Life under the Weimar RepublicFor the first time, Germany was a democracy without a king. But the years following World War I were very difficult. For one thing, Germany had to pay millions of dollars in reparations. This led to an extreme form of inflation, where people’s life savings were completely wiped out. Then, in 1929, there was a stock market crash that led to a worldwide depression. Millions of Germans were left without work and without hope.

“I know what cold and hunger are. I kn0w what it is to spend the night outdoors behind the thin walls of a shack through which the wind whistles. I have slept in holes such as hunters hide in, under bridges, against the warm walls of boiler houses, under cattle

The Defeat of Germany in World War IGermany came close to winning World War I. During the war, German troops had advanced close to France’s capital city, Paris; no battles were fought on German soil; and the government censored (restricted) information about losses. When the war ended in 1918, Germans were shocked to find out they had lost. They were further shocked when the Treaty of Versailles forced them to accept full blame for starting the war; to pay reparations to Britain, France and the United States; and to reduce the size of their once mighty military.

Germany had gone into the war as a limited monarchy, led by their king, Kaiser Wilhelm II. Near the end of the war, Wilhelm gave up his throne (stopped being king). Germany’s new government was a democracy known as the Weimar Republic. The new Weimar government signed the Treaty of Versailles ending the war. Many Germans, believing they could have won the war, blamed the Weimar

Edward R. Murrow High School Social Studies DepartmentAllen Barge, principal Ms. Flanders & Ms. Cardinale

Global History HOMEWORK Packet – Semester 4

THE KEYS TO SUCCESS WITH HOMEWORK Put this packet somewhere you won’t misplace it! Do your HW on time (HW due date will be given in class). Write your name, band, HW # _______and date on the top of your homework page. USE YOUR OWN WORDS . Do not copy from the HW packet or any other source. If you were absent when a homework assignment was due, write ABSENT on the top. Late homework WILL be accepted but you will lose points for lateness.

Directions: Read or examine the documents found in each homework assignment. Use a dictionary or the internet to define or identify the vocabulary words or terms to know. Use the information in the documents to answer the questions – clearly number the answers on

your homework page.

Homework #1: Germany After World War IHomework #1: Germany After World War I1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. Treaty of Versaillesb. reparationsc. inflationd. Weimar Republice. Third Reich

2. Why did many Germans dislike their new government, the Weimar Republic?

3. Describe Germany’s economic situation under the Weimar Republic. What caused the decline?

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HOMEWORK #1 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

4a. Read the program of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Which two aspects of these policies do you think are most appealing, and why?

4b. Why do you think the Nazis used parades, sports events and rallies as part of their program? ________________________________________________________________________Homework #2: German Jews under Nazi rule

1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:a. Propagandab. assimilationc. anti-Semitismd. scapegoate. Nuremburg Lawsf. inferiorg. superiorh. Kristallnachti. Gestapo

2.

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4a.Program of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler

Get rid of the Treaty of VersaillesRebuild German industry and militaryJobs for everyoneRestore the greatness of Germany: Build a Third ReichPunish Germany’s enemiesParades, sports, rallies

Der Strumer, a Nazi magazine, specialized in anti-Semitic cartoons, and originated the slogan in 1923 that the "Jews are our misfortune." 

QUESTIONS2a. Describe what you see in this cartoon.

2b. How do you think the artist who drew this wants you to think about Jewish people?

HOMEWORK #2 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

3.

Background: Jews in GermanyWhen the Nazis came to power in 1933, Jews had been living in Germany for at least 1000 years. They were a small minority of the population, less than 1% of Germany’s 67 million people in 1933. Many of Germany’s Jews were quite assimilated; some were religious, others were not at all religious. They played an active role in German society, in business, science, and the arts. Many German Jews were married to non-Jewish Germans. When the Nazis came to power, they defined a person as a Jew not on the basis of religion, but on the basis of whether that person had Jewish grandparents.

Nuremburg Laws, 1935The purity of German blood is the basis for the survival of the German people.

