EFFECT OF KINESIO ® TAPE ON STABILIZATION AND ...

KINESIO® TAPE AND CHRONIC ANKLE SPRAINS

EFFECT OF KINESIO ® TAPE ON STABILIZATION AND STRENGTHENING IN

PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC ANKLE SPRAINS

An Independent Research Project

Presented to

The Faculty of the Marieb College of Health and Human Services

Florida Gulf Coast University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirement for the Degree of

Doctorate of Physical Therapy

By

Dana Shea & Joseph Lucchesi

2018


APPROVAL SHEET

This independent research

is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of

Doctorate of Physical Therapy

__________________________________________________

Dana Shea

__________________________________________________

Joseph Lucchesi

Approved: April 2018

__________________________________________________

Dr. Jason Craddock, EdD, ATC, LAT, CSCS

Committee Chair

__________________________________________________

Dr. Mollie Venglar, DSc, MSPT, NCS

Committee Member

The final copy of this research project has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the

content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned

discipline.


Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Florida Gulf Coast University, Department of

Rehabilitation Sciences. We thank our colleagues from Florida Gulf Coast University

who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research. We thank Dr. Jason

Craddock and the Athletic Training Department for assistance with the Biodex Isokinetic

Dynamometer and Dr. Mollie Venglar for assistance with Kinesiotaping and Dr. Jason

Craddock and Dr. Mollie Venglar for comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

We would also like to show our gratitude to our committee members and Dr. Stephen

Black for sharing their pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research. We

would also like to acknowledge and thank the volunteers from the Athletic Training

Program who provided their time to help complete our project with their participation and

several anonymous reviewers who assisted in the formatting and editing of the final

project.

KINESIO® TAPE AND CHRONIC ANKLE SPRAINS 1

Table of Contents

Abstract 2

Introduction 3

Literature Review 3

Chronic Ankle Sprains 5

Muscle Strength 6

Range of Motion 8

Placebo Effect 9

Study Methods 10

Data Collection 18

Data Analysis 19

Results 20

Discussion 22

Conclusion 23

References 25

Appendix A Compilation of KT-related studies 29

Appendix B Ankle Strengthening Program 35


Abstract

Introduction: Kinesio® Tape is an elastic therapeutic tape used for treating a

variety of dysfunctions including sports injuries to promote healing, decrease pain,

increase range of motion and increase strength according to its creator, Dr. Kenso Kase.

It is claimed to provide treatment by lifting the skin and allowing increased blood flow.

The aim of this experiment was to measure the effect of KT® Tape on stabilization and

strengthening the ankle musculature in those with chronic ankle instability. Methods:

Two participants completed a provided strengthening program with one subject using the

KT® Tape during the workouts to assess the effect. Ankle stability and peak torque of the

ankle evertors was measured prior to and following the strengthening program using the

Biodex Balance System SD and Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Results: The results

found that the KT® Tape added to a strengthening regime showed greater increase in

peak torque of ankle evertors compared to completing the ankle strengthening program

alone. Ankle stability however decreased in both the experimental and control group.

Conclusion: This study’s results indicate that the KT® Tape has a positive effect on

muscle strength, increasing peak torque of the evertors, compared to strengthening

program alone, however the experimental group had greater decreased ankle stability

overall compared to the control group. This study’s results are limited due to small

sample size and requires more research to prove results are legitimate.


Introduction

Taping procedures are commonly seen in sport and used in rehabilitation of

athletes for not only treatment but for enhancing performance. Different techniques can

allow the restriction or facilitation of movement, or stabilization of a particular joint. Two

types of taping techniques are normally used, elastic and non-elastic (Lee et al. 2010).

Researchers investigating the effectiveness of taping techniques (including elastic and

non-elastic) have conflicting results among various populations in regards to change in

the chance of sports injury, osteoarthritis, myofascial pain syndrome, pain, swelling,

muscle spasms, and increase range of motion and muscle power, as well as correct

walking pattern and functionality (Fu et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2010, Williams 2012). With

this plethora of uses for athletic taping, it is easy to see how it can be incorporated into

care for an athlete to possibly decrease chance of injury and increase performance. The

purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Kinesio® Tape on force production in

the ankle evertors. According to claims made by Kinesio® Tape, the researchers believe

it should increase the strength of the evertors of the ankle thus increasing ankle stability

in those with chronic ankle instability. Physical therapists could utilize this knowledge to

potentially expedite rehabilitation and allow for athletes to meet strength goals to return

to activity.

Literature Review

Kinesio® Tape, commonly referred to as KT® tape, has recently become a

popular form of elastic tape used with an application method developed by Kenzo Kase

in 1996. The popularity of KT® tape and its widespread use increased with its presence

at the 2008 Olympic Games, where it was displayed on the bodies of many professional

athletes (Williams 2012). KT® tape can be stretched to 120-140% of its original length


and can be applied tactilely in several different ways. This elasticity, as compared to

regular athletic tape, reportedly allows more movement of the target muscle and may

reduce pain, swelling, muscle spasms and possibly assist in preventing injury during play

(Kase et al. 1996). The tape is composed of material which is said to have the ability to

imitate skin behavior, which allows freedom of motion. Kase suggests that because of

this, KT® tape should be able to enhance the contraction ability of the muscle. In

addition, the elasticity of the tape can create skin folds resulting in increased space

underneath the skin to improve circulation of blood and lymph, activate neurological

suppression to reduce pain and increase joint range of motion, and adjust incorrect

alignment of muscle myofascia and joint (2003). The taping technique of applying the

tape at the origin of the muscle and ending it at the insertion is alleged to facilitate and

stimulate muscle function. The elastic properties of the tape stimulate the muscle in the

direction of the contraction which should enhance movement. It may also stimulate

mechanoreceptors in the skin simply from placing the tape on and thus increasing the

recruitment of motor units. One other idea is that it may stimulate the fascia in the muscle

over which it is placed, creating more muscle tension and thus facilitating contraction.

(Gloria et al. 2016).

