private partnerships (PPP) are working in

force to ensure that various types of infrastructural services are provided for the functioning of the modern

environment, there are increase demands of land for adequate infrastructural planning.

Land use change occur as a result of the rapid rate of growth and development of our urban environment;

especially the, Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State. The phenomenon is spreading throughout

the country at a fast rate, with an increase demand of attention on its rate of change over time and to this

present age. A number of metropolitan and regional areas are experiencing drastic changes in land use due to

the high rate of urbanization. But the most important is the growth of the services of Infrastructural planning

at all levels of the urban economy of the state. This study aims to contribute to the various aspect of

infrastructural planning research. There are four objectives of this study; which in long run, will

comprehensively review the infrastructural literatures from various aspects and applications, then, it will

review the effect of land use change on infrastructural planning in Rivers State, using Ikwerre Local

Government Area as a case study. The outcome will be helpful in improving general understanding of

infrastructural planning in Rivers State, Nigeria.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

It is self-evident that there are symbolic relationship between land use and infrastructural planning. Land is

required for various uses in both the urban and rural areas of all society. As nations grow in size and rural

areas become urban centers and urban centers become large metropolitan areas, there is always increased

competition as well as demand for land for different purposes. This requires adequate planning and control

to ensure harmonious development and functional efficiency of these uses and settlements. Land is basically

the solid part of the earth surface and the natural resource of any nation or state on which human and

economic activities take place. It is humanity’s most valuable resource without which man could never have

existed and on which his continued existence and progress depend (Fabiyi, 2006). Land is said to be the

primary and permanent material for human existence. Land from time immemorial has been treated as a

measure of wealth, status and power all over the world (Aloks and Navedeep 2002). As a result of this, Land

has also been the source of bloody conflicts and disputes not only between nations, kings, but between

common people as this was the major source of livelihood. It has also been the cause of family rifts, turning

brothers into enemies. Hence land is used to meet a multiplicity and variety of human needs and to serve

numerous diverse purposes. The Analysis of land use change is essentially the analysis of the relationship

between man and land. This relationship between man and land can be traced to the Holy Bible where it was

clearly made known in several chapters that man cannot be detached from the land (Adeniyi, 2012). In

Nigeria todayand other parts of the world where land is perceived as essence of human self-definition and

socio- economic and cultural survival because the ability to own, control and use land is not only an


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important expression of both private and proprietary right but also a measure of economic wealth and power

(Adeniyi, 2012).

Land use is the term used to describe what goes on in the Land. It is the way in which and the purpose for

which human beings employ the land and its resources. The Natural Scientists define land use in terms of

syndromes of human activities such as Agriculture, Forestry and building construction that alter the Land

Surface. While the social scientists and land managers define land use as social and economic purposes and

contexts for and within which land is managed (Fred-Nwagwu, 2012). According to Akinyosoye (2013a),

infrastructures defined by social-economist are instruments considered as factors of production, increasing

aggregate output and driving economic growth. From a development stand point: they are seen to enhance

quality of life, improving average living standards. And also it contributes to economic development by

increasing productivity and provision of amenities which enhance the quality of life. The services generated

as a result of an adequate infrastructure base will translate to an increase in aggregate output and high

demand of land.

The Benefits of Infrastructure in National Development

The African Development Bank (ADB) has made infrastructure development a cornerstone in its

development agenda with regional member countries (TMSA, 2012). The Bank recognizes that lack of

adequate social and economic infrastructure is one of the key constraints to short- and medium term poverty

reduction in Africa, and has thus been a major force in private and public sector infrastructure development

through the provision of financial and technical resources. At the same time, the Bank recognises the

increasing importance of governance for infrastructure development and has made good governance an

imperative in its lending and non-lending operations. There have been considerable changes in the delivery

of national infrastructure services across Africa. While Nigeria has improved its telecommunication

infrastructural situation, it has not improved in other areas like health, education, airport infrastructures,

electricity, housing and transportation. However, performance in terms of infrastructure service delivery and

quality continue to vary across countries. Infrastructure is the medium of production of goods and services

and forms the national asset of any nation.

State of Infrastructure in Nigeria

To assess the readiness of Nigeria for the realization of Vision 20:2020, we would need to research into the

state of Nigerian infrastructure. Infrastructure in Nigeria is generally adjudged to be in a deplorable and

decaying state. To this the plan is in complete agreement. For power generation it notes that “only 40 per

cent of Nigerians, many urban centres have access to electricity. The installed available generation capacity

is currently 5200mw. In its epileptic performance, out of this 5200mw only 3700mw are actually generated

as at 2009, this has moved up to about 4000 mw with a per capita consumption of about 111 KWh (Olaseni

and Alade, 2011).

