D Eelizbar elizbaraSvili

dedamiwis klimatebi

Tbilisi 2010

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Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis klimatebi

1.1 islandia fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. islandia warmoadgens kunZuls, romlis reliefis didi nawili zegania. Mmisi saSualo simaRle zRvis donedan 600 metria, xolo calkeuli mwvervalebi 2000m-s aRwevs. Ddablobs mcire teritoria ukavia, ZiriTadad sanapiro zolSi. reliefis mniSvnelovani nawili ukavia myinvarebs, Tanamedrove gamyinvareba islandiis farTobis 13%-ze vrceldeba. kunZuli aris dedamiwaze aqtiuri vulkanizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera. islandiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: misi geografiuli mdebareoba maRal ganedebSi, anu polaruli wris maxloblad, atmosferos cirkulaciis xasiaTi, okeanis dinebebi, kerZod Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri dineba da misi ganStoebebi, romlebic kunZuls Cauvlis samxreT da dasavleT sanapiroebTan, da Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroebTan gamdinare civi aRmosavleT grenlandiis dineba. Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis TvalsazrisiT islandia miekuTvneba zomieri ganedebis atlantikur-arqtikul olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi, rac kunZulis reliefis gavleniT xSirad icvlis mimarTulebas. sanapiroebze xSiria qari xmeleTis Sida raionebidan. zamTari samxreT da dasavleT sanapiroebTan Tbili Crdilo atlantikuri

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dinebis gavleniT SedarebiT rbilia. Yyvelaze civi Tve FTebervalia da Tvis saSuali temperatura aq minus 20-ia, xolo samxreT sanapiroze dadebiTic kia. CrdiloeT sanapiroze zamTari gacilebiT civia, rac aixsneba CrdiloeTis polarul wresTan misi siaxloviT da civi aRmosavleT grenlandiis dinebis gavleniT. Uufro civia zamTari kunZulis centralur nawilSi, rasac adgilis simaRlis gazrda uwyobs xels. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi umTavresad icis Rrubliani amindi, samxreT sanapiroze, CrdiloeTisagan gansxvavebiT, xSiria naleqebi. naleqebi modis ZiriTadad Tovlis saxiT. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi agreTve gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis qarebi. zafxuli, kunZulis maRal ganedebSi ganlagebis gamo, Zalian civia. ivlissa da agvistoSi yvelaze Tbil dReebSi haeris temperatura 200-s ar aRwevs. ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura samxreT, aRmosavleT da dasavleT sanapiroebze daaxloebiT 100-ia, xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze da kunZulis centralur nawilSi 100-ze naklebi. zafxuli naklebad Rrubliania, xSiria nisli. naleqebi xSiria samxreT sanapiroze, SedarebiT iSviaTia CrdiloeT sanapiroze. saerTod wlis ganmavlobaSi samxreT sanapiroze modis 2000mm, xolo CrdiloeT sanapiroze, sul 300-400mm naleqi. mcenareuli safari. Ddabali temperaturebis da Zlieri qarebis gamo islandiis mcenareuloba umTavresad tundris xasiaTs atarebs. SedarebiT maRaltaniani xe-mcenareebi mxolod samxreTis Tbil sanapiroze gvxvdeba. civi zafxuli

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teritoriis did nawilze did sirTuleebs uqmnis miwaTmoqmedebas.

N1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Ees saxelmwifoebi mdebareoben evropis udides skandinaviis naxevarkunZulze. naxevarkunZulis mTeli dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv 1500 km-is manZilze gadaWimulia masiuri skandinaviis mTianeTi, romlis samxreT nawilSi umaRlesi mwvervali(glitertini) aRwevs 2481m simaRles. MmTianeTi dasavleTiT cicabod eSveba norvegiis zRvisken, xolo aRmosavleTiT –SedarebiT damrecad baltiis zRvisken. mTianeTis CrdiloeTi nawili 400-500m simaRlisaa, Tumca calkeuli mwvervalebi 2000m-s aRwevs. mTianeTi farTo xeobebis saSualebiT danawevrebulia calkeul masivebad, saidanac bevri myinvari iRebs saTaves. aRmosavleTiT mTebi TandaTan gadadis dablobSi, romelic gadaWimulia 150-200km siganeze. Sveciis samxreT nawilSi bevria tba, maTi saerTo farTobi qveynis farTobis 8%-s Seadgens. skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT sanapiro Zlier danawevrebulia da bevr yures, anu fiordebs qmnis. aRmosavleT sanapiro ufro swori moxazulibisaa. naxevarkunZulis farTobis 15% CrdiloeT polaruli wris SigniTaa. Kklimati. Kklimaturi Taviseburebebis TvalsazrisiT Nnorvegiis da SvedeTis didi nawili miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-arqtikul olqs, xolo am saxelmwifoTa samxreTi raionebi- atlantikur-olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis dasavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia dasavleTis,

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samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis mimarTulebis qarebi. mTagorian raionebSi qaris mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba reliefis xasiaTiT. Qqaris siCqare sanapiro zolSi saSualod 5m/wm-ia, xolo naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi ar aRemateba 2m/wm-s. Nnorvegiis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze xSiria grigali da qarbuqi. Nnorvegiis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus 30-ia, xolo samxreTiT izrdeba plius 20-mde. Aamis mizezia atlantikis okeanidan Tbili haeris gadmoadgileba, romelic Tbili Crdilo-atlantikuri dinebis Sedegad yalibdeba. calkeul dReebSi haeris temperaturam SesaZloa minus 250-mde daiklos. Uufro dabali temperaturebi aRiniSneba norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi, sadac ver aRwevs atlantikidan Tbili haeri. Aam SemTxvevaSi skandinaviis mTianeTi klimatgamyofis rols asrulebs da eRobeba Tbili haeris masebs. calkeul dReebSi aq temperatura ecema minus 300-mde, xolo absoluturi minimumi dafiqsirebulia minus 510. norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi, sadac skandinaviis mTebi dabldeba, kargad aRwevs Tbili atlantikuri haeri da temperaturac izrdeba. Bbaltiis zRva ver axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas SvedeTis havaze, mis sanapiroebze temperatura 3-70-iT dabalia, vidre atlantikis okeanis sanapiroze. Aamave dros aSkarad aris gamoxatuli zRvebis gavlena klimatis tipze-sanapiroebze yvelaze civi Tve Tebervalia, rac damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, xolo

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naxevarkunZulis Sida raionebSi yvelaze civi Tve ianvaria. dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebis qarebis batonobis gamo norvegiis sanapiroze umTavresad Rrubliani da wvimiani amindi dgas. Ddekember-TebervalSi sanapiros CrdiloeT nawilSi naleqi umTavresad Tovlis saxiT modis, samxreTSi Tovli iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi swrafad dneba. norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi Tovlis safari TiTqmis Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi devs(oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan maisis Sua ricxvebamde), xolo samxreTis sanapiroebze Tovlis safari erT Tvesac ver sZlebs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, anu oqtombridan martis CaTvliT, sakmao raodenobis naleqebi modis da Seadgens sanapiroze 500-700mm-s, xolo cicabo ferdobebze 1500mm-s. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis mimarTulebis qarebi sustdeba, da aqtiurdeba CrdiloeTis qarebi, anu qarebi arqtikidan. Aam dros temperaturis ganawilebas Sebrunebuli suraTi aqvs wlis civ periodTan SedarebiT- norvegiis da SvedeTis Sida raionebSi ufro Tbila, vidre dasavleTis sanapiroebze. Sida raionebSi ivlisis saSualo temperaturaa 15-170. zafxulSi naklebia Rrublianoba, Tumca mainc gabatonebulia moRrubluli da notio amindebi. naTeli uRrublo amindi iSviaTia da TveSi mxolod erTi-Svidi dRe aRiniSneba. sanapiro raionebSi xSiria nisli. Mmcenareuli safari. norvegiis da SvedeTis teritoriis did nawilze gavrcelebulia

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wiwvovani tyeebi. maT ukaviaT skandinaviis mTianeTis aRmosavleTi ferdobi mTlianad, da agreTve dasavleT ferdobis mTebi. Nnorvegiis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroebze, zafxulis Tveebis dabali temperaturebis, agreTve maRali sinotivisa da Zlieri qarebis gamo, mcenareuloba TiTqmis ar aris, batonobs tundra. samxreT raionebSi ki wiwvovani tyeebi icvleba Sereuli wiwvovan-foTlovani tyeebiT. ukidures samxreTSi Cndeba tipiuri farTofoTlovani tyeebi, sadac Warbobs wifela. mTebSi tyis sazRvari CrdiloeTSi vrceldeba 500 metramde, xolo samxreTSi 1100 metramde zRvis donedan. Aam maCveneblis maRla vrceldeba mTis tundra naxevradbuCqnari da balaxis mcenareulobiT.

1.3. fineTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Oorografiuli agebulebis TvalsazrisiT fineTi warmoadgens platoebis, qedebis da Rrmulebis mravalferovnebas, romelTa mniSvnelovani nawili ukavia tbebs. tbebis siuxviT mas msoflioSi pirveli adgili ukavia, tbebis wylis zedapiris farTobi qveynis farTobis 12%-s Seadgens. teritoriis didi nawili mdebareobs zRvis donidan 80-300m farglebSi. Kklimati. Kklimaturi klasifikaciis Tanaxmad fineTi miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-arqtikul olqs. skandinaviis naxevarkunZulisgan gansxvavebiT, fineTis hava xasiaTdeba TandaTanobiTi cvlilebiT dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeTidan

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samxreTis mimarTulebiT, rac aq mniSvnelovani mTis qedebis ar arsebobiT aixsneba. zamTari CrdiloeTSi mkacri icis. arqtikuli haeris xSiri SemoWrebis gamo haeris temperatura ianvar-TebervalSi saSualod minus 150-ia, xolo calkeul dReebSi yinva minus 400-ze dabla Cadis. Yyinvebi saerTod icis oqtombridan aprilamde, Tovlis safari 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi devs da xSirad ivnisis dasawyisamde gastans. amindebi umTavresad notio da Rrubliania. samxreTis mimarTulebiT zamTris xangrZlivoba iklebs da yinvebi aRiniSneba dekembridan martamde. Yyvelaze civi Tvis-ianvris saSualo temperatura minus 60-ia, Tumca calkeul dReebSi SesaZloa daiklos minus 25-300-mde. dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebs atlantikidan xSirad moaqvs Tbili haeri, amitom sanapiroze zamTari rbili icis, aq yvelaze civi Tve Tebervalia. Ggazafxuli civi da xangrZlivi icis. Rrublianoba da sinotive zamTarTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad iklebs. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi fineTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze gabatonebulia CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, xolo sanapiro zolSi, gansakuTrebiT samxreTSi ganviTarebulia Bbrizi, anu perioduli qari, romelic dRisiT qris sanapirodan xmeleTisaken, xolo RamiT piriqiT-xmeleTidan okeanisaken. Yyvelaze Tbili Tve ivlisia. Tvis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi saSualod 120-ia, xolo samxreTSi-170. Rrublianoba zafxulSi naklebia zamTarTan SedarebiT, magram naleqebi ufro meti modis. xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi da setyva.