Despite the recent popularity of the taping method, there is limited research available to

support or contradict these claims made by Kase et al. (Appendix 1). Due to lack of

conclusive evidence regarding use of KT® tape, it is important to continue to assess its

effects on different muscle groups to provide a comprehensive idea of what the tape is

doing. A placebo effect has shown significant improvement in the wellness of patients

whether it be pain or weakness of musculature, even though no direct physiologic

changes are taking place (Miller 2006). While examining KT® tape’s effects on ankle


force production and on balance in persons with chronic ankle sprains, the researchers

will need to respect the possibility of the placebo effect. If the research utilizing KT®

tape can support what the developers of the tape claim; it would make an excellent

rehabilitation tool when working with athletes in rehabilitation.

Chronic Ankle Sprains

Lateral ankle sprains are the most common injuries befalling athletes. Not only is

the injury itself debilitating, but here is a high rate of reoccurrence after initial injury as

well which can lead to even more issues in the future including chronic ankle instability.

Chronic ankle instability is the result of repetitive ankle sprains with persisting symptoms

post-injury. Symptoms from acute sprains can last for 6 months without the presence of a

recurring sprain and an athlete returning to full activity in their sport. Chronic ankle

instability is thought to be caused by functional instability, mechanical instability or both

(Holmes & Delahunt, 2009).

Functional instability will occur from the damage sustained from a lateral ankle

sprain. Functional instability is the tendency for individuals to feel the ankle “give way”

during normal activity (Holmes & Delahunt, 2009). Damage will occur to ligamentous

tissue, nerves and musculotendinous tissue around the ankle complex. Ligament injury

can lead to laxity in the different joints of the ankle. The neuromuscular deficits from

damage to nerves, muscles and tendons will manifest as impaired balance, decreased

proprioception, decreased firing of the surrounding musculature including the fibularis

muscles for eversion of the ankle, decreased nerve conduction velocity, lack of sensation,

decreased strength and lack of AROM; especially dorsiflexion of the ankle. Also,

formation of scar tissue can cause impingement in the ankle complex promoting

functional instability (Hertel 2000).


Mechanical instability is defined as insufficiencies in the ankle complex including

pathological laxity, impaired arthrokinematics of normal joint motion, and synovial and

degenerative changes (Hubbard, Kramer, Denegar, Hertel 2007). Many sources will use

mechanical and functional instability as interchangeable terms. However, these two are

not synonymous and each contain components that contribute to chronic ankle instability.

Muscle Strength

The ankle complex has many different muscles acting on it at all times; in the

case of lateral ankle sprains the musculature of primary concern is the invertors and

evertors of the foot. The musculature helps along with the ligamentous structures to

prevent ankle sprains. An inversion injury is the most common cause of an ankle sprain,

commonly expressed as “rolling” or “twisting” one’s ankle. The evertor muscles should

work against extreme inversion of the ankle. These muscles include fibularis longus,

fibularis brevis and fibularis tertius (Moore, Dalley & Agur, 2013). Reaction time of the

fibularis muscles in those with chronic ankle sprains has been shown to be much slower

than compared to stable ankles (Karlsson & Andreasson, 1992) (Lofvenberg, Karrholm,

Sundelin & Ahlgren, 1995). This suggests that if the reaction time could be reduced,

ankle stability would be improved by better resisting the inversion force.

According to Kase, the application of KT® tape beginning at the origin of the

muscle and moving towards its insertion should result in increased force of contraction

and improved muscle strength (Lee et. al., 2012). When applied to the fibularis muscles

this should thus increase resistance to inversion. However, several studies have shown

contradictory evidence regarding this effect.

A study completed by Janwantanakul & Gaogasigam (2005) on the effect of

inhibition and facilitation taping techniques concluded that there was no effect on the


contraction of the VMO muscle in healthy participants. This study’s limitations included

a slightly narrow scope, focusing only on females and only having 30 participants.

Another study done on the taping of the anterior thigh once again showed neither an

increase or decrease in muscle strength in healthy athletes (Fu et al. 2007). This study

also had a small number of participants, seven males and seven females, which may limit

the validity of its results. Alano de Almedia Lin’s study (2012) on the effect of KT® tape

also found no effect on the peak torque of the knee extensors, thus concluding that it

would not increase muscle strength. This study had a slightly broader scope, with 20

subjects per group, and a total of 60 participants. The design of this study was a

randomized, controlled trial, which enhances the validity of its results.

A study by Briem et al. (2011) found that KT® tape had no significant effect on

mean or maximum muscle activity compared to a no-tape condition in premier league

athletes with poor functional ankle stability. This study included 51 male athletes whose

functional stability was tested using the Star Excursion Balance Test. The study actually

found non-elastic athletic tape to provide the most stability and improvements in score on

the Star Excursion Balance Test in the athletes who participated. However, the results

cannot be generalized to a broad population due to its use of only male professional

soccer players.

Another study by Nakajima and Baldridge (2013) looked at the effect of KT®

Tape on vertical jump height and dynamic postural control with facilitation taping to the

ankle in 52 young healthy individuals. This study also found the tape had no significant

effect on vertical jump height compared to no tape, but did find significant improvements

in dynamic postural control when assessed with the Star Excursion Balance Test. This


study used both female and male participants which allows it more generalizability to the

typical population.

A cross over study design was performed in 2012 by Bicici, Karatas, and Baltaci

to test if KT® Tape would have an effect on functional performance in athletes with

chronic inversion ankle sprains. The study recruited 15 male basketball players between

ages of 18-22 years. The researchers used functional performance tests such as the

Hopping Test, Single Limb Hurdle Test, Star Excursion Balance Test and Kinesthetic

Ability Trainer. The researchers found no significant differences in performance of the

tests with or without KT® Tape for the majority of the tests. However, results showed

faster performance times in the single limb hurdle with KT® Tape compared to no tape.

These researchers utilized a stability taping method.

Though these studies would indicate a lack of effect, several studies involving

taping on other muscle groups have indicated an increased effect on muscle strength or

neuromuscular activity (Aktas 2011, Gomez Soriano et al. 2014, Hsu et al. 2009,

Lumbroso et al. 2013). There have been more recent studies that have found positive

results with use of the tape. See Appendix A for a full description of these studies.. The

lack of conclusive results between studies indicates that more testing needs to be done

with larger scaled experiments and more testing of direct facilitation of the ankle

musculature to see the effect of KT® Tape on ankle instability.