Section 1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of Germany are forbidden (not allowed). Such marriages are invalid (not legal, not recognized).

Section 2. Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and citizens of German blood are forbidden.

Section 4. Jews are forbidden to raise the national flag.

Article 4. A Jew cannot be a Reich (German) citizen. He cannot hold public office….Jewish civil servants (government employees) will retire as of December 31, 1935.

3a. Describe three ways life changed for Germany’s Jews under the rule of the Nazis. 3b. Imagine you are a German teenager whose father is Jewish and whose mother is not Jewish. Write a letter to a friend describing how these laws affect your family.

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Homework #3: Appeasement and Aggression1.Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. appeasementb. aggressionc. occupation (not in the sense of career or job)d. Rhinelande. Rome/Berlin/Tokyo Axis

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2. NEWS FLASH!!!!

1937: Japan Invades ChinaJapan has invaded China and taken over the capital city of Nanjing. The takeover of the city is so brutal that people are calling it “The Rape of Nanjing.” Japan has become the master of China.

1935: Italy Attacks EthiopiaThe Italian army has invaded this African country with tanks, planes, and poison gas. The people of Ethiopia have tried to fight back, but they do not have the kinds of military technology that the Italians are using. Ethiopia is now under the rule of Italy.

1936: German Aggression in EuropeHitler has rebuilt Germany’s military and sent troops into the Rhineland, an area along the French border. The Treaty of Versailles forbids Germany from doing either of these things.

1938: Germany Makes Austria Part of the German ReichHitler declares that Austrians, who speak German, should be part of Germany. He also wants to take over part of Czechoslovakia, where many Germans live.

In all cases, people in the occupied countries lost all of their rights: they could not be ruled by their own leaders, could not hold free elections, they did not have the right of free speech and free press, and they could not expect a fair trial. People who criticized the occupying government would be thrown in jail or killed.

2. Describe one act of aggression by each of these countries: Japan, Italy, Germany

HOMEWORK #3 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

3.Imagine that you are a British citizen and must vote for either Chamberlain or Churchill in the next election. Write a letter to a friend in another British city explaining who you will vote for and why.

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3.The Debate over Appeasement

Other European countries watched anxiously as Hitler and Mussolini took over more and more territory. In Britain, leaders debated whether or not to take action.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain:“How horrible it would be to digging trenches and trying on gas masks here because of a quarrel in a faraway country. If we have to fight, it must be over larger issues than Czechoslovakia… I am a man of peace, and war is a fearful thing.”

British politician Winston Churchill:“Keeping peace depends on holding back the aggressor…I think of all the opportunities to stop the growth of Nazi power which have been thrown away.”

3. Life under Nazi occupation

The Nazis took away free speech, freedom of the press, the right to a fair trial, and other rights in all of the countries that they occupied. They used violence against anyone who opposed them. The Nazis also took a whole variety of resources from the occupied countries – everything from food to works of art – and sent them to Germany. People in all of the occupied countries faced hardship and danger while the Nazis were in control.

But Jews in these countries faced the greatest threat of all. The Jewish population of Germany was small, about half a million people. But when Germany began to invade other countries, millions more Jewish people found themselves under Nazi rule. For example, 3.5 million Jews lived in Poland.

The Nazis were determined to make Europe “Judenrein,” free of Jews. The

4.Based on the drawing above what have European countries done by appeasing Hitler?

Homework #4: World War II and Ghettos 1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. occupation (not in terms of career or job) b. ghetto c. genocide

2. World War II began in Europe in September, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland in a surprise attack. From there, Germany moved swiftly into other areas of Europe.

3.Based on the map , evaluate Nazi Germany’s success in controlling Europe.

Homework #4 continues - >

3a. Imagine that you are a French news reporter living under Nazi occupation. Explain how living under the Nazis affects your daily life. MINIMUM ONE PARAGRAPH. 3b. Why are Jewish people in Europe especially threatened by Nazi rule? MINIMUM ONE PARAGRAPH.