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zafxuli saerTod xanmoklea da wayinvebi ukve seqtembridan iwyeba. mcenareuli safari. teritoriis didi nawili dafarulia tyeebiT. CrdiloeTSi wiwvnari Warbobs, samxreTSi siTbos momatebasTan erTad Cndeba foTlovani mcenareebic, umTavresad muxa. reliefis Taviseburebisa (Warbobs vakeebi da Rrmulebi), zafxulis dabali temperaturisa da maRali sinotivis gamo Zalian bevri tbaa, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTSi. tbebs ukavia qveynis mTeli farTobis daaxloebiT 30%.

D1.4. didi britaneTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. yvelaze SemaRlebulia Ddidi britaneTis CrdiloeTi nawili, anu Sotlandia da inglisis CrdiloeT raionebi. Sotlandia ukavia mTianeTs, sadac didi britaneTis umaRlesi mwvervalia-mTa ben-nevisi (1343m zRvis donedan). inglisis teritoriaze SedarebiT dabali simaRlis-peninis mTebia, romelTa simaRlec 1000m-s ver aRwevs. inglisis aRmosavleT raionebSi Warbobs dablobebi. sanapiro zoli gansakuTrebiT danawevrebulia dasavleTSi, xolo naklebad danawevrebuli aRmosavleTSi da samxreTSi. klimati. Ddidi britaneTi miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi. sanapiro raionebSi xSiria Zlieri qarebi, xolo CrdiloeTSi-Stormi. 1953 wlis TebervalSi CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ganviTarda iseTi Stormi, rom mTlianad datbora inglisis

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aRmosavleT sanapiro da miwidan aRgava mravali dasaxlebuli punqti. Ggabatonebuli Tbili zRviuri qarebis gamo zamTari Zalian rbili icis, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura 3-50, xolo inglisis samxreTSi 6-70-ia. teritoriis dasavleTi nawili, Tbili Crdilo-atlantikuri dinebis gamo, ufro Tbilia, vidre aRmosavleTi nawili, sadac xSirad xdeba civi haeris masebis SemoWra evropis kontinenturi nawilidan. damaxasiaTebelia Rrubliani, notio amindi. xSiria nisli, Tova, Tumca mdgradi Tovlis safari myardeba mxolod mTebSi. Ggazafxulze temperaturis zrda Zalian nela mimdinareobs, rac zRviuri haeris masebis SemoWrebs ukavSirdeba. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebTan erTad aqtiurdeba CrdiloeTis qarebi. rogorc damaxasiaTebelia zRviuri havisaTvis, zafxuli grilia, gansakuTrebiT Sotlandiis CrdiloeTSi, sadac yvelaze Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura 12-140-ia. inglisis samxreT nawilSi temperatura 16-170-mde izrdeba. zafxulSi Rrublianoba zamTarTan SedarebiT iklebs, Tumca naTeli mziani dReebi mainc iSviaTia. Nnaleqebi bevri modis, gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeT raionebSi, sadac maTi wliuri jami 2000mm-mde aRwevs. Nnaleqebis didi raodenobis da zafxulis dabali temperaturebis gamo mdinareebi wyaluxvia. Mmcenareuli safari. maRali tenianobisa da rbili zamTris gamo mcenareuloba mdidaria. kunZulis samxreT naxevarSi maradmwvane tyeebi da

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subtropikuli olqis buCqnaric kia gavrcelebuli. Aamave dros iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic ganviTarebisaTvis moiTxovs mniSvnelovan siTbos zafxulis TveebSi aq ar xarobs. Zalian Znelad mwifdeba marcvlovani kulturebi da gansakuTrebiT xexili.

1.5. safrangeTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. safrangeTis reliefi mravalferovania. teritoriis didi nawili warmoadgens saSualo simaRlis mTebis da vakeebis kompleqss. Yyvelaze maRali mTebi qveynis samxreTSia-pirineis mTebis samxreTi ferdobebi, alpebis dasavleTi ferdobebi, centraluri safrangeTis masivi. Crdilo-dasavleTis sanapiro zoli Zlier danawevrebulia. klimati. safrangeTis CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba

zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs, xolo samxreTi nawili subtropikuli sartylis atlantikur-xmelTaSuazRviur olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi qveynis CrdiloeTSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis, xolo samxreTSi- Crdilo-aRmosavleTis da aRmosavleTis qarebi. dabal ganedebSi mdebareobisa da atlantikis okeanes gavlenis gamo zamTari teritoriis mniSvnelovan nawilze Zalian rbilia. Ddablob raionebSi temperatura zamTarSic dadebiTia, da saSualod aRemateba 70-s, mxolod CrdiloeTSi Camodis temperatura 00-mde. mTebSi zamTari SedarebiT civia. Rrublianoba mniSvnelovania CrdiloeTSi da mTebSi, samxreTSi umniSvneloa. Bbevri naleqebi

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modis dasavleT sanapiroze, rac okeanis gavleniT aixsneba. samxreT sanapiroze da Sida raionebSi naleqebi mcirea.

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi atmosferos cirkulacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. safrangeTis mTel teritoriaze gabatonebulia dasavleTis, Crdilo-dasavleTis da CrdiloeTis qarebi, ris Sedegadac zafxuli zomierad Tbilia. ivlisis saSualo temperatura qveynis CrdiloeTSi 160-ia, parizSi-180, samxreTSi-200-ze meti, xolo mTebSi zRvis donedan 2000-2500m simaRleze ecema 100-mde. zafxulSic bevri naleqebi modis, xSiria Tavsxma naleqebi, gamonaklisia samxreT raionebi, sadac zafxuli gvalviani icis. mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da tenis gansxvavebuli reJimebi ganapirobebs arsebiT gansxvavebas mcenareTa saxeobaSi. zomieri ganedebis vake raionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTofoTlovani tyeebi, romlebic amJamad mniSvnelovnad aris gaCexili. samxreT sanapiroze xmelTaSuazRviuri maradmwvane tyeebic gvxvdeba. mTebSi kargad aris gamoxatuli tyeebis vertikaluri zonaloba: qvemod muxnaria, Semdeg wiflnari, ufro maRla wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo alpebisa da pirineis maRalmTian sartyelSi gavrcelebulia subalpuri buCqnari da mdeloebi.

1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia da luqsemburgi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Nniderlandebi da belgiis didi nawili xasiaTdeba brtyeli, erTgvarovani reliefiT, amaRlebebi mxolod belgiis samxreTSia, sadac gadaWimulia mTis masivi. niderlandebis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili

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zRvis doneze dabla mdebareobs da daculia datborvisagan kaSxalebis xelovnuri qseliT. klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT niderlandebs, belgias da luqsemburgs gaaCnia SedarebiT erTgvarovani pirobebi, ukaviaT zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinenturi klimaturi olqi. zamTarSi am saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze gabatonebulia dasavleTis, samxreT-dasavleTis da samxreTis qarebi, romlebic qris Tbili atlantikis okeanedan. Aamis gamo aq zamTari Zalian rbilia. ianvris da Tebervlis saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi sanapiro zolSi daaxloebiT 30-ia, xolo xmeleTis siRrmeSi 00-Tan axlosaa. zafxuli SedarebiT grili icis. ivlisis da agvistos saSualo temperatura 16-180-ia. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia moRrubluli amindi, Tumca zafxulSi zamTarTan SedarebiT sinotive naklebia. mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba warmodgenilia wiflnari da muxnari tyeebiT, romlebsac SigadaSig monacvleoben mdeloebi. teritoriis didi farTobi gamoiyeneba marcvlovani da teqnikuri kulturebis mosayvanad.

D1.7. germania fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Dgermaniis zedapiris reliefi xasiaTdeba didi mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis CrdiloeTi nawili dablobs warmoadgens, romelic ZiriTadad zRvis donedan 100m simaRlemde mdebareobs. Ddablobi samxreTiT icvleba uZvelesi mTebiT, romelTa simaRle ar aRemareba 800-1000m-s. teritoriis

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zedapiri daxrilia CrdiloeTisaken, da Sesabamisad yvela mTavari mdinare miemarTeba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. CrdiloeT germaniis dablobi xasiaTdeba tbebis siuxviT. klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT germania miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. misi hava mniSvnelovan wilad ganisazRvreba atlantikis okeanis gavleniT. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi. amis gamo, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze, gansakuTrebiT ki mis dasavleT nawilSi, zamTari Zalian rbilia. yvelaze civi Tvis –ianvris saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 00-ia. aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT temperatura TandaTan ecema, magram CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze Zlieri yinvebi mainc ar aRiniSneba. qveynis samxreTSi zamTari SedarebiT mkacria, rasac xels uwyobs adgilis simaRlis gazrda. mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi warmoiqmneba, CrdiloeT germaniis dablobze is swrafad dneba. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi ufro xSirdeba dasavleTis da Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebis qarebi, anu qarebi atlantikis okeanedan. Aam dros okeanes wyali grilia da Sesabamisad germaniis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi zafxuli Tumca xangrZlivia, magram grilia. ivlisis Tvis saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 160-ia. aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT temperatura mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. mTebSi zRvis donedan 1000-1200m simaRleze ivlisis temperatura daaxloebiT 100-s Seadgens.