Range of Motion

One of KT® tape’s purported functions is to increase the range of motion of a

joint. This is done through the increase in blood circulation in the taped area (Kase et al.,

1996). By increasing the blood flow to the area, it has been suggested that the KT® tape

unloads the fascia around the muscles (connective tissue surrounding the muscles), which


will relieve pain by reducing mechanical loads on the underlying nerves, theorizing that

this may help increase ROM limited by pain. (Merino-Marban, 2011). Researchers have

also theorized that the tape may simulate cutaneous mechanoreceptors that can affect

range of motion (Halseth et al., 2004). This increased range of motion could help in the

overall muscle function and may enhance force output. There are a limited number of

studies, with conflicting results. Research performed by Merino-Marban (2011) regarding

hamstring extensibility, indicate the taping has no acute effect on increasing range of

motion. Wong (2012) found similar results in his study on knee extension with the use of

KT® tape. However, as Lumbroso et al. (2013) concluded during their study on ankle

dorsiflexion with KT® Tape facilitation of the gastrocnemius, this resulted in an

immediate increase in range of motion at the ankle joint. This suggests that the KT® tape

may possibly work better with different muscle groups. Inconsistent research conclusions

may reflect the limited number of studies in this area, as well as their small scope and

focus on a similar age range and group of people, namely, young healthy athletes.

Placebo Effect

Due to the controversial results in the different experiments with KT® tape, the

idea that a placebo effect may be taking place should be considered. Inclusion of a

placebo treatment in studies can cause participants to “feel” better without ever having

received the experimental treatment due to “psychosomatic mechanisms” (Miller 2006).

These mechanisms are how a patient’s central nervous system reacts to being given

“treatment” for an ailment such as an analgesic for pain. When patients receive the

placebo that they believe is actual medicine, the body produces its own endogenous

opioids to decrease pain. Stress levels have shown to decrease allowing a return to

homeostatic regulation, and immunosuppressive effects begin to decrease. Although the


placebo effect is still being researched, these may be some mechanisms by which the

placebo effect is working (Miller 2006). In the case of KT® tape, “sham-tape” has been

used in several studies to rule out a placebo effect (Lin et al. 2012, Merino-Marban et al.

2011, Soriano et al. 2014). These studies found no differences between usage of KT®

tape or sham-tape on increased muscle strength. However, since this technique was not

used consistently in every study, it is difficult to say if there is a placebo effect with the

application of sham tape versus KT® tape.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of KT® tape ankle

stabilization with facilitation of the ankle musculature. Per the claims of its manufacturer

and previously published studies, the researchers hypothesized that KT® tape would

influence the strength of the ankle fibularis muscles and promote ankle stabilization in

those with chronically unstable ankles.

Study Methods

This study was a prospective, quantitative, pilot case study design, using different

conditions to allow within subjects comparison of the results of KT® tape on force

production of the fibularis muscles and ankle stabilization in two healthy young adults

with chronic ankle instability. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants were

aware of which treatment they were receiving, which prohibited concealment.

Participants

Participants were recruited from the athletic training undergraduate class. Due to

the commonality of ankle sprains, this study looked to use the general population of

young healthy adults to allow results to be applied to a less specific population. These

participants were selected through volunteering. Inclusion criteria included subjective

history of unilateral chronic ankle instability and with no current acute sprain symptoms.


The participants were informed of all aspects of the study, its purpose, potential risks and

benefits, consistent with the university Institutional Review Board for Protection of

Human Subjects. Due to the nature of the intervention, the study was low risk for

potential complications or adverse reactions. There was no jumping, cutting, or running

in this study, simply slow and controlled concentric lower extremity exercise of

approximately 36-45 total repetitions performed on non-consecutive days with adequate

rest periods between sets. Lactic acid accumulation and subsequent decreased motor

firing have been theorized in high-repetition concentric exercise in subjects with high

proportions of fast-twitch muscles (Tesch et al, 1983). However, Tesch et. al’s study used

different parameters- 120 repetitions consecutively with no rest period. This current study

is reinforced with ideal parameters to minimize risk of adverse effects.

Tests and Measures

The values needed for this study included force production of the evertors and

ankle stability in different planes and overall ankle stability in order to find if ankle

strengthening can promote ankle stability in the chronically unstable ankle. Each

participant was measured for force production using peak torque of the evertors via the

Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Ankle stability was tested with the Biodex Balance

System SD. The Biodex Balance system has a free-moving platform that allows the

following measures to be collected: an anterior/posterior index, medial/lateral index. The

Biodex Balance system measures ankle stability by quantifying the ability of the

participant to control the platform angle, and the resulting index number is the variance

from the level position (Cachupe, Shifflett, Kahanov & Wughalter, 2001). Each

participant tested on the chronically unstable ankle only. The participants were not taped

during the pre-test or post-test.


The Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer has been shown to have acceptable validity

and reliability when used for measuring force production (Drouin 2004). Previous studies

have also used the isokinetic dynamometer to measure muscle strength through force

production (Aktas 2011; Lumbroso 2013).

The participants had maximum concentric inversion and eversion measured at 60

º/sec and 120 º/sec. The full range of inversion and eversion was measured and the

participant completed concentric eversion 5 times for 2 sets for each speed. These

parameters were found to be used in multiple studies and suggested in the Biodex manual

for the isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex , 2017, Lins 2013). Participants only tested their

unstable ankle. The participants were instructed to go through their full range of inversion

and eversion and to stop if any pain occurred. The Biodex was setup according to the

manual’s instructions (Figure 1-2.2).

Figure 1. Positioning for Measurement of Ankle Inversion/Eversion

(Biodex, 2017)


Figure 2.1. Position of Biodex for Eversion

Figure 2.2. Position of Biodex for Eversion (Setup)


The Biodex Balance System has been found to be a reliable measurement for

dynamic balance in persons with history of an ankle sprain. The Balance system uses a

free-moving circular platform to measure overall stability, anterior-posterior stability, and

medial-lateral stability. Intraclass reliability for overall stability has been found to be

0.94, for anterior-posterior stability 0.95 and for medial-lateral stability 0.93. (Cachupe,

Shifflett, Kahanoc, Wughalter 2001).

The participants completed the athlete single-leg balance assessment, parameters

being already set in the Balance System, using the LE of the unstable ankle (Figures 2.3-

2.4). The participants were blinded of their results for both pre and post-tests.