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4.

4. Why might the Nazis have forced Jews in Eastern Europe to live in ghettos? Try to think of at least two reasons. _____________________________________________________________

Homework #5: The Final Solution 1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:a. genocide b. concentration camp c. Auschwitz

A French doctor describes the death chamber at Auschwitz: A long line of women, children and old people enter the yard. The senior official in charge…climbs on a bench to tell them that they are going to have a bath and that afterwards they will get a drink of hot coffee. They all undress in the yard…The doors are opened. The first people to enter the gas chamber begin to draw back. They sense the death which awaits them. The SS men (Nazi guards) put an end to the pushing and shoving with blows from their rifle butts beating the heads of the horrified women who are desperately hugging their children. The massive oak doors are shut. For two endless minutes one can hear banging on the walls and screams which are no longer human. And then – not a sound. Five minutes later the doors are opened. The corpses, squashed together and distorted, fall out like a waterfall. The bodies which are still warm pass Q2. What do you think should happen to the people responsible for these crimes? (think about ALL of the people necessary to carry out the

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In Eastern Europe, the Nazis set up ghettos, sections of cities where only Jews lived. The Nazis forced all Jews to move into these overcrowded sections, where there were few jobs and very little food and medicine. Jews were not allowed outside the ghettos except under heavy military guard. “One sees people dying, lying with arms and legs outstretched in the middle of the road. Their legs are

BACKGROUND“The Final Solution” was the name the Nazis gave to their program to kill all the Jews of Europe. In 1941, the Nazis set up death squads to kill Jews in Eastern Europe. These squads rounded up Jews, forced them to dig huge pits, shot them, and buried them in the ditches. But even this method of killing was too slow for the Nazis. Starting in 1942, the Nazis set up dozens of concentration camps. They brought Jews and other so-called “undesirable” people from all over Europe to these camps. Some prisoners in the camps were forced to work as slaves; others were killed immediately in gas chambers. All together, the Nazis killed 11 million people, including gypsies, disabled people, gay

Holocaust (ex. Soldiers, officers, engineers, construction workers, etc.) WRITE AT LEAST A PARAGRAPH to explain

_________________________________________________Homework #6: Aggression and War in the Pacific

1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:a. sanctionsb. embargo

2. Why did Japan invade other areas of Asia?

3. Why did the United States apply sanctions to Japan in 1940?4. Was Japan justified (doing the right thing) in bombing Pearl Harbor in 1941? Explain your answer.

________________________________________________________________________

Homework #7: Dropping the Atomic BombMaterials for debate will be given out in class.

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Homework #8: The United Nations

1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:a. United Nations b. Human rights

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2. Japan Invades China

In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, an area of northern China that was especially rich in iron and other resources Japan did not have. During the 1930s, Japan’s army moved beyond Manchuria into other areas of China. When the Chinese fought back in 1937, Japan declared war on China and took over the Chinese capital, Nanjing. In Nanjing, Japanese soldiers murdered many Chinese civilians and raped thousands of Chinese women. The United States and some European countries criticized Japan’s actions.

2a. Do you think an organization of many nations can prevent world war? Explain why or why not.

2b. Why do you think the nations that founded (started) the UN believed that they needed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the end of World War II?

2c. Which of these rights do you think is most important, and why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Homework #9: The Cold War Begins 1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. Communismb. capitalismc. Iron Curtain

2a. Which country suffered the greatest number of both civilian and military casualties in the war?

2b. How do you think the country mentioned in the question above should try to protect itself from future attacks and losses?

Continue Homework #9---------------

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2.The United Nations

In April 1945, near the end of World War II, delegates from50 nations met in San Francisco to form a new organization, the United Nations (UN). The UN, which has its headquarters in New York City, tries to prevent war, keep peace when conflicts arise, prevent the spread of disease, and promote education and human rights around the world. The UN is involved in disaster relief during catastrophes such as the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and the 2010 earthquake in Haiti.