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Rrublianoba zafxulSic mniSvnelovania, naleqebi, rogorc zamTarSi, xSiria. swored amitom germaniis mdinareebi wyaluxvia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi landSafti Zlieraa Secvlili adamianis mier. farTobis didi nawili dakavebuli aqvs marcvlovan da teqnikur sasoflosameurneo kulturebs. Mmdinare reinis zemo welSi, sadac icis cxeli xangrZlivi zafxuli da Tbili Semodgoma, ganviTarebulia mebaReoba, mevenaxeoba, meTambaqooba. calkeul adgilebSi SemorCenilia muxa da wifela, mTebSi ki-fiWvi.

1.8. Sveicaria fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Sveicaria mTagoriani qveyanaa, misi reliefi Zlier danawevrebulia. Mmas ukavia alpebis yvelaze mZlavri nawili. Mmravali masivi da mwvervalia aRmarTuli zRvis donedan 4000m-ze maRla. Aaq aris evropis umaRlesi mwvervali monblani(4810m). mniSvnelovani farTobi ukavia Tovlis mindvrebs da farTo myinvarebs. Aalpebs kveTen mdinareTa Rrma xeobebi. klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Sveicaria miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs, amave dros mTis landSafti gansazRvravs klimatebis Taviseburebebs, rac gamoarCevs Sveicarias amave klimatur olqSi ganlagebul sxva qveynebisagan. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi SveicariaSi gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanes haeris masebi. Mmagram qveynis sakmaod didi simaRlis gamo zamTari mainc civia. saSualo

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temperaturebi 00-Tan axlosaa, xolo ramdenadme maRalia CrdiloeTiT. zafxuli, maRalmTiani zonis garda, zomiered Tbilia. zeganze temperatura 18-190-ia, daxurul xeobebSi- 21-220, xolo maRalmTian zonaSi 2500m simaRleze daaxloebiT 50. zafxulSi momatebulia Rrublianoba da naleqebi. mcenareuli safari. Mmdidari mcenareulobaa dacul xeobebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia farTofoTlovani tyeebi, bevria baRi da venaxi. tye mTebSi vrceldeba daaxloebiT 1800m simaRlemde. simaRlis zrdiT Sereul tyeebs cvlis wiwvovani tyeebi, ufro maRla ki alpuri mdeloebia. Mudmivi Tovlis sazRvari gadis 2500-3000m simaRleze.

A1.9. avstria fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Aavstriis mTagoriani raionebi, landSaftis xasiaTis mxriv, Zalze waagavs Sveicarias. Qqveynis farTobis 70% ukavia aRmosavleT alpebs, romelic gamoyofilia Sveicariis alpebisagan farTo xeobebiT da qvabulebiT. Qqveynis yvelaze dasaxlebuli adgili aris dunais xeoba. klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT avstria agreTve miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. mdinare dunais xeobaSi zamTari SedarebiT rbilia, uaryofiTi saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi aq mxolod ianvarSia. alpebSi ki, gansakuTrebiT maRalmTian raionebSi zamTari sakmaod mkacria, sadac uaryofiTi temperaturebi seqtembridan ivnisis CaTvliT aRiniSneba, xolo Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus 140-ia. naleqebi

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zamTarSi umTavresad Tovlis saxiT modis, Tumca mdgradi Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi yalibdeba. zafxuli xeobebSi Zalian Tbilia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura venaSi 200-ia. maRalmTian raionebSi zafxuli, ra Tqma unda civia, yvelaze Tbili Tvis saSualo temperatura 0-Tan axlosaa. zafxuli yvelaze Rrubliani da naleqiania. mcenareuli safari. vakeebsa da qvabulebSi tye TiTqmis ganadgurebulia. mTis ferdobebze gvxvdeba Sereuli tyeebi, romlebsac cvlian wiwvovani tyeebi, xolo 2000m simaRlidan- subalpuri mdeloebi.

1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Oorive qveyana mdebareobs pirineis naxevarkunZulze. naxevarkunZulis reliefis forma umTavresad mTebi da zegnebia, dablobebi mxolod sanapiro zolSia da maT umniSvnelo farTobebi ukavia. gansakuTrebiT maRalia mTebi naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi. CrdiloeTSi gadaWimulia mZlavri pirineis qedi, sadac umaRlesi mwvervalis simaRle aRemateba 3400m-s. samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi ganlagebulia mZlavri mTaTa sistema- andaluziis mTebi. klimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT Pportugalia da espaneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis atlantikur-xmelTaSuazRviur klimatur olqs. amave dros naxevarkunZulis didi ganfenilobis, okeanidan sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebis da rTuli orografiuli agebulebis gamo, naxevarkunZulis sxvadasxva nawilSi klimati arsebiTad gansxvavebulia.

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wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi pirineis naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanidan wamosuli zomieri ganedebis haeri. sanapiro raionebi xasiaTdeba Tbili, wvimiani zamTriT. Yyvelaze civi Tvis – ianvris saSualo Tviuri temperatura CrdiloeT da dasavleT sanapiroebze 8-100-ia, xolo samxreT sanapiroze 120-s aRemateba. Aaq naleqebi wvimis saxiT ufro iSviaTia vidre CrdiloeTSi. CrdiloeTSi zogjer icis Tova. Pportugaliis da espaneTis centralur raionebSi zamTari ufro civia, radganac mTis masivze gadaadgilebisas haeri civdeba. centralur raionebSi Rrublianobac naklebia da SedarebiT naklebi naleqebi modis, vidre sanapiroze. zafxuli Pportugaliis da espaneTis umetes teritoriaze cxelia. pirineis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT da Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze agvistos saSualo temperatura 18-200-ia, xolo samxreT sanapiroze, sadac aRwevs cxeli haeri saharidan, temperatura 260-s Seadgens. zafxulSi wvimebi iSviaTia, yvelaze bevri naleqebi modis gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT zafxulSi mdinareebi wyalmcirea, xolo wyaluxvoba zamTrisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mcenareuli safari. klimaturi gansxvavebebi naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapirosa da mis centralur raionebsa da samxreT sanapiros Soris, mizezia am raionebSi gansxvavebuli mcenareuli safaris gavrcelebaSi. CrdiloeT da Crdilo - dasavleT raionebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Suaevropis mcenareuloba, anu xSiri tyeebi da naTeli mwvane mdeloebi.

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naxevarkunZulis samxreT, samxreT-dasavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroebze mcenareuloba tipiuri xmelTaSuazRviuria, maradmwvane xeSeSfoTlovani tyeebiT da buCqnarebiT. espaneTis samxreT-aRmosavleTis calkeul raionebSi gvxvdeba naxevradudabnos landSaftebic. mTebSi tyeebis gavrcelebaSi vertikaluri zonaloba SeiniSneba- muxa, wabli, fiWvi, buCqnari da alpuri mdeloebi, Tumca amJamad tyis masivebi CenarCunebulia mxolod umniCvnelo teritoriaze.

1.11. italia fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. mdebareobs apeninis naxevarkunZulze, romlis didi nawili danawevrebulia saSualosimaRlis mTebiT. mTeli naxevarkunZulis gaswvriv gadaWimulia apeninis mTebi. Qqveynis CrdiloeTSi ganlagebulia lombardis farTo dablobi, sadac miedineba mdinare po. Ddablobi CrdiloeTidan SemosazRvrulia alpebis mZlavri mTis sistemiT, romelic gamoyofs naxevarkunZuls mTeli danarCeni evropisagan. Kklimati. Kklimaturi TvalsazrisiT italia, lombardis dablobis gamoklebiT, miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis atlantikur-xmelTaSuazRviur klimatur olqs, lombardis dablobi ki miekuTvneba atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi apeninis, iseve rogoc pirineis naxevarkunZulze, gabatonebulia atlantikis okeanidan wamosuli zomieri ganedebis haeri. Aalpebi aferxebs naxevarkunZulze evropidan civi kontinenturi

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haeris masebis SemoWras. Aamitom zamTari italiaSi, misi ukiduresi CrdiloeT raionebis gamoklebiT, gansakuTrebiT rbilia. yvelaze civi Tvis, ianvris, saSualo temperatura sanapiroze 7-100-ia. CrdiloeTSi lombardis dablobze zamTari ufro civia, aq . ianvris saSualo temperatura 1-20-ia, xolo yinvebma SesaZloa miaRwios minus 80-s. amis mizezi aris arqtikuli haeris SemoWra CrdiloeTidan. rogorc xmelTaSuazRviuri klimatisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, italiaSic zamTari yvelaze wvimiania. xSirad wvimebi katastroful xasiaTs atareben da mdinare poze iwveven wyaldidobas. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri da qari qris samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan. aseT qarebs, rogorc wesi, moaqvs siTbo da teni. Aamitom zafxuli, maRalmTiani raionebis garda, yvelgan cxelia. ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura dablob raionebSi 24-260-ia, mTebSi temperatura naklebia da 700-800m simaRleze zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 200-ia. zafxulSi naleqebi Zalian cota modis, samxreTSi ki xSiria gvalvebi. Sesabamisad Zalian cotaa Rrublianoba da umTavresad naTeli mziani amindi dgas. mcenareuli safari. apeninis naxevarkunZulis mcenareuli safars, lombardis dablobisagan gansxvavebiT, xmelTaSuazRviuri xasiaTi gaaCnia gamokveTili vertikaluri zonalobiT. maradmwvane xemcenareebi da buCqnari aRwevs Sors xmeleTis siRrmeSi da vrceldeba mTebSi CrdiloeTSi 500-600, xolo samxreTSi 700-800m

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simaRlemde zRvis donedan. saSualosimaRlis mTebis ferdobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wabli. lombardis dablobze, sadac zamTari sakmaod grilia, bunebrivi mcenareuloba atarebs Suaevropul xasiaTs- ZiriTadad izrdeba muxa.