Figure 2.3. Biodex Balance System Set-up


Figure 2.4. Biodex Balance System Set-up

After both pre-tests were complete, participant 1 was randomly chosen to

complete the taping for the ankle strengthening program. The participant was instructed

in KT® tape facilitation of the Fibularis Longus and Brevis muscles (Figures 3.1-3.3).

The participant was instructed to contact the researchers at any time if any issues

occurred with the taping during the strengthening program.


Figure 3.1. Kinesio Taping of the Fibularis Brevis

Figure 3.2 Kinesio Taping of Fibularis Longus and Brevis


Figure 3.3. Completed Kinesio Taping of Fibularis Longus and Brevis

Training Program

After completion of testing, both participants completed an ankle strengthening

program designed by the researchers (Appendix 2). The program was four weeks in

length, 3 days of exercise per week. The participant who was taught to tape applied it to

facilitate the Fibularis muscles on the unstable ankle before every workout and removed

the tape once the workout was finished. The removal of the tape after each work-out was

to provide a wash-out period. KT® Tape has shown to have some increased effect when

left on for multiple days and because our study is not focusing on this, a wash-out period

was necessary between every workout. Wash-out periods are necessary in clinical studies

to prevent a carry-over effect of the treatment performed into the next testing session.


KT® tape has demonstrated the ability to affect peak torque and force over multiple days

in only a few studies (Fu et al. 2007, Lumbroso et al. 2013). Therefore, if KT® tape had

the ability to accrue effects over multiple days, this may skew results of peak torque if the

participant had amassed effects of the KT® tape over time. However, no research could

be found on a determined wash-out period known for KT® tape, so the researchers chose

the removal of the tape after every session and new tape before each session at their own

discretion. The participant was instructed to apply his own tape to his ankle before every

workout. This removed the potentially confounding factor of different tape applications

by different people. The participant was taught by a professor certified in KT® Tape,

however there may have been some error due to the participant not being certified in

application of the tape. The participant was contacted regularly to see if there were

questions about the application and the participant was told to ask if uncomfortable with

the taping method and required more assistance. The other participant used no tape for

the workouts. After the four weeks, measurements of force production and ankle

stabilization were repeated, The results of peak torque and ankle stability pre and post

strengthening program for the unstable ankle for each participant were compared. The

post-test results between each participant was also compared. This allowed for “within

participant” comparison of the effect of the strengthening program on ankle stability with

and without with KT® Tape facilitating the fibularis muscles and “between participant”

comparison of change in peak torque with or without KT® Tape and ankle stability.

Data Collection

Peak torque of the evertors and ankle stability of the unstable ankle was measured

in each participant. The Balance System measured overall stability, anterior/posterior

index and medial/lateral index. The results were collected to find if there was a greater


effect on ankle stability with the Kinesio® Tape and the exercise program (participant

#1) compared to only the exercise program (participant #2). Force production of the

invertors and evertors was measured using the Biodex 4 Isokinetic Dynamometer and

ankle stability was measured using the Biodex Balance System provided by Florida Gulf

Coast University. The results can be found below in the Results section.

Data Analysis

Data Analysis was conducted by calculating percent change within each

participant’s pre-test and post-test results for the following categories: Total Ankle

Stability, Anterior/Posterior Index, Medial/Lateral Index, Peak Torque @ 60°/sec, and

Peak Torque @ 120°/sec.

(𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡−𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)−(𝑃𝑟𝑒−𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡)

|𝑃𝑟𝑒−𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡| x 100% = Percent Change

(Percent Change and Percent Difference [PDF], n.d.)

Comparison via percent change calculation was suitable for this purpose as this value

describes changes in data points over time. This method allows quantification of how

much one participant differed from the other participant. (Percent Change, n.d.)


Results

Table 1

Participants Height, Weight ROM

Height Weight ROM

Inversion

ROM Eversion

Participant 1 72 inches 203 lbs 59 degrees 36 degrees

Participant 2 72 inches 155 lbs 53 degrees 48 degrees

Table 2

Participant 1, Pre-Test and Post-test Results

Peak

Torque

(60

deg/sec)

Peak

Torque

(120

deg/sec)

Overall

Ankle

Stability

Index

Medial/Lateral

Ankle

Stability Index

Anterior/Posterior

Ankle Stability

Index

Pre-Test 4 5 1.1 0.7 0.9

Post-Test 10 7 0.8 0.5 0.5

Table 3

Participant 2, Pre-test and Post-test Results

Peak

Torque

(60

deg/sec)

Peak

Torque

(120

deg/sec)

Overall

Ankle

Stability

Index

Medial/Lateral

Ankle

Stability Index

Anterior/Posterior

Ankle Stability

Index

Pre-Test 2 3 0.9 0.6 0.6

Post-Test 3 3 0.8 0.6 0.4

Table 4

Percent Change

Participant

#

% Change:

Total Ankle

Stability

% Change:

Ant/Post

Index

% Change:

Med/Lat

Index

% Change:

Peak Torque

@ 60°/sec

% Change:

Peak Torque

@ 120°/sec

#1 -27.7% -44.4% -29.6% + 150% + 40%

#2 -11.1% 0% -33.3% + 50% 0%


The study participants included two college-aged males of similar

anthropomorphic composition. The above results are explained as follows and are shown

in the above tables. In Table 1, the peak torque value measured at both speeds increased

for Participant #1 from 4 to 10 and from 5 to 7. Also seen in Table 1 is the decrease in all

the ankle stability indexes. Table 4 shows the percent change from the pre-test and post-

test results in each category. Participant #1 (experimental) had an increase in peak torque

of the evertors at both 60°/sec and 120°/sec with a percent change increase of 105% at

60°/sec and a percent change increase of 40% at 120°/sec.

Participant #2, who did not use the tape during the workouts, had only a slight

increase in peak torque at 60°/second and no change at the other speed, seen in Table 2.

This participant also has a decrease in Overall Ankle Stability Index, and

Anterior/Posterior Ankle Stability Index and no change in the Medial/Lateral Index, as

seen in Table 2. It can be seen that Participant #2 had a smaller change in peak torque and

in ankle stability compared to Participant #1.