The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a statement of its ideals.

The General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Article I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind,

such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status...Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15 (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

QUESTIONS3a. Why were the United States and Britain angry that the USSR had taken control of

Eastern Europe?

3b. Why did Stalin believe that the USSR was justified in controlling Eastern Europe?

4.

4. The Soviet Union became a communist country after the Russian Revolution in 1917. What countries became communist during the years following World War II? _______________________________________________________________Homework #10: ContainmentUse a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. containmentb. Marshall Planc. satellite nationd. Berlin airlifte. NATOf. Warsaw Pactg. arms race

Continue Homework #10 -------------------------------------------

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3.The Cold War Begins

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR) emerged as the most powerful countries in the world. The U.S. and the USSR had been allies against the Axis powers. But after the war ended, the two “superpowers” became rivals. The two countries had different economic systems that were not compatible: capitalism in the United States, communism in the USSR. Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader, wanted to spread communism to other countries, especially in Eastern Europe, where the Soviets had defeated the German occupiers at the end of the war. In addition, Stalin wanted to be sure that the countries between the USSR and Germany were friendly to the USSR. Soviet troops continued to occupy the countries of Eastern Europe long after the Germans were defeated, and under the influence of the USSR these countries also became communist. The United States and Britain criticized the USSR for taking control of Eastern Europe. But Stalin argued that the USSR was behaving in eastern Europe in the same way that the United States was in Japan and areas of western Europe where US and British troops had defeated the Germans.

The tension and rivalry between the United States and its allies and the USSR and its allies in the years following World War II became known as the Cold War. There was no major military conflict. But the threat of war was always present.

2. The Truman Doctrine

subjugation :being completely controlled by someone else

2. How is the Truman Doctrine an example of containment?

3. The Berlin Wall“One summer morning in 1961, Berliners awoke to a temporary barricade separating the two sides of the city.

The first wall was made of barbed wire fences but quickly they made a more permanent and even more sinister concrete structures”

The eastern half of the city would be run by a communist government and the western half would be run by a democratic government and its economy would remain capitalist. No longer could people travel freely. People who lived in the Eastern half of the city could not travel to the Western side of the city nor could Germans who lived in the West travel to the East.

TESTIMONIALS

‘There was also feeling of anger and disbelief. And a feeling that the Americans will never tolerate this – the Americans will come.’

‘There was a feeling of, well they put this wall up to calm down the situation, but once they have stabilized it they will take down and we will have a sort of normality again.’

‘Not a single Berliner heard the faintest whisper of a rumor, not a word of warning.’ 

‘It was genuinely incredible because all the streets were divided right through the city. Try to think of that happening in New York, London or Paris.'

3. Imagine you are a German citizen living in Berlin and you have just woken up only to find out that there is a wall dividing your city. Write a letter to a friend explaining your thoughts and feelings about what is happening.

4. The Effects around the World

4. Looking at the maps to the left what trend do you notice happening to countries?

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In 1947, two years after the end of World War II, communist rebels threatened to take over Greece and Turkey. The communist rebels had support from Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union (USSR).

U.S. President Harry S. Truman decided that the U.S. needed to take a stand. “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” Truman offered funds for military equipment and training to the Greek and Turkish governments that were fighting the communist rebels. Truman’s policy of preventing the further spread of communism became known as the Truman Doctrine.

Homework #11: Communism in China1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

a. Mao Zedong b. literacy c. commune d. quota

2. Imagine you are a peasant in China when World War II ended in1945. Which side would you support, the Nationalists or the Communists? Give at least three reasons for

your choice.

3. Why would many women support Communism?

4a. Describe the goals of the Great Leap Forward?

4b. How would you feel about Mao as a leader after the Great Leap Forward? Explain.