1.12. saberZneTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. saberZneTs ukavia balyaneTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTis viwro nawili. Qqveynis didi nawili mTagoriania, dablobebs Zalian mcire teritoria ukavia. reliefi, gansakuTrebiT teritoriis aRmosavleT nawilSi, Zlier danawevrebulia. Ddidi mdinareebi saberZneTSi ar aris. Bbevri mdinare zafxulSi saerTod Sreba. sanapiro zoli Zlier danawevrebulia. klimati. saberZneTi miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis kontinentur-xmelTaSuazRviur klimatur olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli klimatisaTvis, saberZneTSic gabatonebulia zomieri ganedebis haeri. dablobSi zamTari rbilia, gansakuTrebiT teritoriis dasavleTSi, sadac xSirad iWreba Tbili zRviuri haeri. dasavleT sanapiroze ianvris saSualo temperatura daaxloebiT 100-ia. xmeleTis siRrmeSi temperatura ramdenadme, xolo mTebSi ufro metad klebulobs. saberZneTis aRmosavleT sanapiroze zamTari ramdenadme Tbilia, vidre naxevarkunZulis centralur raionebSi, magram dasavleT sanapirosTan SedarebiT ufro civia. Ees aixsneba

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dasavleT sanapiroze evropis kontinentidan civi haeris xSiri SemoWrebiT. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi xSiria Rrublianoba da naleqebi. gansakuTrebiT bevri wvima modis dasavleT sanapiroze. ianvar TebervalSi CrdiloeT raionebSi, samxreTisagan gansxvavebiT, xSiria Tovli. maRal mTebSi Tovli devs wlis didi drois ganmavlobaSi.

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi, iseve rogorc zamTarSi, qarebi aramdgradia. zafxuli mTel saberZneTSi, maRalmTiani raionebis gamoklebiT, Zalian cxeli da gvalviania. ivlisis da agvistos saSualo temperaturebi dablobSi da mTebSi dabal simaRleebze 26-30-ia. naleqebi zafxulSi Zalian iSviaTia, gansakuTrebiT samxreT-aRmosavleT raionebSi, sadac ivlis-agvistoSi mxolod 2-5 naleqiani dRea. Daq am periodis ganmavlobaSi modis araumetes 5-15 mm naleqi. dasavleT sanapiroze naleqebi ufro xSiria, aq wlis ganmavlobaSi modis daaxloebiT 1400 mm naleqi, maSin rodesac aRmosavleT sanapiroze naleqebis wliuri jami Seadgens 300-600mm-s. mcenareuli safari. dablob raionebSi da mTebSi dabal simaRleebze Warbobs maradmwvane buCqnari. didi teritoria ukavia kulturul mcenareulobas-marcvleuls, venaxebs, citrusebs. zRvis donedan 1700-2000m simaRleebze gvxvdeba farTofoTlovani (wifela, muxa) da wiwvovani tyeebi. Uufro did simaRleebze yalibdeba alpuri da subalpuri mcenareuloba, balaxisa da dabaltaniani buCqnarisagan. Fferdobebis mniSvnelovani nawili gaSiSvlebulia.

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1.13. bulgareTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. miuxedavad teritoriis simcirisa, bulgareTi xasiaTdeba reliefis didi mravalferovnebiT. Qqveynis CrdiloeTSi ganlagebulia dunais vake, misgan samxreTiT ganeduri mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia stara planina, anu balyaneTis mTebi., romlis umaRlesi mwvervalia mTa botevi(2376m). Uufro maRali mTebi ganlagebulia bulgareTis samxreT-dasavleTSi- rila-rodopis mTianeTi, romlis mwvervalTa umravlesobis simaRle aRemateba 2700m-s. Savi zRva bulgareTis sanapiroze wyalmarCxia, xolo sanapiro zoli naklebad danawevrebulia. klimati. bulgareTis CrdiloeT nawili miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis kontinentur, xolo samxreTi –subtropikuli sartylis kontinentur-xmelTaSviazRviur klimatur olqs. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi bulgareTis teritoriaze gabatonebulia dasavleTis qarebi, dunais vakeze da Savi zRvis sanapiroze- agreTve CrdiloeTis da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi. swored kontonenturi haeris batonobis Sedegad bulgareTSi zamTari civi icis. CrdiloeTSi, dunais vakeze, ianvris temperatura 0-ze dabalia. maRalmTian raionebSi ki ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSia SenarCunebuli uaryofiTi saSualoTviuri temperaturebi, SesaZloa temperaturis dacema minus 400-mde. Savi zRvis sanapiroze ramdenadme Tbila, magram zRvis Semsrbilebeli gavlena, CrdiloeTis qarebis sixSirisa da zRvis dabali siRrmis gamo, SesamCnevad umniSvneloa. Yyvelaze didi siTbo

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zamTarSi qveynis samxreT raionebSia, romlebic mTebiT daculia civi kontinenturi haerisagan. Rrublianoba da SefardebiTi sinotive zamTarSi maRalia, naleqebi mciremodis. oqtombridan aprilis CaTvliT mosalodnelia Tova. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi matulobs aRmosavleTis qarebis sixSire, rac ganapirobebs cxeli da mSrali amindebis Camoyalibebas. ivlisis saSualo temperatura vakeSi 220-ia, samxreTSi-240° da meti. Rrublianoba, zamTarTan SedarebiT iklebs, naleqebi ki izrdeba, xSiria elWeqi, Tavsxma naleqebi da setyva, agreTve gvalva. mcenareuli safari. bunebrivi mcenareulobidan gamoirCeva farTofoTlovani xeebi da buCqnari, romelTa Soris bevri samxreTevropuli saxeobaa.

Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis klimatebi

2.1. TurqeTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. TurqeTi mTagoriani qvqyanaa. Mmisi centraluri nawili ukavia zegans, romelic aRmosavleTSi gadadis maRal somxeTis mTianeTSi. CrdiloeTidan zegans esazRvreba pontos mTebi, romelTa simaRle aRwevs 4000m, xoli samxreTidan- tavris da antitavris mTebi. Mmcire aziis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT sanapiro Zlieraa danawevrebuli, samxreT da CrdiloeT napirebs ki martivi moxazuloba gaaCnia.

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klimati. Hhava subtropikuli sartylis xmelTaSuazRviuria. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi xSiria ciklonebi, amitom sanapiro raionebSi es dro yvelaze moRrubluli da wvimiania. Yyvelaze civi Tvis, ianvris, saSualo temperatura Savi da egeosis zRvebis sanapiroebze 6-80-ia, xolo xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroze- 100. magram calkeul dReebSi CrdiloeTSi, sanapirozec ki, SesaZlebelia yinvebi minus 8-100-mde da Tova. Qqveynis Sida raionebSi zamTarSi piriqiT uRrublo amindi Warbobs, da zeganze zRvis donedan 700-800m-ze ianvris temperatura uaryofiTia, calkeul dReebSi ki yinvebi minus 250-s aRwevs. zafxulSi Warbobs cxeli, uRrublo amindi, magram zRvis siaxlovis gamo haeris tenianoba mainc maRali rCeba. Yyvelaze Tbili Tveebis, ivlisis da agvistos, saSualo temperatura egeosis da xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiroebze 26-300-ia, xolo Savi zRvis sanapiroze daaxloebiT 250. zeganzec ki, miuxedavad misi simaRlisa, haeri Zlier Tbeba da maRali temperaturebi aRiniSneba, 700-800m simaRleze 20-220-s aRwevs. Aam dros wvimebi, iseve rogorc TurqeTis mTel teritoriaze, iSviaTia. mcenareuli safari. mcenareulobis xasiaTi damokidebulia naleqebis ganawilebisagan. sanapiro raionebSi, sadac sakmarisi naleqebi modis (800-1000mm) izrdeba xmelTaSuazRvis tipis maradmwvane tropikuli mcenareebi. zeganze, sadac naleqebis wliuri jami ar aRemateba 300mm-s naxevradudabnos da udabnos mcenareulobaa.

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2.2. Eerayi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Eerayis centralur mdebareobs farTo mesopotamiis dablobi. Qqveynis dasavleT da aRmosavleT raionebi mniSvnelovnad SemaRlebulia. Kklimati. Eerayis samxreTi xasiaTdeba tropikuli haviT, xolo CrdiloeTi- subtropikuli xmelTaSuazRviuri haviT. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis CrdiloeT raionebze xSiria ciklonebis gavla, amitom zamTari gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. Nnaleqebi umTavresad Tavsxma wvimis saxiT modis. iSviaTad Tovs, dablobSi is swrafad dneba. Tovlis safari warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. samxreTSi naleqebi mcirdeba. ianvris saSualo Tviuri temperatura mesopotamiis dablobis CrdiloeTSi daaxloebiT 70-ia, samxreTSi-100. amave dros, zogjer, civi haeris CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan SemoWrebis dros aRiniSneba Zlieri yinvebi-CrdiloeTSi minus 18-200, samxreTSi minus 70. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi erayis teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi, romelTac xSirad axlavs qviSiani qareSxlebi. Aam dros dgas cxeli amindebi da SesaZloa ramodenime Tve wvimis wveTi ar Camovardes. ivlisi-agvistos saSualo temperaturebi dablobSi Seadgens 34-350-s, xolo maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 45-500-s. mcenareuli safari. klimaturi Tavisebarebebidan gamomdinare ZiriTadad naxevradudabnos da udabnos mcenareulobaa. Mmesopotamiis dablobze nayofieri niadagia da melioraciis pirobebSi kargi mosavali mohyavT.

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2.3. irani fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Qqveynis teritoriis didi nawili zegania, misi simaRle dasavleTSi 1000-1200m-s, aRmosavleTSi ki 500-700m-s Seadgens. zegani Crdilo-dasavleTidan SemosazRvrulia qedebiT. klimati. iranis hava kontinenturi-subtropikulia, mxolod qveynis samxreTSia tropikuli hava. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iranze gadis polaruli fronti, anu sazRvari tropikul da zomier haers Soris. Aamitom es periodi gansakuTrebiT wvimiania. ianvris saSualo temperatura 00-Tan axlosaa, yinvebi SesaZlebelia minus 200-mde. Tbili zamTari mxolod qveynis samxreTSia, sparseTis yuris sanapiroze, sadac ianvris saSualo temperatura 13-150-s aRwevs. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi iranis teritoriaze gabatonebulia mSrali da cxeli Crdilo-dasavleTis qarebi. Aamitom myardeba mSrali, uRrublo, unaleqo amindi. zafxuli cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 30-320-ia, xolo maqsimaluri temperatura aRwevs 40-450-s. mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba mravalferovania. Kkaspiis zRvis sanapiroze izrdeba xSiri tyeebi. mTebi gaSiSvlebulia, an dafarulia buCqnariT. qvabulebSi warmodgenilia stepebisa da udabnoebis mcenareuloba. dablobebSi nayofieri niadagebia, magram miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia mxolod xelovnuri morwyvis pirobebSi.