The Role of Infrastructure Planning in Economic Development

Infrastructure is an umbrella term for many activities usually referred to as “social overhead capital” by

development economists. Precisely, infrastructure refers to a network of transport, communication and

public (social) services, all functioning as a system or as a set of interrelated and mutually beneficial

services provided for the improvement of the general well-being of the population (Ogbuozobe, 1997).

Public or social services refer to those services or facilities meant for the common goods of the people. They

include water supply, health care delivery, education, postal and telecommunication facilities, electricity,

etc. Sufficient infrastructural services are indispensable for economic development. The adequacy of


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infrastructure helps to determine a country’s success or failure in diversifying production, coping with

population growth, reducing poverty, improving environmental conditions, etc. Indeed, socio-economic

development can be facilitated and accelerated by the presence of infrastructure. If these facilities and

services are not in place, development will be very difficult and in fact can be likened to a very scarce

commodity that can only be secured at a very high price and cost. Adequate access to social welfare

services, such as medical services, education, potable water supply, roads, electricity, employment

opportunities etc, are strong indices of development (Adeyemo, 1989). In any discourse on infrastructure, it

is important to note that infrastructure can be broadly classified in two: physical (roads, electricity,

telecommunication, etc.) and social (education, health, recreation, housing etc.). In some clime, physical

infrastructure is often referred to as economic infrastructure. Thus, the role of infrastructure in economic

development will be discoursed along this line.

Land Use Planning in Ikwerre Local Government Areas of Rivers State.

The Greater Port Harcourt City is planned as a modern city for residential, commercial, industrial and

entertainment purposes for an estimated 2 million population. Infrastructural planning and development of

this City is based on phases. And phase 1A is focused in Ikwerre Local Government Area.

Land Use Planning: Phase 1 Layout spans from Port Harcourt International Airport junction across to

professor Tam David-West Boulevard and extends to part of Igwuruta. Phase 1A is located directly behind

the Port Harcourt international Airport Hotel and spans along professor Tam David-West Boulevard which

is opposite the Port Harcourt International Airport with a land mass of 685 Ha (6,850 Sq.km ). This layout

comprises of private neighbourhoods mixed used complexes and the Rivers State University of Science and

Technology land. The Planning and design of community layouts is borne out of the need to prevent

disorderly development in and around the New City, particularly the Phase 1A development areas. The

Greater Port Harcourt City Development Authority recognises the existence of community enclaves and

individuals that own land adjoining the phase 1 of the New City. These communities are expected to grow in

leaps and bounds as a result of the ancillary developmental activities such as the Sports Precinct, PTDF

Centre, Mega hospital etc.

� Igwuruta-ali Community Layout

The planning and design of the layouts is therefore intended:

1. To regulate the use of land;

2. To promote orderly development;

3. To provide for services-facilities and basic amenities;

4. To promote economic development, safe and healthy environment and

5. To curb urban sprawl, slums and scatterization in and around the new city.

Site description; the site is strip of land lying along the Ikwerre/Owerri road and bounded by the Sports

Precinct link road in the South and the existing Igwuruta-ali community in the South-East. The total area of

the land is 39.61 hectares, presently with few existing buildings and a number of fenced properties. Owners

of properties are both indigenes and non-indigenes (GPHCDA, 2013).

� Light Commercial and Industrial Layout.

Is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development to serve the Airport on the edges of

and outside the main residential area of phase 1A. Industries related to time-sensitive manufacturing, e-

commerce fulfilment, telecommunications and logistics/ warehouses will be located in the Layout.


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Infrastructural Development in Ikwerre Local Government Areas of Rivers State

� AdokiyeAmiesimaka Stadium and Sports Complex

Is the 40,000 sitting stadium, two Olympic sizes Swimming Pool, Basket Ball, Tennis Courts, Hockey Pitch,

Indoor Games, Hand Ball etc.

� The M10 Dual Carriage Road/Freeway:

The M10 freeway are planned to connect the Port Harcourt International Airport to the Onne Seaport and

several development nodes of the Greater Port Harcourt City.