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2. 1949: The Chinese RevolutionAfter years of suffering under imperialism, China became a republic in 1911. But the country suffered from poverty and chaos. Two groups wanted to run the country: the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi), and the Communists, led by Mao Zedong. During World War II, both sides fought against the Japanese who invaded China. Then, after World War II ended in 1945, the Nationalists and the Communists fought against each other. In 1945, the Communists defeated the Nationalists and

2.There were several reasons for

the Communist victory: China’s huge peasant population felt

abused by the Nationalists and supported Mao, who promised to give them land

Women who wanted equality supported the Communists

Mao’s army used effective guerrilla tactics

Many people believed the Nationalists were corrupt (dishonest, unfair)

Some people believed the Nationalists

3Life Under Communism

After the communists came to power, Mao wanted to change China from an agricultural nation into an modern industrial society. Women gained more rights, education spread, and literacy increased. The government took land away from the rich landlords and set up communes, where groups of farmers

3China’s New Marriage Law, 1949

The old compulsory (forced) marriage system, which is based on the superiority of man over woman, shall be abolished (ended). The new democratic marriage system, which is based on free choice of partners, on equal rights for both partners, and on protection of the lawful

4. The Great Leap Forward

In 1958, Mao set up a plan called the Great Leap Forward and assigned each commune a production quota. The goal was to expand production of both food and manufactured goods. But the Great Leap Forward was badly mismanaged. Too many workers were taken away from farming and given unproductive jobs making useless metal goods. The result of the Great Leap Forward was that millions of Chinese people starved to death as a result.

The grain is scattered over the ground.The leaves of the sweet potato are withered (dried up, useless)The young and old have gone to smelt iron (to melt metal)To harvest the grain there are children and old women.How shall we get through the next year?

___________________________________________________Homework # 12: The Cultural Revolution and Modernization of China

1. Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:a. Cultural Revolution b. Deng Xiao Ping c.

Tiananmen Squared. reform e. joint venture

2. Why do you think Mao eventually called off the Cultural Revolution?

3. How did Deng’s ideas compare with the ideas of Mao?

4. Imagine that you were a demonstrator in Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989. Write a letter to a friend in

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. . . Between 1966 and 1976, a whole generation of teenagers failed to receive a real education; other Chinese came to call them “the lost generation.” At least twenty thousand people lost their lives because of the Cultural Revolution. . . . Because of the Cultural Revolution, many Chinese young people grew up with no knowledge of traditional Chinese customs and beliefs.

2. Background History the Cultural Revolution

After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong held on to power by launching a new program he called the Cultural Revolution. Mao blamed China’s problems on people who, he said, still held on to the old way of life from before the Communist Revolution of 1949. According to Mao, China would be saved if it’s young people engaged in a new revolution, this time against the old ideas of pre-revolutionary China. Mao organized young people into groups called the Red Guard, who attacked anyone they thought was against the communist revolution. The Red Guard attacked people in authority, including communist party leaders, teachers, factory managers, writers, and artists. These attacks created chaos: many schools and factories closed, and eventually Mao sent in the army to end the Cultural Revolution.

3. Deng and ModernizationMao Zedong died in1976. China’s new leader, Deng Xiao Ping, was not interested in revolutionary ideals. He wanted China’s economy to grow. Deng introduced Four Modernizations to move China away from Mao’s communism. Unlike communism, where all property is owned by the government, Deng allowed private ownership of property. Instead of communes, he assigned peasant families their own land to farm. Business people were allowed to set up their own companies. Deng also invited investors from other countries to set up joint ventures with Chinese companies, with both sides sharing the profits. Under Deng, China’s economy grew quickly. But China was still governed by a kind of dictatorship without free speech, free elections, or a free press.

4. Tiananmen Square MassacreDeng was willing to make economic reforms but he did give the Chinese people more political freedom. Many Chinese people, especially students and other young people, wanted China to become a democracy, with free elections and free expression. In May 1989, tens of thousands of people gathered in the capital city, Beijing, to demonstrate for greater freedom. They built a plaster statue they called the Goddess of Democracy and Freedom.