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2.4. indoeTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoeTi mdebareobs indostanis naxevarkunZulze, romlis zedapiric xasiaTdeba didi mravalferovnebiT. CrdiloeTSi gadaWimulia dedamiwaze yvelaze maRali- himalais mTebi. farToa mdinareebis indis, gangis da brahmaputris velebi. Crdilo-dasavleTi ukavia qviSian udabnoebs(Taris udabno). naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawili dekanis zegans ukavia, romelic SemosazRvrulia dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis gatebis mTebiT. klimati. indoeTi musonebis klasikuri qveyanaa, is miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur sartyels. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri qarebi mimarTulia xmeleTidan zRvisken. maRali himalais mTebi eRobeba centraluri aziidan wamosul civ mSral haers, amitom zamTari indoeTSi Zalian Tbili, uRrublo da mSralia. am dros mcire wyalsatevebi da mdinareebi Sreba. ianvris temperatura dablobze 15-200-ia, xolo himalais mTebze 3500m simaRleze- minus 80-ia. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonuri cirkulaciis xasiaTi icvleba. isini qrian samxreT-dasavleTidan, anu okeanidan, da mniSvnelovani teni moaqvT. Mmusonebis dawyebamde, mais-ivnisSi, Zalian cxela, temperatura 40-450-mde aRwevs. Dmusonebi uecrad iwyeba da swrafad icvleba amindi. temperatura ecema, izrdeba Rrublianoba da naleqebi. oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi naleqebis wliuri jamis 90% modis. swored aq mTa Carapujazea dafiqsirebuli dedamiwaze naleqebis maqsimumi-11000mm weliwadSi. calkeul wlebSi naleqebi 22000mm-s aRwevs.

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mcenareuli safari. mcenareuloba mravalferovania. samxreT-dasavleTSi, viwro sanapiro zolSi izrdeba maradmwvane tropikuli tyeebi, Crdilo-dasavleTSi Warbobs udabnoebi. aRmosavleTSi da qveynis centralur raionebSi umTavresad savanebia. mTebSi gvxvdeba arqtikuli tipis mcenareuloba.FfarTobis didi nawili damuSavebulia.

2.5. CineTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi pirvelTagania. Aaq aris msoflios umaRlesi mTebi- aRmosavleT tian-Sani, himalai, kun-luni, yvelaze umaRlesi zegani-tibeti, romlis saSualo simaRle 3500-4000m-ia, mravalricxovani qedebi 7000-8000m-simaRliT, da qveynis aRmosavleTSi ganlagebuli farTo dablobebi. CineTis udidesi mdinareebia xuanxe da ianczi, romlebic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken miemarTebian. ivlis-agvistos wvimebis dros isini gadmodian kalapotidan da tboraven mimdebare teritoriebs. wyaldidobebi da wyalmovardnebi xSiria da didi zaralis, zogjer ki msxverplis momtani. klimati. Qqveynis didi ganfenilobis da landSaftebis mravalferovnebis gamo, misi calkeuli provinciebis klimaturi pirobebi gansxvavebulia. teritoriis did nawilze hava subtropikulia, samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili ki miekuTvneba ekvatoruli musonebis klimatur sartyels. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi Qqveynis CrdiloeTSi civi musonuri qarebi qris aRmosavleT cimbiridan. Aamitom zamTari civia.

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CrdiloeTSi ianvris saSualo temperatura minus 150-ia, maSin rodesac dasavleT evropaSi igive ganedebze temperatura 8-100-ia. civi zamTaria dasavleT raionebSic. samxreTSi temperatura izrdeba, ise rom ianczi ar iyineba. Yyvelaze Tbili zamTari CineTis ukidures samzreT-aRmosavleTSia, sadac yvelaze civi Tvis, Tebervlis, temperatura 150-mde aRwevs. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi qris okeanidan- aRmosavleTidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan da samxreTidan. maT moaqvT teni, amitom am dros Rrublianoba da naleqebi maqsimums aRwevs. Tova mosalodnelia qveynis mTel teritoriaze, ukiduresi samxreT-aRmosavleTis gamoklebiT. Mmagram Tovlis safari Zalian Txelia da xSirad saerTod ar warmoiqmneba. Ddablob raionebSi zafxuli Zalian Tbilia. ivlisis saSualo temperatura 25-300-ia. tibetSi, lxasaSi temperatura 170-ia, xolo 5000m simaRleze – daaxloebiT 100. mcenareuli safari. Kklimaturi pirobebis didi mravalferovnebis gamo qveynis sxvadasxva raioni gansxvavebuli mcenareulobiT gamoirCeva. CineTis dablobebze tyeebi ar aris. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis vakeebze bunebrivi mcenareuloba stepuria, dasavleTSi-udabnos mcenareulobaa. Qveynis samxreTSi mcenareulobas subtropikuli xasiaTi aqvs-muxa, palma, citrusebi. Ddidi sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs ianczis auzSi da samxreT provinciebSi gavrcelebul bambuks. tyis masivebi ZiriTadad ganadgurebulia, isini mxolod Znelad miuval mTebis qedebzea SemorCenili. Ddidi

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farTobebi ukavia sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebs, gansakuTrebiT bevria brinjis naTesebi.

2.6. monRoleTi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili SemaRlebul vakes warmoadgens, romelic calkeul adgilebSi danawevrebulia mTis qedebiT. maT Soris farTo qvabulebia, romlebSic bevri msxvili tbaa. klimati. monRoleTi okeaneebidan did manZilzea daSorebuli. is CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan garsSemortymulia samxreT cimbiris da centraluri aziis mTebiT. Aamitom misi hava mkveTrad kontinenturia. monRoleTi miekuTvneba zomieri sartylis kontinentur klimatur olqs. zamTrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia uRrublo, yinviani amindi. ianvris saSualo temperatura minus 250-ia. Tova iSviaTi movlenaa, Tovlis safari warmoiqmneba mxolod mTebSi. Ddabali temperaturebisa da Tovlis safaris ararsebobis gamo, niadagi iyineba did siRrmeze, xolo CrdiloeT mongoleTSi niadagi mudmivad mzralia. radganac hava kontinenturia zafxuli cxeli icis. zRvis donedan 900m simaRleze ivlisis saSualo temperatura 250-s aRwevs. Nnaleqebi Zalian mcirea, wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 200mm modis. mcenareuli safari. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba stepuria. samxreTSi stepebi gadadis naxevradudabnoSi da udabnoSi (udidesi gobis udabno). tye mxolod Qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSia mTebis CrdiloeT ferdobebze.

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2.7. iaponia fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. iaponia mdebareobs kunZulebze, romelTa Soris udidesebia hokaido, honsiu, sikoku da kiu-siu. kunZulebi wagrZelebulia CrdiloeTidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT. wynari okeanes sanapiroebi Zlier danawevrebulia, xolo dasavleTis sanapiroebi, romlebic mimarTulia iaponiis zRvisken, SedarebiT gluvia. wynari okeane iaponiis sanapiroebTan Zalian Rrmaa. kunZulebis reliefis didi nawili mTagoriania. calkeuli qedebi aRweven 3500m simaRles, umaRlesia vulkani fuZiama(3790m). Zalian bevri momqmedi vulkania, xSiria miwisZvrebi. vulkanebis maxloblad cxeli vulkanuri wyaroebia. Mmdinareebi moklea, magram swrafi da wyaluxvi. klimati. miekuTvneba subtropikuli sartylis musonuri olqis klimats. Ggamonaklisia mxolod kunZuli hokaido da honsius CrdiloeT nawili, romelic zomieri sartylis musonuri klimatur olqs miekuTvneba. iaponiis klimatis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas axdens okeanes dinebebi- Tbili kuro-sivo, romelic Cauvlis samxreTis kunZulebs da civi oia-sivio, romelic gaedineba qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirebis gaswvriv.

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis kunZulebze gabatonebulia Crdilo-dasavleTis musonebi. iaponiis zRvaze gadaadgilebisas haeri mdidrdeba teniT da amitom aseT musonebs dasavleT sanapiroze da dasavleTiT mimarTul ferdobebze bevri naleqi moaqvs. Aam dros aRmosavleTis ferdobebi sakmaod mSralia.

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Tovli icis yvelgan, magram samxreTSi Zalian iSviaTad devs. Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi, uxvi Tovisa da dabali temperaturebis gamo, warmoiqmneba mZlavri Tovlis safari. Tovlis gamo bevri uReltexili iketeba.

radganac civi musonuri qarebi qris Crdilo-dasavleTidan, dasavleT sanapiroebi ufro civia. kunZul hokaidoze ianvris saSualo temperatura minus 50-ia, xolo mis ukidures CrdiloeTSi-minus 100. samxreTis kunZulebze Tbila-honsius dablob raionebSi ianvris temperatura daaxloebiT 50-ia, xolo kiu-siuze -70. yinva mosalodnelia yvela kunZulze. Mminimaluri temperatura kunZul hokaidoze dafiqsirebulia minus 250, xolo qveynis samxreTSi-minus 70.

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi musonebi qris samxreT-aRmosavleTidan. Aamitom aRmosavleT sanapiroebze da aRmosavleTis ferdobebze Warbobs Rrubliani, naleqiani amindi. dasavleTis ferdobebze ki piriqiT, zafxulSi SeiniSneba Rrublianobis da naleqebis ramdenadme Semcireba.