In Table 4, Participant #2 (control) had an increase in peak torque of the evertors

at 60°/sec of 50% and no percent change at and 120°/sec. Participant #1 had a decrease in

percent change of 27.7% in total ankle stability, a decrease of 44.4% in ant/post stability

and a decrease of 29.6% in med/lat stability. Participant #2 had a decreased percent

change in total overall stability as well, but of 11.1%, no percent change in ant/post

stability and 33.3% decrease in med/lat stability. The overall decrease in total stability

was averaged to be -19.4. Overall, peak torque increased for Particpant #1 but ankle

stability decreased in each plane. Participant #2 had increased peak torque only with

eversion performed at 60°/sec with total ankle stability and med/lat stability decreasing.


Discussion

The original hypothesis stated that Kinesio® Tape should increase the strength of

the evertors of the ankle thus increasing ankle stability in those with chronic ankle

instability. The above results do not support the original hypothesis. From the above

results, the KT® tape did affect the peak torque of the ankle evertors. Both participants

had increased peak torque however, Participant #1, who performed the taping before each

workout, had greater increases in peak torque in both categories compared to Participant

#2, where peak torque was only increased in 1 category. This would suggest that the use

of KT® Tape along with a strengthening program does cause an increase in muscle

strength when compared to using a strengthening program alone. However, in regards to

ankle stability, the increased strength did not have the positive effects that were expected.

Both participants had decreases in ankle stability overall and in all measured planes.

Participant #1 had a percent change decrease in total ankle stability and in all planes. The

percent change decrease was greater in Participant #1 for overall stability and ant/post

stability, while Participant #2 had a greater decrease in percent change in stability in the

med/lat plane. Overall, Participant #1 had a larger percent change of decreased ankle

stability with a larger increase of peak torque of the ankle evertors. From these results it

can be suggested that while the strengthening program and KT® Tape increase the peak

torque, the increased peak torque caused a decrease in total ankle stability. This may

indicate that stronger ankle musculature may not provide a more stable ankle and may, in

fact, decrease stability, creating a higher risk for repeated ankle injury for those with

chronic instability. Potential bias and study limitations may have occurred by limiting the

sample size to only two participants. While this possibility has been considered, the

sample size was selected due to study feasibility and access to participants. It should also


be noted that the history of injury for each participant was not considered, aside from

chronic ankle sprains. Also noted was the application of the KT® Tape was applied by

the participant, who was not certified in taping, but was shown by a certified individual,

however due to human error there may have been possible erroneous application of the

tape.

Conclusion

The study performed was a pilot study, therefor there are limitations to the study

preventing the results from being entirely generalizable. The study had a very limited

number of participants, of one gender and of a similar age and build. With these two

participants the results found may not be generalized to populations. Other limiting

factors include complete adherence of the participants to the strengthening program, as it

was completed individually and was not supervised by the researchers. Also, the taping

technique could have been erroneous as it was also performed by the participant and not

supervised by a researcher or by the original certified professional. However, the

participant was told to contact the researchers if re-teaching was needed and the

participant was contacted regularly to assure confidence in application technique. Inter-

participant competition is another confounding factor, though the participants were

blinded from the results, both were present during the data collection.

The final results from the study can suggest that KT® Tape does have an effect on

strength of the ankle musculature, causing a greater increase in gains in strength when

applied with a strengthening program compared to utilizing a strengthening program

alone. This was evidenced by the objective increases in Peak Torque created by both

participants. However, the increased strength and peak torque seem to have a deleterious

effect on ankle stability predisposing those with chronic ankle instability to increase risk


of injury. This can be inferred based on the decreases in ankle stability displayed by the

participants with loss of nearly 28% Total Ankle Stability and 11% respectively. More

research must be done on the topic in order to have results with increased reliability due

to the limited nature of this pilot study. Reproducing this study with a larger population, a

more generalized group of participants and a longer strengthening program would

provide more reliable information regarding the direct effect of KT® Tape on ankle

stability.


References

Ankle Therapeutic Exercises [Online Image]. (2016). Retrieved April 4, 2018 from

https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hw

id=zp4491.

Aktas , G., & Baltaci, G. (2011) Does Kinesiotaping Increase Knee Muscles Strength and

Functional Performance. Isokinetics & Exercise Science, 19(3), 149-155.

Bicici, S., Karatas, N., & Baltaci, G. (2012). Effect of Athletic Taping and

Kinesiotaping® on Measurements of Functional Performance in Basketball

Players with Chronic Inversion Ankle Sprains. International Journal of Sports

Physical Therapy, 7(2), 154-166.

Biodex. (2017). Biodex Multi-Joint System 4 Pro: User Manual. Retrieved from:

http://www.biodex.com/physical-medicine/products/dynamometers/system-4-pro

Briem, K., Eythörsdöttir, H., Magnúsdóttir, R. G., Pálmarsson, R., Rúnarsdöttir, T., &

Sveinsson,T. (2011). Effects of Kinesio Tape Compared with Nonelastic Sports

Tape and the Untaped Ankle During a Sudden Inversion Perturbation in Male

Athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 41(5), 328-335.

Cachupe, W. J., Shifflett, B., Kahanov, L., & Wughalter, E. H. (2001). Reliability of

Biodex Balance System Measures. Measurement in Physical Education and

Exercise Science, 5(2), 97-108.

Chen, W., Hong, W., Huang, T. F., and Hsu, H. (2007). Effects of Kinesio Taping on the

Timing and Ratio of Vastus Medialis Obliquus and Vastus Lateralis Muscle for

Person with Patellofemoral Pain. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(2), 1-2.

Csapo, R., & Alegre, L. M. (2015). Effects of Kinesio® taping on Skeletal Muscle

Strength—A Meta-analysis of Current Evidence. Journal of Science and Medicine

in Sport, 18(4),450-456.

De Witt, J.K. & Hinrichs, R. N. (2012). Mechanical Factors Associated with the

Development of High Ball Velocity During an Instep Soccer Kick. Sports

Biomechanics, 11(3), 382-390.

Fratocchi, G., Di Mattia, F., Rossi, R., Mangone, M., Santilli, V., & Paoloni, M. (2013).

Influence of Kinesio Taping applied over Biceps Brachii on Isokinetic Elbow

Peak Torque. A Placebo Controlled Study in a Population of Young Healthy

Subjects. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(3), 245-249.