� Water Supply Plant

To phase 1A portion of the New City. The estimated ultimate Average Daily Demand (ADD) for the Area to

be serviced is some 2.5 Ml/day, 500 kl low reservoir including chlorination for disinfection and the

abstraction and treatment facilities have accordingly been designed to treat 3.0 Ml/day. This facility will

serve the first 5,000 homes in phase 1A.

� 33KV Electricity Supply and Power Substation

The completed 2 Electricity supply from PHCN to the New City MVA standby generators and fuel system

have been installed to provide backup electricity street light supply to phase 1A.

� New Site for the Rivers State University of Science and Technology

The layout for the new site is ready and reticulation of the infrastructure services has been completed,

including road and drainage network. The architectural and other drawings for the buildings have been done

ready for commencement of construction.

� Central City District

Is regarded as a critical development area for the New City of Greater Port Harcourt.Being the economic

heartland and centre of new and modern development for the entire city.

� Prof Tam David-West Boulevard

This road connects Port Harcourt through ObiriIkwerre, Aluu Town, and Omagwa Town to the Omagwa

International Airport.

� The Golf Course and Estates

Garden City Golf Course and Estates is a world class championship standard 18-hole golf course,

surrounded by plots for premium homes with supporting infrastructure-road, sewage, water, electricity,

waste disposal services, conferencing, leisure and sports (GPHCDA, 2015).

3 LAND USE AND INFRASTRUCTURAL PLANNING

A principle of the South East Queensland Regional Plan 2005-2026 is to use infrastructure to lead and

support desired regional growth. A similar objective of the Far North Queensland Draft Regional Plan 2025

is for infrastructure to be planned, coordinated and provided to support desired regional growth in an

efficient and effective manner. Although it may appear that infrastructure comes first, the key words are “to

support desired regional growth”. The implication is that there is plan for regional growth that is desirable

before there is infrastructure design and delivery. The purpose of infrastructure is to support the desired

regional growth. Ideally, land use planning sets the strategic direction and the proper utilization of land use


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intent as well as, infrastructural planning helps implement regional growth. That is the urban planners view.

In reality, planning rarely starts with a clean slate in an established urban environment. There are usually a

multitude of plans across a range of infrastructure classes completed or in progress. This means that land use

planning does not occur in a vacuum or necessarily come first. Planning is a cyclical process involving plan

making, implementation, monitoring, reporting and review. (Low Choy DC, Worrall RH, Gleeson J,

Mackay P and Robinson J 2002 Adaptive Management).

Land use for residential, commercial, industrial and other purposes has become of great concern as it is

usually the focus of urban research. This has been confirmed through the works of many urban researchers

like Burgess and McKenzie (1925) on American cities, particularly Chicago; Mabogunje (1968) on Lagos:

Ayeni (1968) on Jos; Frishman (1977) on Kano; Olaore (1981) on Kaduna; Okpala (1981) on Enugu and

Onitsha. Most of those studies show that urban areas are of enormous political, social, economic and cultural

importance in numerous places in which they are located. Infrastructural planning as the name implies can

be very broad or very narrow, comprehensive in focus, system oriented or problem oriented.

4 MATERIALS AND METHOD

The data sourced for this study were of two types, the primary and secondary data.The primary data are of

two categories; spatial and non-spatial. The spatial data was obtained through geographic information

system (GIS). While the non-spatial data through questionnaire approach and oral interview, photographs

and personal observations were also included. Secondary Data includes; maps, textbooks seminar papers etc.

and other relevant information that were required for the accomplishment of this study. These are the

information from official and non-official documents used. Aprojected population of 235974 with an

increase of 47044, in respect to 188,930 populations (National Population Commission, 2006) was used.

This serves as the base population or the research population for the study since issues on land use and

infrastructural planning bother on the generality of the community. The sampling population is derived from

the overall population of the study area. Due to the fact that the entire communities have several

homogeneous relationships and the population was more than 200,000. The house hold size usedwas seven

(7) (Standard household size), with 4 unit of building per compound. The total population derived for each

compound is 28 persons (4×7). Therefore, projected population (235,974/28= 8,428), 8428 is the target

population as derived from the total projected population 235974. 2.5 per cent of 8428 was used as the

sample size and 210 persons were finally selected. The simple random sampling techniques was used for the

different group of respondents which includes the residents of the area and the staff in Greater Port City

Development Authority (GPHCDA), in charge of the physical planning and development of the local

government area. The technique was employed in a random manner, giving priority to every individual in

the study area as to have met the research criteria.Two hundred and Ten (210) questionnaires were

administered; one hundred and eighty (180) were retrieved, Twenty (20) were not filled and Ten (10) were

not retrieved.