Deng’s government responded by sending in troops and tanks. Thousands of demonstrators were killed and wounded. Since then, human rights activists in China, and outside, have tried to persuade China’s government to change its policies. But China’s government has refused to back down.

another city explaining why you were demonstrating and how the government responded. WRITE AT LEAST A FULL PARAGRAPH

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. . . We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil (work) and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. . . . India has been ruined economically. The revenue (profit) derived from our people is out of all proportion to our income. Our average income is seven rupees (Indian currency) per day. We pay heavy taxes of 20 per cent from land revenue and 3 per cent from the salt tax. These taxes fall most heavily on the poor. Village industries, such as hand-spinning, have been destroyed, leaving the peasantry idle (doing nothing) for at least four months in the year, and dulling their intellect for want of handicrafts, and nothing has been substituted, as in other countries, for the crafts thus destroyed. Customs and currency have been so manipulated as to heap (place) further burdens on the peasantry.

British manufactured goods constitute the bulk (majority) of our imports. Customs duties betray clear partiality (favoritism) for British manufactures, and revenue from them is used not to lessen the burden on the masses but for sustaining a highly extravagant administration (British Government). Still more arbitrary has been the manipulation of the exchange ratio which has resulted in millions of rupees being drained away from the country. . . .

Source: Jawaharlal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography, John Lane the Bodley Head, 1939

Homework #13: Gandhi and Indian Independence Movement

1) Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:A) Civil Disobedience B) Ahimsa C) The Salt March D) Cottage industry

2) Make a list of the problems India suffered under British control. Give specific examples.

QUOTES BY GANDHI A) “Literally speaking, ahimsa means non-violence. But to me it has much higher, infinitely higher meaning. It means that you may not offend anybody; you may not harbor uncharitable thought, even in connection with those who you consider your enemies.” B) “Violence breeds violence...Pure goals can never justify impure or violent action” C) “Passive resistance is a method of securing rights. It is the reverse of resistance by arms. For example, if the government has passed a law that I do not feel is fair to my people, I will not obey the law. When we do not like certain laws, we do not break the heads of lawgivers but we suffer and do not submit to the laws.” D) “Every citizen is responsible for every act of his government...There is only one (definite) remedy, namely, non-violent non-cooperation. Whether we advertise the fact or not, the moment we cease to support the government it dies a natural death.” E) “The function of a civil resister is to provoke response. And we will continue to provoke—until they respond or they change the law. They are not in control—we are. That is the secret of civil resistance.”

3) Pick any four of the quotes above and explain what each one means in your own words. Each answer must be at least three sentences long. You must be SPECIFIC in your answer!

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Partition. . . Gandhi’s beliefs were based, in part, on ancient Hindu beliefs. This may have added to the hatred and suspicion that had always existed between Hindus and Muslims in India. The Muslims were afraid that they would have no power in the new, independent India. Although the Hindu leaders, including Gandhi, tried to reassure the Muslims, no agreement could be reached. The country was finally divided into two parts—the independent Muslim state of Pakistan and a predominately Hindu state—

Homework #14: Partition of India

1) Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:A) partition b) Pakistan c) Bangladesh

2) What happened between the Hindus and the Muslims living in India after India gained independence from the British? What was the source of the disagreement?

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History’s Greatest Migration4,000,000 People Cross India to Seek New Homes The mass migration and exchange of populations in India —Moslems (Muslims) moving west into Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs trekking east into India—have now reached a scale unprecedented in history. Accurate statistics are impossible to obtain, but it is reasonable to estimate that no fewer than four million people are now on the move both ways. What this means in terms of human misery and hardship can be neither imagined nor described. Within the past few weeks the conditions over a wide area of Northern India, including the whole of the Indus Valley (important river valley in India) and part of the Plains, have deteriorated (gotten worse) steadily. It is no exaggeration to say that throughout all of India, the minority communities live in a state of insecurity often amounting to panic.

2) Using the document and photographs above write a newspaper article that describes conditions during the “Great Migration” (when Muslims in India moved to Pakistan and Hindus moved deeper into India). Write at least 2 paragraphs.