Fu, T.C., Wong, A.M., Pei, Y., Wu, K.P., Chou, S., and Lin, Y. (2007). Effect of Kinesio

Taping on Muscle Strength in Athletes- A Pilot Study. Journal of Science and

Medicine in Sport, 11(2), 198-201. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.02.011.


Grimsby, O., & Rivard, J. (2009). Science, Theory and Clinical Application in

Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy: Scientific Therapeutic Exercise

Progressions (STEP): The Back and Lower Extremity. San Diego, CA: The

Academy of Graduate Physical Therapy, Inc. pp. 111-125.

Halseth, T., McChesney, J.W., DeBeliso, M., Vaughn, R., & Lien, J., (2004) The Effects

of Kinesio TM Taping on Proprioception at the Ankle. Journal of Sports Science

and Medicine, 3, 1-7.

Hertel, J. (2000). Functional Instability Following Lateral Ankle Sprain. Sports

Medicine, 29(5), 361-371.

Holmes, A., & Delahunt, E. (2009). Treatment of Common Deficits Associated with

Chronic Ankle Instability. Sports Medicine, 39(3), 207-224.

Hsu YH, Chen WY, Lin HC, Wang WTJ, Shih YF. (2009). The Effects of Taping on

Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Baseball Athletes with Shoulder

Impingement Syndrome. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,

19(6),1092-1099.

Hubbard, T. J., Kramer, L. C., Denegar, C. R., & Hertel, J. (2007). Correlations Among

Multiple Measures of Functional and Mechanical Instability in Subjects with

Chronic Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(3), 361-366.

Janwantanakul, P., & Gaogasigam, C. (2005) Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis

ObliquusMuscle Activity During the Application of Inhibition and Facilitation

Taping Techniques. Clinical Rehabilitation. 19(1), 12-19.

Karlsson, J., & Andreasson, G. O. (1992). The Effect of External Ankle Support in

Chronic Lateral Ankle Joint Instability: An Electromyographic Study. The

American Journal of Sports Medicine, 20(3), 257-261.

Kase K, Tatsuyuki H, Tomoko O. (1996). Development of Kinesio Tape. Kinesio Taping

Perfect Manual. Kinesio Taping Association,6(117), 4-6.

Kase, K., Wallis, J., & Kase, T. (2003). Clinical Therapeutic Applications of the Kinesio

Taping Method. Tokyo, Japan: Ken Ikai Co Ltd, pp. 37-40.

Kisner, C., & Colby, L. A. (2012). Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and

Techniques. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. pp. 172-176, 884-887.

Lee, Y.Y., Chang, H.Y., Chang, Y.C., & Chen, J.M. (2012). The Effect of Applied

Direction of Kinesio Taping Ankle Muscle Strength and Flexibility. 30th Annual

Conference of Biomechanics in Sports.


Lee, H.L., Lee, C.R., Park, S.J., Lee, S.Y., Jeong, T.G., Son, G.S., Lee, J.Y., Kim, E.C.,

& Kim, Y.K. (2011). Influence of Kinesio Taping on the Motor Nerve

Conduction Velocity. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 23(2), 313-315. doi:

10.1589/jpts.23.313.

Lees, A., Asai, T., Andersen, T. B., Nunome, H., & Sterzing, T. (2010). The

Biomechanics of Kicking in Soccer: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences,28(8),

805-817.

Lins, C.A.A., Neto, F.C., Carlos de Amorim, A.B., Macedo, L.B., & Brasilerio, J.S.

(2013). Kinesio Taping does not Alter Neuromuscular Performance of Femoral

Quadriceps of Lower Limb Function in Healthy Subjects: Randomized, Blind,

Controlled, Clinical Trial. Manual Therapy. 18, 41-45.

Löfvenberg, R., Kärrholm, J., Sundelin, G., & Ahlgren, O. (1995). Prolonged Reaction

Time in Patients with Chronic Lateral Instability of the Ankle. The American

Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(4), 414-417.

Lumbroso, D., Ziv, E., Vered, E., Kalichman, L. (2013). The Effect of Kinesio Tape

Application on Hamstring and Gastrocnemius Muscles in Healthy Young Adults.

Prevention & Rehabilitation: Clinical Physiology. 18, 130-138.

Merino-Marban, R. (2011). The Acute Effect of Kinesio® Taping on Hamstring

Extensibility in University Students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport,

11(2), 133-137.

Miller, F. G., & Rosenstein, D. L. (2006). The Nature and Power of the Placebo Effect.

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59(4), 331-335.

Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy.

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp. 595-601.

Nakajima, M. A., & Baldridge, C. (2013). The Effect of Kinesio® Tape on Vertical Jump

and Dynamic Postural Control. International Journal of Sports Physical

Therapy, 8(4), 393.

Percent Change and Percent Difference [PDF]. (n.d.). Minnesota Department of Human

Services.http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/www/groups/public/@mpd/documents

/webcontent/convert_280547.pdf

Plagenhoef, Stanley. Patterns of Human Motion. (1971). 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:

Prentice-Hall, 1971. Print, pp. 112-113.

Resisted Inversion [Online Image]. (2017). Retrieved October 6, 2017 from

https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health/care/


Soriano, J.G., Vicen J.A., Aparicio-Garcia, C., Ruiz-Lazaro, P., Simon-Martinez, C.,

Bravo-Esteban, E., Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.M. (2014). The Effects of Kinesio

Taping on Muscle Tone in Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled

Crossover Trial. Manual Therapy, 19, 131-136.

Sprained Ankle Exercises [Online Image]. (2015). Retrieved April 4, 2018 from

http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injuries/ankle-achilles-shin-pain/sprained-

ankle

Stedge, H. L., Krosie, R. M., & Docherty, C. L. (2012). Kinesio® Taping and the

Circulation and Endurance Ratio of the Gastrocnemius Muscle. Journal of

Athletic Training, 47(6), 635-42.

Tesch, P., Komi, P., Jacobs, I., Karlsson, J., & Viitasalo, J. (1983). Influence of Lactate

Accumulation of EMG Frequency Spectrum during Repeated Concentric

Contractions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 119(1), 61-67. doi:10.1111/j.1748-

1716.1983.tb07306.x

Vithoulka, I., Beneka, A., Malliou, P., Aggelousis, N., Karatsolis, K., & Diamantopoulos,

K. (2010). The Effects of Kinesio- Taping on Quadriceps Strength During

Isokinetic Exercise in Healthy Non-Athlete Women. Isokinetics and Exercise

Science, 18, 1–6.