5 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

Social package for social science software (SPSS) was used in this dissertation to analyse the questionnaire.

Single factor analysis of variables, chart, tables with view of exploring their statistical potentials and student

t-test was used for the bivariate analysis comparing dataset in the analysis.

Most of the respondents identified the following infrastructural facilities as showed in Fig.1,which indicates

that for primary school; available 97.2%, not available 1.7%, Secondary school; 97.2% available, 0.6% not

available; higher institution, 89.4% not available. Town hall, 98.3% available, Market, 97.8% available

while 0.6% not available. Public water supply; 97.2% available while0.6% is not available. Airport, 96.7%

European International Journal of Scien

available while 1.7% not available. Ci

96.1% available while 1.7% not availabl

course, 92.2% available while1.1% not a

not available. Therefore, the analysis sho

area expect higher institution. And also t

of land use change on infrastructural pl

the study area due to changes in land use

Fig. 1: Available Infrastructural Facil

Source: Field Survey, 2015.

Table1: revealed that government effort

(PPP) is 23.3%, individual effort is 11.1

organizations involved in the manageme

Government effort is highly visible in

acknowledged in the area, followed by P

of infrastructural management.

Table 1: Agencies in Charge of Infrast

Character

Government

Public private partnership(PPP)

Individual

NGOs

Total

Source: Field Survey, 2015

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

175 175 177 176 175

97.2 97.2 98.3 97.8 97.2

3 1

161

0 1 11.7 0.6

89.4

00.6 0.6

FREQ. 1 AVAILABLE % AVAILABLE

nce and Technology ISSN: 2304-9693

Civic centre, 13.9% available while 75.6% not

able. Shopping centre, 95.6% available while 1.7%

t available and finally, Recreational Park, 86.1% a

shows that the listed infrastructural facilities are a

o the availability of these infrastructural facilities,

planning, indicating that there are existing infras

se.

cilities

rt on infrastructural management is 60.6%, publi

1.1% and NGOs 0.6%. The above findings, in re

ment of infrastructure in Ikwerre Local Governm

n the area with 60.6% as stated above. Governm

y Public Private Partnership and others bodies, sh

astructural Management.

Frequency Percentage

109 60.6

42 23.3

20 11.1

1 0.6

172 100.0

175 174 173 172 166 155

97.2 96.7

13.9

96.1 95.6 92.286.1

1 3

136

3 3 210

0.6 1.7

75.6

1.7 1.7 1.15.6

FREQ. NOT .AVAILABLE % NOT AVAILABLE

www.eijst.org.uk

ot available. Stadium,

.7% not available. Golf

available while 5.5%

e available in the study

es, validates the effects

astructural facilities in

blic private partnership

respect to the various

ment Area, shows that

nment effort is highly

howing the high level

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Fig. 2 revealed the assessment of infrast

characters was used to measure the lev

established that 38.30% of infrastructur

were effective and finally, 8.90% were

use planning is highly efficient in the stu

Fig. 2: Assessment of Infrastructural M


Fig. 3: revealed that there was change i

8.9% of the respondents were of the opti

Fig. 3: Change in initial Land use


Fig. 4: revealed Land use changes bet

20.00% in the area while in 2015 it incre

dwelling units in the area presently whe

the old Port Harcourt province is gradu

and reducing rural urban-migration. Als

increases to 20.0%. Meanwhile Industri

2015, Agricultural Land use is 48.90%

means that Ikwerre Local Government a

than in this present year 2015. It also m

activity of the people as recorded from h

is 10.0% while in 2015 is 3.90% and mix

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

very effective effective not effe

yes, 86.7

0%

no, 8.90

%

ence and Technology Vol. 4 No. 9

structural management and land use planning in t

evel of infrastructural management and land use

ural management and land use planning were ve

re not effective. Therefore, the management of in

study area.

l Management and Land Use Planning.

e in initial land use in the area with 86.70% resp

ption that no initial land use change occurred in th

etween year2000 to 2015. In year 2000, Resid

creases to 33.30%. This is evidence that there is m

hen compared to the previous year and also the

dually filling because people are already migratin

lso in the same year, Commercial Land use is 12

trial Land use is 2.20% as at year 2000 and it inc

% in year 2000 while in 2015 it decreased to 1

t area has more of Agricultural activities in the ye

means that as a result of changes in Land use,

history is drastically decreasing. Recreational L

ixed use 3.90% in year 2000 while 2015 is 12.8%

effective

86.7

December, 2015

n the study area. Three

se planning and it was

very effective, 47.20%

infrastructure and land

spondents. Meanwhile

the area.

sidential land use was

s more development of

e aim of decongesting

ting back to rural area

12.2% while in 2015 it

increases to 16.10% in

12.80%. This simply

year 2000 and beyond

e, the major economic

Land use in year 2000

8%.