Yyvelaze Tbili Tve agvistoa. Agvistos saSualo temperatura hokaido 17-200-ia, honsiuze da samxreT kunZulebze ki 25-280. mcenareuli safari. siTbosa da naleqebis siuxvis gamo iaponia gamoirCeva mcenareulobis simdidriT. kunZul hokaidos CrdiloeTi nawili ukavia taigas, samxreT iaponiaSi ki tropikuli da subtropikuli tyeebia. maTTan Sereulia foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebi. mTis ferdobebi dafarulia foTlovani da wiwvovani tyeebiT. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs brinjs, bambas da Cais.

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Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da okeaneTis qveynebis klimatebi

3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. ukaviaT afrikis CrdiloeTi nawili. reliefis zedapiri warmoadgens axagaris da tibestis mTis masivebs, romelTa mwvervalebis simaRle aRemateba 3000m-s zRvis donedan. klimati. samive qveyanaSi tropikuli havaa, mxolod alJiris ukiduresi CrdiloeTi moqceulia subtropikul klimatur sartyelSi. klimatis formirebaze ZiriTad gavlenas axdenen pasatebi, mudmivi qarebi, romlebic qris Crdilo- aRmosavleTidan, anu kontinentidan. aseT pasatebs moaqvs ukiduresad mSrali kontinenturi haeri. amitom naleqebi Zalze cotaa. Uufro metic, udabnoebSi aris adgilebi, sadac naleqebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar modis. Rrublianoba dabalia, zogan ki iSviaTia. amitom mze xangrZlivad anaTebs da Sesabamisad miwa Zlier xurdeba. Aamis gamo haeris temperatura maRalia da Seadgens ivlisSi 30-350-s, xolo ianvarSi- 150. udabnos pirobebSi didia sxvaoba dRisa da Ramis temperaturebs Soris da saSualod aRwevs 15-200-s, xolo dedamiwis zedapirze temperaturis amplituda 700-sac ki aRwevs. mcenareuli safari. Yyvelaze gavrcelebuli landSaftia qviSiani naxevradudabnoebi da udabnoebi, bunebrivi mcenareuloba mxolod wyaroebsa da mdinareebTan axlosaa. Mmdinare nilosis xeobaSi da deltaSi yalibdeba oazisebi,

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sadac brinjis da sxva marcvlovnebis mdidar mosavals iReben weliwadSi 2-3 jer. Eegviptis miwaTmoqmedebis safuZvels warmoadgens mdinare nilosi. Eaprili-seqtembris eTiopiis mTianeTSi uxvi naleqebis gamo mdinare gadmodis kalapitidan da tboravs mimdebare teritorias. mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebiT agebulia kaSxlebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba misi reJimis regulireba.

3.2. sudani da eTiopia fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. mdebareoben afrikis aRmosavleTSi. Warbobs vake sivrceebi, simaRleebiT 300-400m. umaRlesi mwvervalia sudanSi mTa jebel-mara(3088m). klimati. pasatebi qris Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan- evraziis kontinentidan, maT moaqvT mSrali haeri. amitom noembridan aprilis CaTvliT aq dgas gvalviani periodi da naleqebi Zalze iSviaTia, CrdiloeT raionebSi zogierT wlebSi saerTod ar modis. samxreTSi matulobs naleqebi. temperatura maRalia mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo maqsimaluria gazafxulze(maisi). mcenareuli safari. Nnaleqebis ganawilebis Sesabamisad icvleba mcenareuli safari. samxreT raionebSi tropikuli tyeebia, CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT maT cvlis savanebi, Semdeg stepebi, da bolos naxevradudabnoebi. Sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan gavrcelebulia bamba, simindi, brinji da sxv.

3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. mdebareobs afrikis kontinentis ukidures samxreT nawilSi.

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orografiuli TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens zegans. dablobi mxolod ukidures samxreT-dasavleT nawilSia. klimati. hava subtropikulia. zafxuli mSralia, zamTari wvimiani, Tumca naleqebi mcire modis.Hhaeris temperatura ramdenadme naklebia, vidre analogiur ganedebSi CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi, rac okeanis civi dinebiT aixsneba. igive mizeziT aixsneba is, rom qveynis aRmosavleTi nawili dasavleTze ramdenadme Tbilia.

3.4. avstralia fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. reliefis xasiaTis TvalsazrisiT avstralia SeiZleba davyoT 3 nawilad. aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv gadaWimulia didi wyalgamyofi qedi. CrdiloeTSi misi simaRle ar aRemateba 500-600m-s, samxreTSi maRldeba da aRwevs 2000m-s, xolo umaRlesi mwvervalia kosciuSko-2290m. didi wyalgamyofi qedis dasavleTiT ganlagebulia centraluri afrikis dablobi, sadac miedineba kontinentis udidesi mdinare murei Tavisi SenakadiT- darlingiT. Qqveynis dasavleTi nawili warmoadgens SemaRlebul zegans 300-500m simaRliT. Mmisi CrdiloeT sanapiro danawevrebulia, kontinentSi SeWrilia karpentariis yure da ori didi naxevarkunZulia-arnemlendis da keip-iorkis. samxreTi sanapiro mosworebulia, akravs tasmaniis kunZuli. klimati. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi haeris moZraoba mimarTulia xmeleTidan okeanisken, amitom naleqebi mcire modis.

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ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeT raionebSi 20-250-ia, samxreTisaken swrafad iklebs, da samxreTis tropikTan Seadgens 150. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi icvleba haeris cirkulaciis xasiaTi. Kkontinentis calkeul raionebSi xSirdeba okeanuri haeris masebis SemoWra da am adgilebSi izrdeba naleqebi. aseTebia aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi raionebi. samxreT sanapiroze ki haeris cirkulacia sustdeba da naleqebi iklebs. zafxulSi haeris temperatura samxreT sanapiroze daaxloebiT 200-ia, CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT matulobs da udabnoebSi 300 aRwevs. mTebSi temperatura 15-180-ia. mcenareuli safari. Teritoriis didi nawili dakavebulia savanebiT, stepebiT da udabnoebiT. tyeebs ukavia mcire farTobi sanapiro zolSi. Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros viwro zolSi, sadac bevri naleqebi modis, izrdeba maradmwvane notio tropikuli tyeebi. tropikuli tyeebi aris agreTve centraluri afrikis dablobis CrdiloeTSi. samxreTSi tropikul tyeebs cvlis subtropikuli tyeebi, sadac Warbobs evkalipti da akacia. Kkontinentis samxreT-dasavleT raionSi gavrcelebulia subtropikuli maradmwvane tyeebi da buCqnarebi. soflis meurneoba ganviTarebulia umTavresad sanapiro raionebSi, gansakuTrebiT samxreT-aRmosavleT StatebSi. Aaq mohyavT xorbali, simindi, bamba, Saqris lerwami, Saqris Warxali, Tambaqo da sxv. savanebis da stepebis farTo sivrceebi gamoiyeneba saZovrebad.

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3.5. indonezia fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. indoneziis kunZulebis reliefi Zlier danawevrebulia. sumatras, iavas, mcire zondis da molukis kunZulebze Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT gadaWimulia mTebi, sadac mravali momqmedi vulkania. Ddablobi sanapiroebi daWaobebulia. kunZul axali gvineis gaswvriv gadaWimulia farTo mTianeTi, romlis centraluri nawilis simaRle 5000m-s aRwevs. amave kunZulis samxreT nawilSi dablobia. farTod aris ganviTarebuli mdinareTa qseli. Mmdinareebi didi ar aris, magram wyaluxvia. klimati. hava ekvatorialuria. Ees imas niSnavs, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi sezonuri sxvaobebi umniSvneloa. zafxuli da zamTari erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian. saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi wlis ganmavlobaSi dablobze 25-280-ia, xolo mTebSi 1500-2000m simaRleze daaxloebiT 15-180-ia. Nnaleqebi bevria, gansakuTrebiT ekvatoris maxloblad da Seadgens 2000-3000mm-s weliwadSi. mTis qarpira ferdobebze ki naleqebi izrdeba 4000mm-mde. Nnaleqebi ramdenadme mcirea mcire zondis kunZulebze da axali gvineis samxreTSi, rac aixsneba mSrali samxreT-aRmosavleTi pasatebis moqmedebiT, romlebic gamoivlian avstraliis kontinents da Zlier Srebian. mcenareuli safari. Mmcenareuloba mravalferovania. Bbunebrivi mcenareuloba dablob adgilebSi warmodgenilia notio tropikuli tyeebiT. Mmcenareebi ramodenime iaruss qmnian. zRvis donedan 1500-3000m simaRleze ganlagebulia notio mTis tyis sartyeli

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(wiwvovani subtropikuli tyeebi, zomieri sartylis mcenare wabli da sxv.). ufro maRla 3500m-mde mTis dabaltaniani tyeebia. SedarebiT mSral raionebSi, maT Soris mcire zondis kunZulebze gavrcelebulia savana.

Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri amerikis qveynebis klimatebi

4.1. kanada

fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. teritoriis didi nawili warmoadgens borcvian vakes, romelic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT dabldeba. dasavleTSi ganlagebulia kordilieris mTebi, romlebic Sedgeba paraleluri sanapiro da kldovani mTebisagan. Qqveynis farglebSi maTi simaRle 4000m aRwevs. samxreT-aRmosavleTSi dabali Zveli apalaCis mTebia. Kkanada mdidaria mdinareebiT da tbebiT. Sanapiro zoli Zlier danawevrebulia CrdiloeTiT da DdasavleTiT, xolo naklebad danawevrebulia aRmosavleTiT. klimati. CrdiloeTi nawili miekuTvneba arqtikul da subarqtikul klimatur zonebs, xolo samxreT nawili- zomieri ganedebis klimats. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi teritoriis did nawilze gabatonebulia Crdilo-dasavleTis, dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi. teritoriis didi ganfenilobis gamo haeri civdeba, amitom zamTari xasiaTdeba mdgradi yinvebiT. CrdiloeTSi ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus 28-300-ia, xolo samxreTSi minus 18-200. arqtikuli haeris SemoWrisas temperaturam

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samxreT raionebSic ki SeiZleba daiklos minus 500-ze qvemod. wynari okeanis sanapiroze ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 1-20-ia, samxreTSi ki 3-40. es gacilebiT baRali temperaturaa, vidre qveynis siRrmeSi, magram naklebia evropis Sesabamis ganedebTan SedarebiT, rac aixsneba evropis napirebTan mZlavri Tbili CrdiloeT-atlantikuri dinebis gavliT. aRmosavleT sanapiroze atlantikis okeanis gavlena sustia vidre dasavleT sanapiroze, amitom aq ufro civa da ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura minus 2-100-ia. ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura qveynis CrdiloeTSi ar aRemateba 5-60. samxreTSi ki zafxuli Tbilia, temperatura 18-200-ia. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis sanapiro raionebSi civi labradoris dinebis gavlenis gamo zafxuli civia da ivlis-agvistos saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 7-100, xolo samxreTSi 15-180-ia. naleqebis rejimi da ganawilebac Zalze mravalferovania. CrdiloeTSi, arqtikul zonaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 250mm-ze naklebi naleqi. wynari okeanis sanapiroze teniani dasavleTis qarebis Sedegad naleqebi izrdeba@(2500mm). kordilierebis aRmosavleT ferdobebze, sadac gabatonebulia mSrali haeri naleqebic iklebs da Seadgens 500mm-s. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze naleqebi kvlav izrdeba 1000mm-mde. Tovlis safari warmoiqmneba yvelgan wynari okeanes sanapiros garda. mcenareuli safari. Kkanadis CrdiloeTi raionebi ukavia tundrasa da tyetundras, samxreTiT vrceldeba taiga, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mas cvlis Sereuli tyeebi. Qveynis centralur

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raionebSi, sadac Tbili zafxuli icis, mohyavT xorbali.

4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis mTeli dasavleTi nawili ukavia kordilierebis mTaTa sistemas. sistemis aRmosavleT nawils kldovani mTebi warmoadgens, mis DdasavleTiT mdebareobs zegani. Zegani Sedgeba 3 nawilisagan: kolumbiis plato, didi auzi, kolorados plato. dasavleTidan kordilierebi SemosazRvrulia sanapiro mTebiT. kordilierebis mTaTa sistemis aRmosavleTiT gadaWimulia farTo vakeebi. aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs apalaCis mTebi, xolo Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi didi tbebis jgufia ganlagebuli. klimati. aSS teritoriis didi nawilze, CrdiloeT zolisa da samxreT-aRmosavleT raionebis gamoklebiT, subtropikuli havaa. CrdiloeT zolis hava somieria, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTSi floridis hava- tropikuli. Aam zonaluri dayofis garda, fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis mravalferovnebis gamo, ganasxvaveben sam klimatur raions: dasavleT sanapiros, centralur olqebs da aRmosavleT sanapiros. dasavleT sanapiroze subtropikuli da zomieri sartylebis wynarokeanuri klimaturi olqia.

wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia qarebi wynari okeanedan, amitom zamTari gansakuTrebulad rbilia. ianvar-TebervalSi saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 50-ia, xolo samxreTSi-100. CrdiloeTSi ufro moRrubluli da wvimiani amindia vidre samxreTSi.

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CrdiloeTSi xSiria Tovli, samxreTSi iSviaTia da ara yovelwliurad.

zafxulSi agreTve samxreTi ufro Tbilia (200), vidre CrdiloeTi (100). SedarebiT dabali temperaturebi aixsneba civi kaliforniis dinebis gavleniT.

aSS centraluri olqebi subtropikuli sartylis kontinentur da atlantikur-kontinentur klimatur olqebs da zomieri sartylis kontinentur olqs miekuTvneba. CrdiloeT da samxreT raionebs Soris temperaturaTa sxvaoba didia. ianvarSi CrdiloeTSi temperatura minus 100-ia, xolo samxreTSi 10-120. analogiurad ivlisSi CrdiloeTSi temperatura daaxloebiT 200-ia, xolo samxreTSi 27-300. samxreT kaliforniaSi sikvdilis velze dafiqsirebulia 570. yvelaze gvalviani adgili kordilierebis aRmosavleTidaa. magaliTad arizonas StatSi wlis ganmavlobaSi 100mm naleqic ar modis. wvimebi iSviaTia, SeiZleba wlebi gavides unaleqod. iseTi simSralea, rom SefardebiTi sinotive zafxulSi ar aRemateba 20-30%-s.

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT naleqebi izrdeba 800-1500mm-mde, rac atlantikis okeanedan notio haeris masebis SemoWrebs ukavSirdeba. xSiria elWeqi.

aRmosavleT sanapiros hava (floridis naxevarkunZulis gamoklebiT) zomieri da subtropikuli sartylebis atlantikur-musonuria.

Aaq zamTari SedarebiT Tbilia, ianvris saSualo temperatura 10-120-ia.

wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi aRmosavleT sanapiroze gabatonebulia qarebi

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okeanidan, maT moaqvT bevri siTbo da teni. ivlisis saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi daaxloebiT 200-ia, xolo samxreTSi, meqsikis yuris sanapiroze, 280. wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 1000-1500mm naleqi.

gansakuTrebuli klimaturi pirobebia floridis naxevarkunZulze. is imyofeba tropikuli klimatis zonaSi, risi niSnebic gansakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoxatulia naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi. Aamitom naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi nawilebis temperaturuli reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba: ianvris saSualo temperatura CrdiloeTSi 120, samxreTSi ki 200-ia. samxreTSi Tovli ar modis.

zafxulSi floridis naxevarkunZulze gabatonebulia tropikuli haeri, amitom temperaturuli reJimi mTel teritoriaze erTgvarovani xdeba. ivlisis saSualo temperatura 28-300-ia. naleqebis wliuri jami Seadgens daaxloebiT 1500mm-s. wvima modis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT bevri ivnis-seqtemberSi. Am dros SeiZleba TveSi movides 200mm naleqi, rac ukavSirdeba notio atlantikuri haeris Semosvlis gaaqtiurebas.

Ffloridis hava Zalze keTilsasurvelia zamTarSi rbili, Tbili da mziani amindebis gamo. amitom aq mravali zamTris kurortia. zafxuli, didi sicxeebisa da maRali sinotivis gamo, Znelad asatania. mcenareuli safari. AaSS centralur da aRmosavleT raionebSi mcenareuli safaris gavrceleba ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba datenianebis pirobebiT. Aamitom bunebrivi mcenareulobis

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monacvleoba xdeba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. Aatlantikis okeanis sanapiroze izrdeba Sereuli da farTofoTlovani tyeebi. dasavleTiT gadaadgilebisas isini gadadian stepebSi da preriebSi. Ppreriebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis da saZovrebad. gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovani mcenareulobaa floridis naxevarkunZulze. didi farTobebi ukavia tyeebs (fiWvi, kiparisi, palma). mohyavT citrusebi, Saqris lerwami, Tambaqo, bostneuli da sxv. bunebrivi mcenareuloba SedarebiT ganadgurebulia wynari okeanes sanapiroze da kordilierebis dasavleT ferdobebze. Aaq odesRac arsebuli tyis didi masivebi gaCexilia. sanapiros samxreT nawilSi ganviTarebulia mebaReoba, mevanaxeoba, mohyavT citrusebi.

4.3. meqsika fizikur- geografiuli Taviseburebebi. Mmeqsika xasiaTdeba mTagoriani landSaftiT. Ddidi nawili ukavia meqsikis zegans, romelic samxreTSi maRldeba da aRwevs 2300m simaRles. umaRlesi mwvervalia vulkani orisaba (5550m). klimati. Mmeqsikis klimati tropikulia, magram SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT 3 klimaturi olqi: wynari okeanes sanapiro, aRmosavleT sanapiro da meqsikis zegani. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari okeanes sanapiro olqSi gabatonebulia Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi. isini gaivlian mTis qedebs da sanapiroze modian gamomSralni. Nnaleqebi am dros TiTqmis ar modis. Yyvelaze civi Tvis

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saSualo temperatura 15-200-ia, magram RamiT icis yinvebi. RamiT xSirad warmoiqmneba nisli. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi wynari okeanes sanapiro olqSi aqtiurdeba samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi, anu okeanedan. isini Seicaven bevr tens, amitom moaqvT naleqi. Nnaleqebi xSirad atereben Tavsxma xasiaTs da maT Tan axlavs elWeqi. zafxuli Zalian cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 27-300-ia, zogjer 400-ze maRlac iwevs. Mmeqsikis aRmosavleT sanapiroze wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi, anu xmeleTidan. Aamitom zamTarSi naleqebi cota modis. ianvris saSualo temperatura 18-220-ia. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi aqtiurdeba aRmosavleTis notio qarebi, romelTac bevri naleqebi moaqvs. zafxuli cxelia, ivlisis saSualo temperatura 27-290-ia. maRal temperaturebs axlavs maRali tenianoba, rac daxuTvis SegrZnebas qmnis. meqsikis zeganze wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia mSrali, kontinenturi Crdilo-aRmosavleTis qarebi. amitom zeganze myardeba uRrublo mSrali amindi, naleqebi iSviaTia. temperatura damokidebulia adgilis simaRleze. zRvis donedan 2000-2500m simaRleze ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura 10-120-ia. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi meqsikis zeganze gabatonebulia aRmosavleTis tropikuli qarebi. Aamitom mkveTrad matulobs Rrublianoba da naleqebi. ivlisidan seqtembris CaTvliT yovelTviurad 150mm-ze naklebi naleqi ar modis. gansakuTrebiT maRali temperaturebi aprili-

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ivnisis ganmavlobaSia, rodesac dgas mSrali periodi. mcenareuli safari. meqsikis sanapiroze mcenareuloba warmodgenilia tropikuli tyeebis da buCqnaris saxiT. mTebSi tropikul tyeebs cvlis zomieri zonis tyeebi. 4000m simaRlidan alpuri mcenareulobaa. Mmeqsikis zeganze mcenareuloba Raribia, mas umTavresad stepuri xasiaTi aqvs. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebidan mohyavT xorbali, simindi, Saqris Warxali. Bevria yavis da bananis plantaciebi.

Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis klimatebi

5.1. kolumbia

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. kolumbias kveTs ekvatori. qveynis dasavleT nawilSi gadis andebi, romlis calkeuli qedebis simaRle aRemateba 5000m-s. kolumbiis aRmosavleT nawili vakea. klimati. Qqveynis udidesi nawili ekvatoruli klimatis sartyelSia, xolo CrdiloeTi raionebi- CrdiloeT naxevarsferos ekvatoruli musonebis klimatis olqSia. dablobebSi saerTod cxeli da notio amindebi icis. xSiria Zlieri Tavsxmebi. sezonuri cvalebadoba ar aris, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi temperatura ucvlelia da Seadgens 28-300-s. mTebSi am Ddros ufro keTilsasurveli pirobebia, temperatura Seadgens 13-150-s.

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naleqebis ganawilebaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs qedebis ganfenilobis mimarTulebas. magaliTad andebis dasavleT ferdobebze, romlebic mimarTulia notio haeris moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod, weliwadSi modis 7000mm naleqi, maSin rodesac aRmosavleTis ferdobebze, sadac mSrali haeris nakadebi Warbobs, naleqebi sul 750mm-s Seadgens. mcenareuli safari. aRmosavleT kolumbiasa da wynari okeanis sanapiroze gavrcelebulia notio maradmwvane tropikuli tyeebi, CrdiloeTSi tropikuli tyeebi gadadis savanebSi.

5.2. peru fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. peru mTagoriani qveyanaa. teritoriis didi nawili maRali qedebiT aris dakavebuli. Qqedebs Soris Rrma xeobebia saidanac saTaves iRebs mdinare amazonkis mravali Senakadi. mTebSi xSiria miwisZvrebi. boliviis sazRvarze mdebareobs maRalmTiani tba titikaka. Ddablobebi umTavresad qveynis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da wynari okeanes sanapirozea. klimati. Kklimaturi pirobebi mravalferovania, rac ganpirobebulia qveynis orografiuli agebulebiT da wynari okeanis gavleniT. gamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi olqi: dasavleT sanapiro, maRalmTiani olqi da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawili. Pperus dasavleT sanapiros klimats bevri saerTo aqvs afrikis dasavleT sanapiroebis tropikuli sartylis klimatTan. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi sanapiroze Warbobs dasavleTis da samxreT-dasavleTis qarebi, ris

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gamoc aq aRiniSneba mocemuli ganedebisaTvis SedarebiT dabali temperaturebi. Yyvelaze civi Tveebis, ivlis-agvistos, saSualo temperatura perus dasavleTSi 15-180-ia, maSin rodesac braziliaSi igive ganedebSi temperatura aRemateba 220-s. wlis Tbili periodis ganmavlobaSi Pperus dasavleT sanapiroze okeane, perus civi dinebis zemoqmedebiT, gamagrilebel gavlenas axdens. haeris temperatura ianvridan martis CaTvliT (rodesac yvelaze metad Tbila) mxolod 20-220-ia, maSin rodesac braziliaSi igive ganedebSi temperatura aRwevs 25-280-s. rogorc damaxasiaTebelia tropikuli sartylis dasavleT sanapiroebisaTvis, wvima iSviaTia, naleqebis wliuri jami ar aRemateba 100mm-s. perus maRalmTian olqSi temperaturis ganawileba adgilis simaRleze da reliefis xasiaTzea damokidebuli. 4000m simaRleze mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi saSualo temperatura 5-70-s ar aRemateba. Pperus Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, anu amazonis dablobze, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxeli notio amindi dgas. saSualo Tviuri temperaturebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 24-260-ia. naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi modis da maTi wliuri jami Seadgens daaxloebiT 2500mm-s. mcenareuli safari. wynari okeanis sanapiroze, mcire naleqebis gamo, gavrcelebulia naxevradudabnos mcenareuloba. Mmdinare amazonis dablobi dafarulia tropikuli tyeebiT. mTebSi miwaTmoqmedeba SesaZlebelia 3500m-simaRlemde. miwaTmoqmedebis zonis maRla, mSral da mkacr pirobebSi ganlagebulia saZovrebi.

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5.3. brazilia

fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs mdinare amazonkis dablobi., samxreT-aRmosavleTSi farTo braziliis mTianeTia, romlis calkeuli qedebic 2000-2700m-s aRwevs. Kontinentis siRrmeSi mTianeTi dabldeba. klimati. Ggamoiyofa sami msxvili klimaturi olqi: braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili, centraluri nawili da braziliis mTianeTi. braziliis CrdiloeTi nawili ekvatorul klimatur sartyelSi mdebareobs. Mmas ukavia mdinare amazonkis dablobi. mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi wynari, cxeli amindebia. Haeris temperatura 25-280-ia, RamiTac ki temperatura iSviaTad ecema 200-ze dabla. dRis meore naxevarSi xSiria wvima, wlis ganmavlobaSi modis 1500-2000mm naleqi. xSiri wvimebi iwvevs amazonis gadmosvlas kalapotidan da mimdebare teritoriebis datborvas. Bbraziliis centralur raionebSi ekvatoruli musonebis havaa. Ggansxvaveba wlis Tbil da civ periodebs Soris ramdenadme SesamCnevia. SedarebiT grili periodi gvalviania. braziliis mTianeTSi da aRmosavleT braziliis sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebulia samxreT-aRmosavleTis pasaturi qarebi. Aam qarebis Semxvedrad ganlagebul ferdobebze naleqebi bevri modis, 1500mm-ze meti weliwadSi. maqsimaluri naleqebi wlis Tbil periodSi modis. temperaturuli reJimi mniSvnelovan wilad damokidebulia adgilis simaRleze da reliefis

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xasiaTze. sanapiro zolSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxeli notio amindia. Pplatoze, daaxloebiT 800m simaRleze, klimaturi pirobebi ufro keTilsasurvelia- zafxuli zomierad Tbilia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura 20-220-ia, xolo civ periodSi (ivlisi) temperatura 15-170-ia. uaryofiTi temperatura braziliis mTianeTSi mxolod zRvis donedan 1500-2000m simaRleebis maRla aRiniSneba. mcenareuli safari. amazonis dablobi dafarulia xSiri tropikuli maradmwvane tyeebiT. tropikuli tyeebi gadaWimulia agreTve qveynis aRmosavleT sanapiros gaswvriv. samxreTis mimarTulebiT klimati ufro mSrali xdeba da Sesabamisad tye iSviaTdeba. braziliis centralur nawilSi tropikuli tyeebi da savanebi monacvleoben. ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebia yava, Saqris lerwami da brinji. Bbrazilia samSobloa ananasis, kakaos, vanilis.

5.4. argentina fizikur - geografiuli Taviseburebebi. qveynis aRmosavleT nawili vakea (laplatis dablobi), sadac miedineba mdinare parana Tavisi SenakadiT paragvaiT. dasavleT nawilSi andebis mTebia, sadac kontinentis umaRlesi mwvervalia- akonkagua (7040m). Aandebi aRmosavleTSi gadadian paTagoniis platoSi. klimati. Mmeridianis gaswvriv didi ganfenilobis gamo klimaturi pirobebi icvleba. Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi subtropikuli sartylis atlantikuri klimaturi olqia. Crdilo-dasavleTSi – kontinenturi tropikuli da

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subtropikuli. samxreTSi – zomieri ganedebis wynarokeanuri havaa. wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi tropikul da subtropikul sartyelebSi, sanapiro zolSic ki yvelaze civi Tveebis (ivnisi da ivlisi) temperatura ar eSveba 100-ze dabla, xolo centralur raionebSi Seadgens 14-160. samxreTis mimarTulebiT zamTari ufro civi xdeba da cecxlovan miwaze temperatura 1-30-ia. zafxuli Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi da sanapiro zolSi cxelia, ianvar-Tebervlis saSualo temperatura 20-220-ia, xolo okeanedan daSorebul raionebSi 25-280. am ganedebSi 3500m simaRleze yvelaze Tbili Tvis temperatura daaxloebiT 120-ia. yvelaze civi zafxulSi kunZuli cecxlovani miwaa (9-100). Nnaleqebis ganawilebasac rTuli xasiaTi aqvs. Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT 1000mm naleqi modis. Qqveynis siRrmeSi naleqebi klebulobs. Yyvelaze mcire naleqebi modis argentinis samxreTSi da paTagoniaSi (150mm weliwadSi). wlis civi periodis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia Tova, umTavresad samxreTSi, magram Tovlis safari mxolod mTebSi yalibdeba. mcenareuli safari. argentinis teritoriis didi nawili ukavia pampas, anu stepebs nayofieri niadagebiT. amJamad pampebis mniSvnelovani nawili gadaxnulia, an dakavebulia saZovrebad. dablobebSi subtropikuli tyeebia, paTagoniaSi – buCqnari.

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sarCevi gv. Tavi 1. evropis qveynebis klimatebi 2

1.1 islandia 2 1.2. norvegia da SvedeTi 4 1.3. fineTi 7 D1.4. didi britaneTi 9 1.5. safrangeTi 11

1.6. Nniderlandebi, belgia da luqsemburgi 12

D1.7. germania 13 1.8. Sveicaria 15 A1.9. avstria 16 1.10. Pportugalia da espaneTi 17 1.11. italia 19 1.12. saberZneTi 21 1.13. bulgareTi 23 Tavi 2. aziis qveynebis klimatebi 24

2.1. TurqeTi 24 2.2. Eerayi 26 2.3. irani 27 2.4. indoeTi 28 2.5. CineTi 29 2.6. monRoleTi 31 2.7. iaponia 32 Tavi 3. afrikis, avstraliis da okeaneTis qveynebis klimatebi 34

3.1. alJiri, libia, egvipte 34 3.2. sudani da eTiopia 35 3.3. samxreT afrikis respublika 35 3.4. avstralia 36 3.5. indonezia 38 Tavi 4. CrdiloeT da centraluri amerikis qveynebis klimatebi 39

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4.1. kanada 39 4.2. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi 41 4.3. meqsika 44 Tavi 5. samxreT amerikis qveynebis klimatebi

5.1. kolumbia 46 5.2. peru 47 5.3. brazilia 49 5.4. argentina 50