3) Using the political cartoon, describe the problems India and Pakistan face in the 21st century.

Homework #15 - African Independence

1) Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:A) Scramble for Africa B) self-determination C) Jomo Kenyatta D) Kwame Nkrumah

European Point of viewThe official policy of the British in West Africa has been to promote the advancement of the native race. England led the way in the suppression (the end of) of the overseas slave trade.

We have built railways and roads, drained swamps, and irrigated deserts. We have established fair trade and competition. We have added to the prosperity of these lands, and have helped stop famine and disease. We have put an end to tribal warfare. We have ended human sacrifice and the ordeals (rituals) of the witch doctor. We are trying to educate them.

They had never invented or adopted an alphabet . . . no numerals, no calendar, no currency... no plough, or wheel. These people had built nothing, nothing of any kind, in any material more durable than mud and thatch.

- Sir F.D. Lugard, British Colonial Official, 1929

African Point of ViewWe have known the backbreaking work in exchange for salaries, which did not allow us to eat enough to satisfy our hunger, nor to dress and house ourselves decently. We have known the insults and mockery because we were "Negroes".

We have known the horrible suffering of those who were imprisoned for political opinions and religious beliefs. We will not forget the hangings or the firing squads where so many brothers perished (died).

We have known the magnificent houses built for the whites and the crumbling hovels for the Negroes, that a Negro was not admitted to movie theaters or restaurants.- Patrice Lumumba, 1960 (First Prime Minister of Congo/Zaire)

Of all the crimes of colonialism there is none worse than the attempt to make us believe we had no native culture of our own; or that what we did have was worthless, something of which we should be ashamed, instead of a source of pride.

- Julius Nyerere – First President of Tanzania, 1962

2) Make a T chart listing the benefits and harms of European Imperialism in Africa.

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3) If you were a leader in Africa, write a speech that explains whether you would want independence from the Europeans or is you would want the Europeans to stay in Africa. (minimum 2 sentences)

4) Describe what happened in Africa between 1950 and 1980. Is this good for the people of Africa?

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Homework #16 - Apartheid

1) Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:

A) Apartheid B) Afrikaners C) African National CongressD) Soweto Uprising E) Nelson Mandela F) Reverend Desmond Tutu

About 45 percent of Black South Africans live in or near cities. They are needed as dockworkers, road builders, railroad workers, and workers in mines. Many black women work as servants and particularly as nursemaids for white families. Blacks are permitted only certain jobs. In certain cities a black person might operate an elevator in a “black” building but not in a “white” building.

Schools are segregated in South Africa. And schools for blacks are generally of much lower quality that those whites attend. In a 1986 Report by a British Commonwealth Commission that visited South Africa they stated that, “In the evolution of apartheid it was important that blacks should not be overeducated. In “white” South Africa they were to have a role subservient to whites. Thus education was deliberately (purposely) withheld to ensure that blacks would not be educated.”

Blacks of South Africa had to live in homelands. The homelands represent 13 percent of the most barren (infertile) areas in South Africa. In the homelands, malnutrition and poverty are widespread, with nearly half the babies and young children dying before the age of five. Complete segregation is enforced in public services, such as railways, buses, and post offices Africans are confined to reserves, and their movements are restricted to certain places after specified hours under certain restrictive laws. Most homes do not have running water, plumbing, or electricity.

2) Describe the lives of black South Africans under the system of Apartheid. (minimum 2 paragraphs)

I was not born with the hunger to be free. I was born free- free to run in the fields, free to swim in the stream that ran through my village, free to roast meals under the stars. As long as I obeyed my father and abided by the customs of my tribe, I was not troubled by the laws of man or God. It was only when I began to realize that my boyhood freedom was an illusion, when I discovered as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began to hunger for it. …I slowly saw that it was not just my freedom that was curtailed, but the freedom of everyone who looked like I did. That is when I joined the African National Congress, and that is when the hunger for freedom became the greater hunger for the freedom of my people.