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Figure 4: Land use change in the study


Figure 4: revealed that majority of the re

on infrastructural planning and develop

affected and finally 13.40% are indiffe

effectiveness of infrastructural planning

facilities present in Ikwerre local govern

Figure 4: Effect of Land Use Change on


6 FINDINGS

Based on the research carried out, the fo

of land use change on infrastructural pla

these facts observed and discovered

interview conducted and other informat

infrastructural planning and developmen

Information gathered from the research

Local Government area. Some of

Telecommunication, Market, Primary

network/Drainage etc. Others includes; 3

Most of these infrastructures are very

rehabilitation, renovation or redevelopm

observed that a lot of infrastructural dev

City mentioned, was built in other to con

0%

20%

40%

60%

nce and Technology ISSN: 2304-9693

dy area (Year 2000-2015).

respondents; 57.80% are of the opinion that effec

opment is strongly affected, 2.20% not affected

fferent. This simply means that, changes in land

ng and development, also it indicates that the va

rnment area, is as a result of changes in land use.

n Infrastructural Planning.

following facts were observed and discovered in

planning in Ikwerre Local Government Area of R

were through the questionnaires administered

ation obtained from the planning agency in cha

ent of the area.

h indicates that, there were various infrastructure

f these infrastructures includes; Airport, S

ry School, Secondary Schools, Town Hall,

; 33KV Electricity Supply and Power Substation,

y good and also, some are dilapidated and they

pment. Also, as part of the Greater Port Harcou

evelopment is on-going in Ikwerre Local Governm

ontrol planning and development, create multiple

Year 2000

Year2015

strongly affected

not affected

partially affected

indifferent

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fect of land use change

d, 22.20% is partially

nd use determines the

various infrastructural

in respect to the effect

f Rivers State. Most of

red, Observation, oral

harge of land use and

ures present in Ikwerre

Stadium, Electricity,

, Golf course, Road

n, Water Supply Plant.

ey require upgrading,

ourt New City it was

rnment Area. The New

le development areas,

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and integrate community enclaves to the existing urban areas, to modernise the old city (Port Harcourt) and

re-awaken it as a thriving garden city, the need to create developmental nodes around the sphere of the New

city through the provision of World class infrastructure and services in order to reduce rural-urban

migration. The need to create modern business nodes that will facilitate economic growth and development

and the need to plan the city in a manner that will attract private sector interest and investment in

infrastructure, housing etc. The New City covers an area of approximately 1,900 square kilometres (190,000

hectares of land) with a population of Two (2) million. The Master Plan for the New City was prepared in

2009, with the old city, Port Harcourt International Airport, and the Onne Harbour as the key anchors. The

Master Plan is implemented in Phases, commencing with phase 1A, B, C and D, and developing from the

Northern axis of the master plan close to the Airport. This takes advantage of its strategic location of the

Airport in Ikwerre local government area. Some of the on-going infrastructural development in the area

includes; The M10 Dual Carriage Road/freeway, Water Supply Plant, Prof Tam David-West Boulevard etc.

Therefore, phase 1A of the New City, is directly located in Ikwerre Local Government area, which in long

run, increases the level of infrastructural planning and development in the area. The field survey also

indicates that government played a major role in infrastructural planning, development and management.

They also involve public private partnership, private investors and other agencies on infrastructural

development.

Information gathered concerning Land use change in Ikwerre Local Government area was that, majority of

arable land in the area was initially used for agricultural production, transportation and for the construction

of shelter but now the revise is the case. The data obtained as measured between year 2000 and 2015 shows

that agricultural activity is drastically reducing and giving rise to other Land use activities. The expansion in

the urban areas (old Port Harcourt province) and the construction of Omagwa International Airport created a

growth pole which attracts development to the area. Presently, there are various land use structure such as;

Residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, circulation, open spaces and mixed use. Therefore, land use

change in Ikwerre Local Government Area is a platform needed for infrastructural planning and

development. The initial land use of the area was changed and land use change is still in progress as

development is continues. Land use in this area is controlled by government, phase 1A land use plan,

Igwuruta-ali community Layout, Light Commercial and Industrial Layout and Layout for the New Site of

Rivers State University of Science and Technology was designed by The Greater Port Harcourt City

Development Authority (GPHCDA). Therefore, the issue of land use change in Ikwerre Local Government

Area cannot be over stated because the research findings shows the various Land uses, changes and

Planning, existing infrastructures, and current infrastructural development. Also, government acquisition of

land in this area, contributes to changes in land use and automatically resulting to infrastructural planning

and development of the area.