Williams, S. (2012). Kinesio® Taping in Treatment and Prevention of Sports Injuries a

Meta-Analysis of the Evidence for its Effectiveness. Sports Medicine (Auckland),

42(2), 153-164. doi: 10.2165/11594960-000000000-00000

Woodward, K. A., Unnithan, V., & Hopkins, N. D. (2015). Forearm Skin Blood Flow

After Kinesiology Taping in Healthy Soccer Players: An Exploratory

Investigation. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(10), 1069-1075.

Wong, O.M.H., Cheung, R.T.H., Li, R.C.T. (2012). Isokinetic Knee Function in Healthy

Subjects With and Without Kinesio tape. Physical Therapy in Sport, 13(4), 255-

258.




Appendix A: Compilation of KT-related studies

Author Study Results

Aktas, Gulcan & Baltaci,

Gul (2011)

Determine if knee brace,

kineseotaping or both is

more effective regarding

muscular strength and

functional performance

measured through hop test

and muscular strength

KT® application increased

hop distance in non-

dominant and dominant

lower extremity, and in

isokinetic knee extension

peak torque, was more

effective than the other

applications in terms of

muscular strength and jump

performance

Fu, T.C., Wong, A.M., Pei,

Y., Wu, K.P., Chou, S.,

and Lin, Y (2007)

Determine the effects of

Kinesio taping on dominate

lower extremity muscle

strength after application of

taping on anterior knee and

thigh, and immediate and

delayed effects measured

through the Cybex NORM

isokinetic dynamometer

No significant difference

was found between the

three group’s (without tape,

immediately after taping,

12 hr after taping with tape

still applied) peak torque

and total work of the

quadriceps and hamstring

muscles. Suggests the tape

does not enhance or inhibit

muscle strength.

Halseth, T., McChesney,

J.W., DeBeliso, M.,

Vaughn, R., & Lien, J.,

(2004)

Determine if KT® taping

the anterior and lateral

portion of the ankle would

enhance ankle

proprioception compared to

the untapped ankle


found in absolute or

constant error between the

two conditions (tape or no

tape) indicating that KT®

tape does no enhance

proprioception.


Appendix A: Compilation of KT-related studies (continued)


Hsu YH, Chen WY, Lin

HC, Wang WTJ, Shih YF

(2009)

Determine the effect of

KT® vs sham-tape on

kinematics, muscle activity

and strength of the scapula,

lower trapezius and

serratus anterior in baseball

players.

KT® significantly

increased the scapular

posterior tilt at 30° and 60°

during arm raising and

increased the lower

trapezius muscle activity in

the 60–30° arm lowering

phase (p < 0.05) in

comparison to the placebo

taping

Janwantanakul, P., &

Gaogasigam, C. (2005)


KT® on muscle activity of

the vastus lateralis and

vastus medialis obliques

with the application of

inhibition taping,

facilitation taping and no

tape through EMG activity

recorded with bipolar

surface electrodes during

stair climbing

The activity of vastus

lateralis and vastus

medialis obliquus during a

stair descent task was not

significantly affected by

the application of

inhibition or facilitation

tape to vastus lateralis

compared with no tape

condition.

Lee, H.L., Lee, C.R., Park,

S.J., Lee, S.Y., Jeong,

T.G., Son, G.S., Lee, J.Y.,

Kim, E.C., &Kim, Y.K.

(2011)

Examine the effect of KT®

on ankle range of motion

and calf muscle strength by

comparing the facilitation

technique and inhibition

technique measured

through goniometry and

MicroFET3 hand

dynamometer



group with facilitation

taping and the group with

inhibition taping, however

some results show

inhibition taping increased

flexibility but not to a

significant amount.

Lins, C.A.A., Neto, F.C.,

Carlos de Amorim, A.B.,

Macedo, L.B., &

Brasilerio, J.S. (2013)

Determine if KT® can

increase proprioception

(joint position sense) of the

knee in women with taping

to the rectus femoris,

vastus lateralis and vastus

medialis measured with the

Biodex Multi-Joint System

3 isokinetic dynamometer.



control group (no tape), the

tape group (facilitation

taping) or the sham-tape

group indicating KT® has

no immediate effect on

proprioception




Lumbroso, D., Ziv, E.,

Vered, E., Kalichman,

L.(2013)

To evaluate the effect of the

KT® application on

hamstrings and the

gastrocnemius in terms of

hip, knee and ankle ROM

and quadriceps, hamstrings

and gastrocnemius strength

measured with a straight leg

raise test (SLR), a knee

extension angle test (KEA)

and a hydrolic push

dynamometer.

KT® application over the

gastrocnemius caused a

significant immediate

increase of its peak force.

The effects on muscle force

increased two days after

wearing KT®. KT

®application over the

hamstrings did not cause an

immediate change of its peak

force. However, after two

days of wearing KT®,

hamstring peak force

significantly increased. A

significant increase in ROM

was found in all

measurements. SLR and

ankle dorsiflexion

significantly increased

immediately after application

of KT, but KEA improved

significantly only after two

days of wearing KT on the

gastrocnemius.

Merino-marban, R. (2011) Determine the effect of

KT® on hamstring

extensibility using the X-

shaped taping technique

using a passive SLR.

Comparison between the

three groups (KT®, sham

tape, no tape) found no

significant difference in

hamstring length indicating

there are no acute effects of

KT® on hamstring

extensibility

Soriano, J.G., Vicen J.A.,

Aparicio-Garcia, C., Ruiz-

Lazaro, P., Simon-Martinez,

C., Bravo-Esteban, E.,

Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.M.

(2014)

Determine if KT® would

modulate muscle tone or

other associated measures

such as muscle extensibility,

strength and evoked EMG

activity of the

gastrocnemius.

No significant differences

were found for resistive

passive torque to ankle dorsi-

flexion at either 10 /s or 180

/s, between time interaction

nor between the two

conditions analyzed (sham

tape and KT®)




Woodward, K. A.,

Unnithan, V., & Hopkins,

N. D. (2015)

Determine if KT®

improves skin blood flow

of the forearm in adolescent

male soccer players with

tape applied to the volar

aspect of the dominant arm

compared to no tape.