-Nelson Mandela, Mandela, An Illustrated Autobiography

3) Describe Mandela’s feelings about freedom in your own words. Do you think he will use peaceful (nonviolent) or violent methods to gain freedom? Why?

4) Create a propaganda poster that tries to influence other South Africans to end Apartheid. What methods do you think will be successful? Do you choose violence or nonviolence? Who are you trying to convince?

Homework #17 – Arab / Israel Conflict

1) Use a dictionary or the Internet to define or identify the following:A) The Western Wall B) Al-Aqsa Mosque C) Church of the Holy SepulcherD) PLO E) intifada F) Yasir Arafat G) Yitzhak Rabin

A Jewish Person Speaks out on Israel:

Israel is the homeland of the Jewish people. It has been the Jewish homeland since biblical times when our kings ruled Jerusalem. But, in 70 AD (CE), the ruler, so of the occupying Roman Empire forced my ancestors to leave Palestine. We were scattered throughout the world. We have always had one dream - to return to our homeland, After our exile, Palestine came under Arab domination. By the 9'" century, the majority of Palestine’s population was Muslim. The Arabs were later conquered by the Ottoman Turks. The Muslim Turks ruled over them until after World War I, when the victorious Europeans took control of the fallen empire ',S' territories. Palestine became a British mandate (under British administration). However, the British promised us our homeland in the Balfour Declaration. They were influenced by a growing movement of Jews determined to return our homeland These Zionists (determined to return to the land of Mt. Zion in Israel) had begun to return to and settle in Palestine by the late 1800s. They bought land from the Arabs and farmed the land. It is said that they were able to make the desert bloom. In Word War II and the Holocaust many millions of European Jews were killed, and many were frightened and left homeless. Returning to our homeland in Palestine offered security and hope. We have the right to our own nation state. God had given us, his chosen people, the land of Israel. The Arabs protested our claims to Palestine and would agree, to Britain’s plan, for the partition (division) of the land. But, the plan was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, and, on May 15, 1949, we have proclaimed the stale of Israel. As last, the Jewish people have their own homeland

An Arab speaks out on PalestineArabs have lived on this land for hundreds of years. The Arab Empire ruled over this land for

centuries, and the Arabs remained on this land under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. When the Ottoman Empire fell, we thought we would finally have our own independent nation. The Europeans promised many Arab leaders land and independence, if they helped them win the war against Germany and the Ottomans. But this did not happen. Palestine became a British mandate (under British administration).

After World War I, most of our people were poor from centuries of foreign domination. A small number of rich absentee landlords owned most of the land. The majority of Arabs worked the land and paid rent, to the landlords, who lived in the cities. In many cases, the same Arab family had worked and lived on the same land for many generations. But, in the late 19th and 20th centuries, Jewish settlers from many countries started to come to Palestine. They claimed that they were returning to their homeland. They claimed that God had promised them the land They bought up land from the absentee landlords. In the Balfour Declaration, the British promised them a national homeland. But, the same declaration also states that nothing should be done to take away our rights.

We formed the Arab League to unite and protect our people, but we were not united or strong Enough. The British began to allow increasing numbers, of Jewish immigrants into Palestine. At one time they favored keeping the Palestinian Arabs a majority and limiting the further immigration of the Jews. Later they suggested the partition (division) of Palestine into Arab Palestinian and Jewish state. We stood against the partition of Palestine. The majority of the Palestinian Arabs felt that the people of different religions could live together in peace. Partition would mean division of our land and our people. It would mean the loss of the most of the important coastal region. The British grew frustrated with the whole situation and handed the matter over to the United Nations. The United Nations General Assembly adopted tire partition plan and withdrew its troops. The Jews immediately declared the creation of the independent nation of Israel on May 15, 1948.

2) Make a list of each person’s argument points. (each list should contain at least 8 ideas)

3) Who do you agree with? Why? (2 paragraph minimum)