Land is shared among male children and marriage is paramount to land ownership. The people also express

concern on issue of Land shortage as a result of land acquisition and infrastructural development in the area.

In nearest future time, there would be insufficiency of land for the people to construct their buildings. Most

arable farm land is no longer useful for Agricultural production because it has been occupied by other uses.

Some of the infrastructures provided, creates temporary and permanent employment. For example some of

the people are working in Airport and also during the construction of the New Stadium and other

infrastructural development, the people were temporally employed. Therefore, the people preferred

infrastructures that can create permanent employment and for the sustainability of their livelihood than

temporal employment. There are rapid changes in land use and infrastructural development in Ikwerre Local

Government area of Rivers State.


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7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Land use change and infrastructural planning are environmental planning issues that require serious global

attention because it determines the shape and pattern of our urban environment. In the developed nation,

Land use and Infrastructural planning are more effective than in developing nations. But Government

intervention on Land use and infrastructural planning, especially in Nigeria, has reshaped the physical

structure of most cities and urban environment in the country. Integrating communities’ enclaves to existing

urban areas, designing layout and providing adequate infrastructures is an evidence of government

intervention in controlling the use of land and the provision of adequate infrastructure. Therefore, there is

recognition that a number of metropolitan and regional areas have experienced drastic change in land use

due to the high rate of urbanization.

Precisely in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, there is evidence of Land use change and

infrastructural planning. This research, has successfully examined the effect of the Land use change on

infrastructural planning. And has shown the various objectives used for the accomplishment of this research.

Besides, the research problems, justification of the study and research question are also used to obtain

information related to this study. The literature aspect of this study is very important because, it forms the

secondary source of data for this study. It contains adequate information about previous research that has be

carried out by scholars, planners and other professionals in the built environment at large.

In respect to the assessment of effect of Land use change on Infrastructural Planning, using Ikwerre Local

Government Area of Rivers State as a case study, the following recommendation were made to assist in the

improvement of Land use and Infrastructural Planning in the study area.

Revitalization: Revitalization, upgrading, rehabilitation, renovation or total clearance should be carried out

on the out-dated infrastructures present in the area. And also conservation and preservation of historical and

cultural aspect of the people is very important when planning with the people and carrying out physical

development.

Land use and Infrastructural Sustainability: There is need to consider sustainability concept on the use

of land and infrastructural planning. This will help to meet the three basic needs such as Economic, Social

and Environmental needs as required by the world sustainability concept.

Development control: Making improving in this aspect will go a long way in ensuring proper land use

management and adequate infrastructural planning. The layout designed, and infrastructures provided needs

proper control and monitoring in other to ensure that planning aim and objective for it, is attained.

Use of Geographic Information System (GIS): Geographic Information System is a computer base tool

that is used for collecting, analysing, interpreting and presenting information about a specific dataset

obtained from the earth surface. With the current global planning trend, it is important to use Geographic

Information system for effective Land use and infrastructural planning of the area.

Community and stakeholder participation: The community in question and stakeholders in the area

should be involved in decision making concerning Land use and infrastructural planning of the area. This

will enable greater understanding of existing conditions, local values, aspirations, and helps to create greater

ownership and investment in the planning process. Agencies, service providers, community organizations

and other stakeholders can help to identify existing gaps or inefficiencies, confirm future facility

requirements and identify opportunities for future provision through a process of working together.


73

Public Awareness Participation: The publication of issues relating to Land use change is important to

effective Land use planning and infrastructural development. Residents and users should be enlightened on

the benefit of proper control and use of land. Also, the benefit of the changes in land use resulting to

infrastructural planning and development. Involving the public makes land use and infrastructural planning

effective. Because detailed information about the people will be derived, they will be fully represented, and

as such, Government is already planning with the people and not for the people.

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Unpublished PhD Thesis, Geography Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

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