No differences were

observed for baseline Skin

Blood Flow (SkBF) or

cutaneous vascular

conductance(CVC)

between trials After local

heating, no differences

were evident for SkBF or

CVC between trials or

measurement sites

indicating that KT® did

not affect skin forearm

blood flow.

Vithoulka, I., Beneka, A.,

Malliou, P., Aggelousis,

N., Karatsolis, K., &

Diamantopoulos, K.

(2010)


Kinesio Taping® on

quadriceps strength at

maximum concentric and

eccentric isokinetic

exercise mode in healthy

non-athlete women to

examine the Kinesio taping

effect in increasing or

decreasing the

muscular quadriceps

strength. Three different

quadriceps taping modes

have been used (no taping,

placebo taping, KT®)

Significant differences in

max eccentric torque

during both the concentric

and eccentric mode of the

quadriceps muscle

suggesting that application

of Kinesio Taping® on the

anterior surface of the

thigh, in the direction of

vastus medialis, lateralis

and rectus femoris fascia,

could increase the eccentric

muscle strength




Wong, O.M.H., Cheung,

R.T.H., Li, R.C.T (2012)

To determine the difference

in isokinetic knee

performance with and

without KT® application

over the vastus medialis

measured with the Biodex

system 4 isokinetic

dynamometer.

There was no significant

difference in extension

peak torque with and

without KT® and at

different angular velocities.

There was no significant

difference in normalized

work done of knee

extension and flexion

between taped and control

condition at any angular

velocities. However, time

to the peak torque of

extension was significantly

shortened with KT®

application onto the skin

overlying VM and this

change was found at all

three testing velocities

Csapo, R., & Alegre, L. M.

(2015)

To determine whether

certain applications of

KT® can facilitate

contraction and increase

muscle strength in healthy

adults using a meta-

analysis of studies

researching the efficacy of

KT® applications

Eight out of nineteen

studies showed some

statistically significant

beneficial effect of KT®

on muscle strength,

however the results of the

meta-analysis suggest KT®

has no or negligible effects

on muscle strength

Fratocchi, G., Di Mattia,

F., Rossi, R., Mangone,

M., Santilli, V., & Paoloni,

M.(2013)


KT® applied over the

biceps brachii on maximal

isokinetic elbow torque

compared to no tape and

placebo tape measured

using an Isokinetic Pulley

System.

A significant difference of

concentric peak torque of

the elbow was found

between the KT® group

and the no tape group, but

no significant difference

was found between the no

tape group and the placebo

tape group indicating that

KT® increases concentric

peak elbow torque when

applied over the biceps

brachii.



Authors Study Results

Williams, S.(2012) The aim of this review was

to evaluate, using meta-

analysis, the effectiveness

of KT® in the treatment

and prevention of sports

injuries looking at studies

that researched KT® and

its effect on pain, range of

motion, strength,

proprioception and muscle

activity.

Pain: 2/8 studies showed

statistically significant

positive results

ROM: 16/72 studies

showed statistically

significant positive results

Strength: 6/16 studies



Proprioception: 2/4 studies



Muscle activity: 4/22

studies showed statistically


These results indicate that

KT® may have a small

beneficial effect on

strength, force sense error

and active range of motion

of an injured area, but

further clarification is

needed


Appendix B: Ankle Strengthening Program

Parameters: The following parameters have been extracted from the textbook

“Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques” 6th edition by Carolyn Kisner &

Lynn Allen Colby. This book is referenced on the Physical Therapy Board Exam.

Frequency: 3x/week, non-consecutive days

Duration: 4 weeks

Rest Intervals: 2-3 minutes between sets

Mode: Weight-bearing status varies depending on the exercise, but all exercises are

dynamic with concentric and eccentric components. Cueing and instruction should

include an emphasis on eccentric control for each exercise.

(Kisner & Colby, 2012 pp. 172-176)

1- Rocker board- Using a rocker board to develop control of ankle motions while

seated. This is more difficult with just one foot on the board. Progress to standing

while doing this activity. This is to further develop ankle control and strength and

improve proprioception. The progression for ankle activities is 5x up/down then

5x left/right, then 1x each number on the face of an imaginary clock, CW then

CCW. This is 1 set. Perform 3 sets of this activity with 2-3 minutes rest between

sets.

(Sprained Ankle Exercises, 2015)


Appendix B: Ankle Strengthening Program (continued)

2- Open-Chain Resisted Plantarflexion w/ Elastic Band- Long-sitting position

with leg resting on a rolled towel to slightly elevate the heel off of the table. Hold

both ends of an elastic band that is looped under the forefoot, then plantarflex

against the resistance (Gas pedal). Perform this at a resistance in which 12-15 reps

is challenging. Perform 3 sets of this activity with 2-3 minutes rest between sets.

(Ankle Therapeutic Exercises, 2016)



3- Open-Chain Resisted Eversion w/ Elastic Band- Long-sitting position on table,

place a loop of elastic tubing around both feet and evert both feet against

resistance simultaneously. Keep knees still and turn the foot outward, not

allowing the thigh to abduct or externally rotate. Perform this at a resistance in

which 12-15 reps is challenging. Perform 3 sets of this activity with 2-3 minutes

rest between sets.


4- Open-Chain Resisted Dorsiflexion w/ Elastic Band- Anchor elastic band to

wall or have someone safely assist by holding the band at a consistent

tightness/resistance. Long-sitting position on table, place a loop of elastic tubing

around the forefoot and dorsiflex against the resistance provided by the elastic

tubing. Alternate feet. Perform this at a resistance in which 12-15 reps is

challenging. Perform 3 sets of this activity with each foot with 2-3 minutes rest

between sets.




5- Open-Chain Resisted Inversion w/ Elastic Band- Long-sitting position on

table, place a loop of elastic tubing around one feet and invert foot against

resistance. This may be done by looping the tubing around the opposite foot to

provide a lever or having someone safely assist. Keep knees still and turn the foot

inward, not allowing the thigh to adduct or internally rotate. Perform this at a

resistance in which 12-15 reps is challenging. Perform 3 sets of this activity with

2-3 minutes rest between sets.

(Resisted Inversion, 2017)

EFFECT OF KINESIO ® TAPE ON STABILIZATION AND ...

Documents

Transcript of EFFECT OF KINESIO ® TAPE ON STABILIZATION AND ...